| Porpoises Temporal range: 15.970–0 Ma Miocene to Recent |
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| Phocoena phocoena, Harbour Porpoise near Denmark | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Cetacea |
| Suborder: | Odontoceti |
| Superfamily: | Delphinoidea |
| Family: | Phocoenidae Gray, 1825 |
| Genera | |
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Porpoises (also called mereswine) are small cetaceans of the family Phocoenidae; they are related to whales and dolphins. They are distinct from dolphins, although the word "porpoise" (pronounced /ˈpɔrpəs/) has been used to refer to any small dolphin, especially by sailors and fishermen. The most obvious visible difference between the two groups is that porpoises have flattened, spade-shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins, and shorter beaks.
The name derives from French pourpois, originally from Medieval Latin porcopiscus (porcus pig + piscus fish).
Porpoises, divided into six species, live in all oceans, mostly near the shore. Freshwater populations of the Finless Porpoise also exist. Probably the best known species is the Harbour Porpoise, which can be found across the Northern Hemisphere. Like all toothed whales, porpoises are predators, using sounds (echolocation in sonar form) to locate prey and to coordinate with others. They hunt fish, squid, and crustaceans.
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Taxonomy and evolution
Porpoises, along with whales and dolphins, are descendants of land-living ungulates (hoofed animals) that first entered the oceans around 50 million years ago. During the Miocene (23 to 5 MYA), mammals were fairly modern. The cetaceans diversified, and fossil evidence suggests that porpoises diverged from dolphins and other cetaceans around 15 MYA. The oldest fossils are known from the shallow seas around the north Pacific, with animals spreading to the European coasts and southern hemisphere only much later, during the Pliocene.[1]
Suborder Odontoceti Toothed whales
- Infraorder Delphinida
- Superfamily Delphinoidea
- Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
- Genus †Haborophocoena[2]
- Genus Neophocaena
- Finless Porpoise, Neophocaena phocaeniodes
- Genus †Numataphocoena[3]
- Genus Phocoena
- Harbour Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena
- Vaquita, Phocoena sinus
- Spectacled Porpoise, Phocoena dioptrica
- Burmeister's Porpoise, Phocoena spinipinnis
- Genus Phocoenoides
- Dall's Porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli
- Genus †Septemriocetus[4]
- Genus Piscolithax
- Piscolithax aenigmaticus
- Piscolithax longirostris
- Piscolithax boreios
- Piscolithax tedfordi
- Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
- Superfamily Delphinoidea
Recently discovered hybrids between male Harbour porpoises and female Dall's Porpoises indicate that the two species may actually be members of the same genus.[5]
Physical characteristics
Porpoises tend to be smaller but stouter than dolphins. They have small, rounded heads and blunt jaws instead of beaks. While dolphins have a round, bulbous "melon", porpoises do not. Their teeth are spade-shaped, whereas dolphins have conical teeth. In addition, a porpoise's dorsal fin is generally triangular, rather than curved like that of many dolphins and large whales. Some species have small bumps, known as tubercles, on the leading edge of the dorsal fin. The function of these bumps is unknown.[5]
These animals are the smallest cetaceans, reaching body lengths up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft); the smallest species is the Vaquita, reaching up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). In terms of weight the lightest is the Finless Porpoise at 30 to 45 kilograms (66 to 99 lb) and the heaviest is Dall's Porpoise at 130 to 200 kilograms (290 to 440 lb). Because of their small size, porpoises lose body heat to the water more rapidly than other cetaceans. Their stout shape, which minimizes surface area, may be an adaptation to reduce heat loss. Thick blubber also insulates them from the cold. The small size of porpoises requires them to eat frequently, rather than depending on fat reserves.[5]
Life history
Porpoises are relatively r-selected compared with dolphins: that is, they bear young more quickly than dolphins. Female Dall's and Harbour Porpoises often become pregnant with a single calf each year, and pregnancy lasts for about 11 months. Porpoises have been known to live 8–10 years although there are some that lived to be 20.[5]
Behavior
Porpoises are predators of fish, squid, and crustaceans. Although they are capable of dives up to 200 m, they generally hunt in shallow coastal waters. They are found most commonly in small groups of fewer than ten individuals; a group is referred to as a pod. Rarely, some species form brief aggregations of several hundred animals. Like all toothed whales they are capable of echolocation for finding prey and group coordination. Porpoises are fast swimmers—Dall's porpoise is said to be one of the fastest cetaceans, with a speed of 55 km/h (34 mph). Porpoises tend to be less acrobatic and warier than dolphins.
Human impact
Accidental entanglement (bycatch) in fishing nets is the main threat to porpoises today. One of the most endangered cetacean species is the Vaquita, having a limited distribution in the Gulf of California, a highly industrialized area.[6]
In some countries, porpoises are hunted for food or bait meat.
Porpoises are rarely held in captivity in zoos or oceanaria, as they are generally not as capable of adapting to tank life nor as easily trained as dolphins.
A pod of porpoises saved the life of Dick Van Dyke.[7]
See also
References
- ^ Gaskin, David E. (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 196–199. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
- ^ Ichishima, H. & Kimura, M.. 2005. "Harborophocoena toyoshimai, a new early Pliocene porpoise (Cetacea, Phocoenidae) from Hokkaido, Japan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3):655-664
- ^ Ichishima, H. & Kimura, M.. 2000. "A new fossil porpoise (Cetacea; Delphinoidea; Phocoenidae) from the early Pliocene Horokaoshirarika Formation, Hokkaido, Japan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(3):561-576
- ^ Lambert, O.. 2008. "A new porpoise (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Phocoenidae) from the Pliocene of the North Sea". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(3):863-872
- ^ a b c d Read, Andrew (1999). Porpoises. Stillwater, MN, USA: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-89658-420-8.
- ^ "The Porpoise Page - Information on Porpoises". http://www.theporpoisepage.com/vaquita.php. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
- ^ "Findings" in Harper's Magazine. January, 2011. Page 80
External links
Media related to Phocoenidae at Wikimedia Commons- Whale Trackers - An online documentary series about whales, dolphins and porpoises.