In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.
Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. It is expected to keep growing, where estimates have put the total population at 8.4 billion by mid-2030, and 9.6 billion by mid-2050. The nations with rapid population growth generally have low standards of living, whereas those nations with low rates of population growth have high standards of living.[1]
Population[2] | ||
---|---|---|
Years Passed | Year | Billion |
- | 1800 | 1 |
127 | 1927 | 2 |
33 | 1960 | 3 |
14 | 1974 | 4 |
13 | 1987 | 5 |
12 | 1999 | 6 |
12 | 2011 | 7 |
14 | 2025* | 8 |
18 | 2043* | 9 |
40 | 2083* | 10 |
* UNFPA United Nations Population Fund estimate 31.10.2011 |
Contents
Population growth rate[edit]
The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:
A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times.[3]
A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.
Human population growth rate[edit]
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20160905131828im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg/350px-Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg.png)
7–8 children
6–7 children
|
5–6 children
4–5 children
|
3–4 children
2–3 children
|
1–2 children
0–1 children
|
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20160905131828im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/World_population_%28UN%29.svg/350px-World_population_%28UN%29.svg.png)
. In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.[4] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively.[5] The last 100 years have seen a massive 4-fold increase in the population due to medical advances, lower mortality rates, an increase in agricultural productivity[6] made possible by the Green Revolution, and of course, by people having too many babies.[7][8][9]
The actual annual growth in the number of humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then slowly declined to grow by 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. In 2009, the human population increased by 74.6 million people.[4] Generally, developed nations have seen a decline in their growth rates in recent decades, though growth rates remain above 2% in poverty-stricken countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.[10]
Some countries experience population decline, especially in Eastern Europe mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also experience population decline.[11] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005; it now has the highest standard of living in the world.[12]
The United Nations Population Division expects world population to peak at over 10 billion at the end of the 21st century but Sanjeev Sanyal has argued that global fertility will fall below replacement rates in the 2020s and that world population will peak below 9 billion by 2050 followed by a long decline.[13]
Growth by country[edit]
