The imperative mood (abbreviated imp) expresses direct commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests tell the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.
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[edit] Morphology
Formulation of the English imperative simply uses the bare infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive form usually corresponds to the second-person present indicative form, with the exception of the verb be. The subject of these sentences can only identify as you (the second person). Other languages such as Latin, French and German have several inflected imperative forms, which can vary according to grammatical categories such as:
- Distinct conjugation patterns;
- Grammatical number;
- Distinct grammatical persons.
For instance, Latin regular forms can exist:
- amā (singular); amāte (plural) ← from infinitive amāre, to 'love'
- monē (singular); monēte (plural) ← from monēre, to 'advise' or 'warn'
- audī (singular); audīte (plural) ← from audīre, to 'hear'
- cape (singular); capite (plural) ← from capĕre, to 'take'
- rege (singular); regite (plural) ← from regĕre, to 'reign'.
Some consider this richness of forms useful for a better understanding, particularly because no subject pronoun normally specifies with the imperative.
[edit] Usage
Easily, the use of imperative mood has consequences of appearing offensive or inappropriate in social situations due to politeness rules recognized within much of the Western world, but which should in no way be interpreted as being universal.[1] Therefore, there exist common practices to formulate exhortations indirectly as questions or assertions,[citation needed] such as the following:
- Could you come here for a moment?
- I beg you to stop.
and not as commands, such as:
- Come here.
- Stop!
Politeness strategies (for instance, indirect speech acts) can seem more appropriate in order not to threaten a conversational partner in their needs of self-determination and territory: the partner's negative face should not appear threatened.[2] As a result, to express a request or prohibition does not necessarily require one to use the imperative mood frequently.
The imperative mood's appropriateness depends on such factors as psychological and social relationships, as well as the speaker’s basic communicative intention (illocutionary force).[citation needed] For example, the speaker may have the simple intention to offer something, to wish or permit something, or just to apologize, and not to manipulate their conversational partner.[citation needed] In such cases, people will not place restriction on the use of imperative[citation needed]:
- Come to the party tomorrow!
- Just smoke the cigarette if you want!
- Have a nice trip!
[edit] First-person plural form
In some languages, including French and Spanish, in addition to the second-person imperative form shown above, there also exists a first-person plural (we) imperative form. This form, similar to the second-person imperative form, except conjugated in the first-person plural, usually translates to English as let's (short for let us). For example, the French national anthem, La Marseillaise, includes the words Marchons, marchons! (Let's march, let's march!). Irish has imperative forms in all three persons and both numbers, although the first person singular is most commonly found in the negative (e.g. ná cloisim sin arís "let me not hear that again").
[edit] Indicative and prohibitive mood
The prohibitive mood (abbreviated proh) negates the imperative mood. The two moods often seem different in word order or in morphology.
[edit] English
In English, the imperative mood uses the same word order as the indicative mood, while the prohibitive mood uses a different word order if you appears in the sentence.[dubious ]
| Indicative | Imperative / Prohibitive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −you | +you | ||||
| do | will | ||||
| Affirmative | You go. | Go! | You go! | You will go! | |
| Negative | not | You do not go. | Do not go! | - | You will not go! |
| -n't | You don't go. | Don't go! | Don't you go! | You won't go! | |
[edit] French
Similarly, French uses different word order for the imperative and prohibitive moods:
- Donne-le-leur! (Give it to them!)
- Ne le leur donne pas! (Don't give it to them!)
The prohibitive has the same word order as the indicative. See French personal pronouns#Clitic order for detail.
[edit] Hebrew
In Hebrew, the imperative mood has two inflections: an original mode and a future mode. The negative consists of al אל (like the negative do not) + verb in the future mode.
| Indicative | Imperative / Prohibitive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| original | future | |||
| Affirmative | telekh תלך. | לך lekh | .תלך telekh | |
| Negative | אל Al | ata lo holekh אתה לא הולך. | אל תלך al telekh | |
[edit] Japanese
Japanese uses separate verb forms as shown below. For the verb kaku (write):
| Indicative | Imperative / Prohibitive |
|
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | 書く kaku | 書け kake |
| Negative | 書かない kakanai | 書くな kakuna |
See also the suffixes 〜なさい (-nasai) and 〜下さい/ください (-kudasai).
[edit] Mandarin
Standard Chinese uses different words of negation for the indicative and the prohibitive moods. For the verb 做 zuò (do):
| Indicative | Imperative / Prohibitive |
|
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | 做 zuò | 做 zuò |
| Negative | 不做 búzuo | 别做 biézuò |
[edit] Sanskrit
In Sanskrit, लोट लकार (lot lakar) is used with the verb to form the imperative mood. To form the negative, न (na) is placed before the verb in the imperative mood.
[edit] Footnotes
[edit] References
- Austin, J. L. How to do things with words, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1962.
- Schmecken, H. Orbis Romanus, Paderborn, Schöningh 1975, ISBN 3 506 10330.
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