According to United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion humans, between 1990 and 2010.[14] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth was among highest in the United Arab Emirates (315%) and Qatar (271%).[14]
Rank | Country | Population 2010 |
Population 1990 |
Growth (%) 1990–2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|
World | 6,895,889,000 | 5,306,425,000 | 30.0% | |
1 | ![]() |
1,341,335,000 | 1,145,195,000 | 17.1% |
2 | ![]() |
1,224,614,000 | 873,785,000 | 40.2% |
3 | ![]() |
310,384,000 | 253,339,000 | 22.5% |
4 | ![]() |
239,871,000 | 184,346,000 | 30.1% |
5 | ![]() |
194,946,000 | 149,650,000 | 30.3% |
6 | ![]() |
173,593,000 | 111,845,000 | 55.3% |
7 | ![]() |
158,423,000 | 97,552,000 | 62.4% |
8 | ![]() |
148,692,000 | 105,256,000 | 41.3% |
9 | ![]() |
142,958,000 | 148,244,000 | -3.6% |
10 | ![]() |
128,057,000 | 122,251,000 | 4.7% |
Example nation | 1967 population | 1990 population | 1994 population | 2002 population | 2008 population | Life expectancy in years (2008) | Total population growth from 1960s to 2007- 2011 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eritrea* | N/A* | N/A* | 3,437,000[15] | 4,298,269 | 5,673,520[16] | 61[17][17] | 2,236,520 |
Ethiopia* | 23,457,000*[18] | 50,974,000* [19] | 54,939,000[15] | 67,673,031(2003) | 79,221,000[20] | 55[17] | 55,764,000 |
Sudan** | 14,355,000**[18] | 25,204,000** [19] | 27,361,000**[15] | 38,114,160 (2003)** | 42,272,000**[21] | 50**[17] | 27,917,000 |
Chad | 3,410,000[18] | 5,679,000[19] | 6,183,000[15] | 9,253,493(2003) | 10,329,208 (2009)[22] | 47[17] | 6,919,205 |
Niger | 3,546,000[18] | 7,732,000[19] | 8,846,000[15] | 10,790,352 (2001) | 15,306,252 (2009)[23] | 44[17] | 11,760,252 |
Nigeria | 61,450,000[18] | 88,500,000[19] | 108,467,000[15] | 129,934,911 | 158,259,000[24] | 47[17] | 96,809,000 |
Mali | 4,745,000[18] | 8,156,000,[19] | 10,462,000[15] | 11,340,480 | 14,517,176(2010).[25] | 50[17] | 9,772,176 |
Mauritania | 1,050,000[18] | 2,025,000 [19] | 2,211,000[15] | 2,667,859 (2003) | 3,291,000 (2009)[22] | 54[17] | 2,241,000 |
Senegal | 3,607,000[18] | 7,327,000[19] | 8,102,000[15] | 9,967,215 | 13,711,597 (2009)[26] | 57[17] | 10,104,597 |
Gambia | 343,000[18] | 861,000[19] | 1,081,000[15] | 1,367,124 (2000) | 1,705,000[24] | 55[17] | 1,362,000 |
Algeria | 11,833,126 (1966)[18] | 25,012,000[19] | 27,325,000 [15] | 32,818,500 (2003) | 34,895,000[20][27] | 74[17] | 23,061,874 |
The DRC/Zaire | 16,353,000[18] | 35,562,000[19] | 42,552,000[15] | 55,225,478 (2003) | 70,916,439 [20][28] | 54[17] | 54,563,439 |
Egypt | 30,083,419 (1966)[18] | 53,153,000[19] | 58,326,000[15] | 70,712,345 (2003) | 79,089,650 [20][29][29] | 72[17] | 49,006,231 |
Réunion (French colony/overseas department) | 418,000[18] | N/A[19] | N/A[15] | 720,934 (2003) | 827,000 (2009) [27] | N/A[17] | 409,000 |
The Falkland Islands (UK Territory) | 2,500[18] | N/A[19] | N/A[15] | 2,967 (2003) | 3,140(2010)[22] | N/A[17] | 640 |
Chile | 8,935,500[18] | 13,173,000[19] | 13,994,000[15] | 15,116,435 | 17,224,200 (2011) | 77[17] | 8,288,700 |
Colombia | 19,191,000[18] | 32,987,000[19] | 34,520,000[15] | 41,088,227 | 45,925,397(2010)[30] | 73[17] | 26,734,397 |
Brazil | 85,655,000[18] | 150,368,000[19] | 153,725,000[15] | 174,468,575 (2000) | 190,732,694(2010) [31] | 72[17] | 105,077,694 |
Mexico | 45,671,000[18] | 86,154,000[19] | 93,008,000[15] | 103,400,165 (2000) | 112,322,757(2010)[32] | 76[17] | 66,651,757 |
Fiji | 476,727 (1966)[18] | 765,000[19] | 771,000[15] | 844,330 (2001) | 849,000[27] (2010) | 70[17] | 372,273 |
Nauru | 6,050(1966)[18] | 10,000[19] | N/A[15] | 12,329 | 9,322 (2011)[33] | N/A[17] | 3,272 |
Jamaica | 1,876,000[18] | 2,420,000[19] | 2,429,000[15] | 2,695,867 (2003) | 2,847,232[34](2010) | 74[17] | 971,232 |
Australia | 11,540,764 (1964)[18] | 17,086,000[19] | 17,843,000[15] | 19,546,792 (2003) | 24,337,054[35] (2010) | 82[17] | 10,066,508 |
Albania | 1,965,500(1964)[18] | 3,250,000[19] | 3,414,000[15] | 3,510,484 | 2,986,952 (July 2010 est.)[22][36] (2010) | 78[17] | 1,021,452 |
Poland | 31,944,000[18] | 38,180,000[19] | 38,554,000[15] | 38,626,349 (2001) | 38,192,000(2010)[37] | 75[17] | 6,248,000 |
Hungary | 10,212,000[18] | 10,553,000[19] | 10,261,000[15] | 10,106,017 | 9,979,000(2010)[38] | 73[17] | -142,000 |
Bulgaria | 8,226,564(1965)[18] | 8,980,000[19] | 8,443,000[15] | 7,707,495(2000) | 7,351,234 (2011)[39] | 73[17] | -875,330 |
United Kingdom/UK/Great Britain | 55,068,000 (1966)[18] | 57,411,000[19] | 58,091,000[15] | 58,789,194 | 62,008,048 (2010)[40] | 79[17] | 7,020,048 |
Republic of Ireland/Irish Republic/Eire/Ireland | 2,884,002(1966)[18] | 3,503,000[19] | 3,571,000[15] | 3,840,838 (2000) | 4,470,700 [41] (2010) | 78[17] | 1,586,698 |
The PRC/China | 720,000,000[18] | 1,139,060,000[19] | 1,208,841,000[15] | 1,286,975,468 (2004) | 1,339,724,852(2010)[42] | 73[17] | 619,724,852 |
Japan*** | 98,274,961(1965)[18] | 123,537,000[19] | 124,961,000[15] | 127,333,002 | 127,420,000 (2010)[43] | 82[17] | 28,123,865 |
Ryukyu Islands (Once occupied by the United States)*** | 934,176(1965)[18] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
India# | 511,115,000[18] | 843,931,000[19] | 918,570,000[15] | 1,028,610,328 (2001) | 1,210,193,422(2011)[44] | 69[17] | 699,078,422 |
Singapore | 1,956,000(1967)[18] | 3,003,000 (1990) [19] | 2,930,000 (1994)[15] | 4,452,732 (2002) | 5,076,700(2010)[27] | 82 (2008)[17] | 3,120,700 |
Sikkim# | 183,000(1967)[18] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Monaco/Monagasie Principality/Principality of Monaco | 24,000(1967)[18] | 29,000 (1990) [19] | N/A (1994)[15] | 31,842 (2000) | 35,586[45] (2010) | (2008)[17] | 1,586 |
Greece/Hellas/The Hellenic Republic of Greece | 8,716,000(1967)[18] | 10,123,000 (1990) [19] | 10,426,000 (1994)[15] | 10,964,020(2001)[46] | 11,305,118(2011)[47] | N/A (2008)[17] | 2,589,118 |
Faroe Islands/The Faroes/ Fearos Islands (Danish dependency.) | 38,000 (1967)[18] | N/A(1990) [19] | N/A(1994)[15] | 46,345 (2000) | 48,917(2010) [48] | N/A (2008)[17] | 18,917 |
Liechtenstein | 20,000(1967)[18] | 29,000 (1990) [19] | N/A (1994)[15] | 33,307(2000) | 35,789(2009)[49] | (2008)[17] | 15,789 |
South Korea/ROK | 29,207,856(1966)[18] | 42,793,000 (1990) [19] | 44,453,000 (1994)[15] | 48,324,000 (2003) | 48,875,000(2010) [50] | (2008)[17] | 19,667,144 |
North Korea/PDRK | 12,700,000(1967)[18] | 21,773,000 (1990) [19] | 23,483,000 (1994)[15] | 22,224,195 (2002) | 24,051,218(2010)[51] | (2008)[17] | 11,351,218 |
Brunei | 107,200(1967)[18] | 266,000(1990) [19] | 280,000 (1994)[15] | 332,844 (2001) | 401,890(2011)[22] | 76(2008)[17] | 306,609 |
Malaysia/Federation_of_Malaysia/Malaya | 10,671,000(1967)[18] | 17,861,000 (1990) [19] | 19,489,000 (1994)[15] | 21,793,293(2002) | 27,565,821(2010)[52] | (2008)[17] | 16,894,821 |
Thailand | 32,680,000(1967)[18] | 57,196,000 (1990) [19] | 59,396,000 (1994)[15] | 60,606,947(2000)[53] | 63,878,267(2011)[54] | (2008)[17] | 31,198,267 |
Lebanon | 2,520,000(1967)[18] | 2,701,000 (1990) [19] | 2,915,000 (1994)[15] | 3,727,703 [55] (2003) | 4,224,000[56](2009) | - (2008)[17] | |
Syria | 5,600,000(1967)[18] | 12,116,000 (1990) [19] | 13,844,000 (1994)[15] | 17,585,540 (2003) | 22,457,763(2011)[57] | -(2008)[17] | |
Bahrain | 182,00(1967)[18] | 503,000 (1990) [19] | 549,000 (1994)[15] | 667,238 (2003) | 1,234,596 [58] (2010) | 75(2008)[17] | |
Sri Lanka/Ceylon | 11,741,000(1967)[18] | 16,993,000 (1990) [19] | 17,685,000 (1994)[15] | 19,607,519 (2002) | 20,238,000[27] (2009) | - (2008)[17] | |
Switzerland/Swiss Confederacy/Swiss Confederation | 6,050,000(1967)[18] | 6.712,000 (1990) [19] | 6,994,000 (1994)[15] | 7,261,200 (2002) | 7,866,500[59] (2010) | - (2008)[17] | |
Luxembourg | 335,000(1967)[18] | 381,000 (1990) [19] | 401,000 (1994)[15] | 439,539 (2001) | 511,840(2011)[60] | -(2008)[17] | |
Romania/Rumania | 19,105,056(1966)[18] | 23,200,000 (1990) [19] | 22,736,000 (1994)[15] | 21,680,974 (2002) | 21,466,174[61] (2011) | - (2008)[17] | |
Niuē (New Zealand colony) | 1,900(1966)[18] | N/A (1990) [19] | N/A (1994)[15] | 2,134 (2002) | 1,398(2009)[62] | N/A (2008)[17] | -502 |
Tokelau/Union Islands/Tokelau Islands (New Zealand colony) | 5,194(1966)[18] | N/A (1990) [19] | N/A (1994)[15] | 1,445(2001) | 1,416(2009) | N/A (2008)[17] | -3,778 |
Jamaican | 1,876,000 (1967)[18] | 2,420,000 (1990) [19] | 2,429,000 (1994)[15] | 2,695,867 (2003) | 2,847,232[34](2010) | 74 (2008)[17] | 971,232 |
Argentina/The Argentine Republic | 32,031,000(1967)[18] | 32,322,000(1990) [19] | 34,180,000 (1994)[15] | 37,812,817 (2002) | 40,091,359 (2010) | 74 (2008)[17] | 8,060,359 |
France | 49,890,660(1967)[18] | 56,440,000(1990) [19] | 57,747,000 (1994)[15] | 59,551,000 (2001) | 63,136,180(2011)[63] | 81 (2008)[17] | |
Italy | 52,334,000(1967)[18] | 57,662,000 (1990) [19] | 57,193,000 (1994)[15] | 56,995,744 (2002) | 60,605,053[64] (2011) | 80 (2008)[17] | |
Mauritius | 774,000(1967)[18] | 1,075,000(1990) [19] | 1,104,000(1994)[15] | 1,179,137 (2000) | 1,288,000 (2009)[27] | 75 (2008)[17] | 514,000 |
Guatemala | 4,717,000(1967)[18] | 9,197,000 (1990) [19] | 10,322,000 (1994)[15] | 12,974,361 (2000) | 13,276,517 (2009) | 70 (2008)[17] | 8,559,517 |
Cuba | 8,033,000(1967)[18] | 10,609,000 (1990) [19] | 10,960,000 (1994)[15] | 11,177,743 (2002) | 11,239,363(2009)[65] | 77 (2008)[17] | |
Barbados | 246,000(1967)[18] | 255,000 (1990) [19] | 261,000 (1994)[15] | 250,012 (2001) | 284,589(2010)[22] | 73 (2008)[17] | 18,589 |
Western Samoa | 131,377(1967)[18] | 164,000 (1990) [19] | 164,000 (1994)[15] | 178,173 (2003) | 179,000(2009)[27] | N/A (2008)[17] | |
Sweden | 7,765,981(1967)[18] | 8,559,000 (1990) [19] | 8,794,000 (1994)[15] | 8,920,705 (2002) | 9,354,462 (2009) | 81 (2008)[17] | |
Finland/Suomi/Suomen tasavalta | 4,664,000(1967)[18] | 4,986,000 (1990) [19] | 5,095,000 (1994)[15] | 5,175,783 (2002) | 5,374,781 (2010) | N/A (2008)[17] | |
Portugal | 9,440,000(1967)[18] | 10,525,000 (1990) [19] | 9,830,000 (1994)[15] | 10,355,824 (2001) | 10,647,763[66](2011) | N/A (2008)[17] | |
Austria | 7,323,981(1967)[18] | 7,712,000 (1990) [19] | 8,031,000 (1994)[15] | 8,032,926 (2001) | 8,404,252 (2011) | N/A (2008)[17] | |
Libya | 1,738,000(1967)[18] | 4,545,000 (1990) [19] | 5,225,000(1994)[15] | 5,499,074 (2002) | 6,420,000 (2009)[27] | 77 (2008)[17] | |
Peru | 12,385,000(1967)[18] | 21,550,000 (1990) [19] | 23,080,000(1994)[15] | 27,949,639 (2002) | 29,496,000(2010) | 70 (2008)[17] | |
Guinea Bissau | 528,000(1967)[18] | 965,000 (1990) [19] | 1,050,000 (1994)[15] | 1,345,479 (2002) | 1,647,000[27](2009) | 48 (2008)[17] | |
Angola | 5,203,066(1967)[18] | 10,020,000 (1990) [19] | 10,674,000 (1994)[15] | 10,766,500(2003) | 18,498,000[27][67](2009) | (38 2008)[17] | |
Equatorial Guinea/E.G. | 277,000(1967)[18] | 348,000 (1990) [19] | 389,000 (1994)[15] | 474,214 (2000) | 676,000(2009)[27] | 61 (2008)[17] | |
Benin/Dahomey | 2,505,000(1967)[18] | 4,736,000 (1990) [19] | 5,246,000(1994)[15] | 8,500,500 (2002) | 8,791,832 (2009) | 59 (2008)[17] | |
Laos | 2,770,000(1967)[18] | 4,139,000 (1990) [19] | 4,742,000 (1994)[15] | 5,635,967 (2002) | 6,800,000[68] (2011) | 56(2008)[17] | |
Nepal/Sri Nepala Sarkar/Kingdom of Nepal/Nepalese Kingdom | 10,500,000(1967)[18] | 18,961,000 (1990) [19] | 21,360,000 (1994)[15] | 25,284,463 (2002) | 29,331,000[27] (2009) | (2008)[17] | |
Iran/Persia/Islamic Republic of Iran/Islamic Republic/Iranian Islamic Republic | 25,781,090 (1966)[18] | 54,608,000(1990) [19] | 59,778,000(1994)[15] | 66,622,704 (2002) | 75,330,000 (2010) [44] | 71 (2008)[17] | |
Canada | 20,014,880(1966)[18] | 26,603,000(1990) [19] | 29,248,000(1994)[15] | 31,081,900 (2001) | 32,623,490(2011)[69] | 81 (2008)[17] | |
United States/United States/United States of America/US/America | 199,118,000(1967)[18] | 249,995,000(1990) [19] | 260,650,00(1994)[15] | 281,421,906 (2000) | 308,745,538(2010)[70] | 78(2008)[17] | |
Uganda | 7,931,000(1967)[18] | 18,795,000 (1990) [19] | 20,621,000(1994)[15] | 24,227,297 (2002) | 32,369,558 (2009) | 52 (2008)[17] |
- Notes
- * Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991.
- ** Split into the nations of Sudan and Southern Sudan during 2011.
- *** Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972.
- # India and Sikkim merged in 1975.
Population growth 1990–2012 (%)[71] | |
---|---|
Africa | 73.3% |
Middle East | 68.2% |
Asia (excl. China) | 42.8% |
China | 19.0% |
OECD Americas | 27.9% |
Non-OECD Americas | 36.6% |
OECD Europe | 11.5% |
OECD Asia Oceania | 11.1% |
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia | -0.8% |
Into the future[edit]
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20160905131828im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Population_curve.svg/250px-Population_curve.svg.png)
According to UN's 2010 revision to its population projections, world population will peak at 10.1bn in 2100 compared to 7bn in 2011.[72] A 2014 paper by demographers from several universities and the United Nations Population Division forecast that the world's population will reach about 10.9 billion in 2100 and continue growing thereafter.[73] However, some experts dispute the UN's forecast and have argued that birthrates will fall below replacement rate in the 2020s. According to these forecasters, population growth will be only sustained till the 2040s by rising longevity but will peak below 9bn by 2050.[13]
See also[edit]
- Baby boom
- Biological exponential growth
- Demographic history
- Demographic transition
- Density dependence
- Doubling time
- Fertility factor (demography)
- Irruptive growth
- List of countries by population growth rate
- Natalism and Antinatalism
- Population bottleneck
- Population decline
- Population dynamics
- World population
References[edit]
- ^ Population Reference Bureau. "2013 World Population Factsheet" (PDF). www.pbr.org. Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ 7. miljardis ihminen, Helsingin Sanomat editor Mr Timo Paukku 5.9.2011 D1 (Finnish)
- ^ Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario
- ^ a b "International Programs".[dead link]
- ^ "The World Factbook". 20 November 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ "BBC NEWS - South Asia - The end of India's green revolution?".
- ^ Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy
- ^ The Christian Science Monitor (24 July 2007). "Rising food prices curb aid to global poor". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics".
- ^ "International Programs".
- ^ UN population projections
- ^ "Japan sees biggest population fall". the Guardian.
- ^ a b Sanjeev Sanyal. "Sanjeev Sanyal on The End of Population Growth - Project Syndicate". Project Syndicate.
- ^ a b "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx The British Collins Longman Student Atlas, the 1996 and in 1998 publications, ISBN 978-0-00-448879-0 for the 1998 edition, ISBN 0-00-448365-0 for the 1996 edition
- ^ url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by 'Modern School Atlas (96th edition)', ISBN 978-1-84907-013-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by The British Oxford economic atlas of the World 4th edition, ISBN 0-19-894107-2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw The British Collins Atlas of the World, the 1993 edition, ISBN 0-00-448038-4
- ^ a b c d Ethiopia Central Statistics Office -- Population Projection for mid-2008
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs. "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations.
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<ref>
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External links[edit]
- World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision, Website of the United Nations Population Division
- Probabilistic Population Projections, 2nd Revision, Website of the United Nations Population Division
- 2008 Essays on Population Growth Blue Planet United — Population Press
- World population growth and trends 1950-2050 US Census
- UN University annual "State of the Future" report, including updates on Millennium Project goals including balancing global population growth & resources
- Population Growth Rate By Country, aggregated time series data from 1960 to present
- BBC News - Birth rate 'harms poverty goals' - 08/12/06
- Tsirel, S. V. 2004. On the Possible Reasons for the Hyperexponential Growth of the Earth Population. Mathematical Modeling of Social and Economic Dynamics / Ed. by M. G. Dmitriev and A. P. Petrov, pp. 367–9. Moscow: Russian State Social University, 2004.
- Rosling, Hans (25 January 2009). "What stops population growth?". Gapminder. Retrieved 2009-07-06.