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Avant-garde (French pronunciation: [avɑ̃ ɡaʁd]) is French for "vanguard".[1] The term is commonly used in French, English, and German to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art and culture.
Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The notion of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. Postmodernism posits that the age of the constant pushing of boundaries is no longer with us and that avant-garde has little to no applicability in the age of Postmodern art.
Visual artists
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edward_Steichen_-_Brancusi.jpg/220px-Edward_Steichen_-_Brancusi.jpg)
- Pierre Alechinsky (Belgian artist, member of CoBrA)
- Alexander Archipenko (Ukrainian sculptor)
- Magdalena Abakanowicz (Polish sculptor)
- Hans Bellmer (German artist)
- Joseph Beuys (German artist)[2]
- Francisco Bores (Spanish painter)
- Constantin Brâncuși (Romanian sculptor)[3]
- Georges Braque (French painter)[4]
- David Burliuk (Ukrainian painter, illustrator)
- Wladimir Burliuk (illustrator, Jack of Diamonds)
- Giorgio de Chirico (painter)[5]
- Joseph Csaky (Hungarian-French sculptor)
- Salvador Dalí (Spanish painter)
- Theo van Doesburg (Dutch artist) the founder of De Stijl.[6][7]
- Jean Dubuffet (French painter)[8]
- Marcel Duchamp (French artist)[9]
- Naum Gabo (sculptor)[10]
- Pablo Gargallo (Spanish sculptor)
- Paul Gauguin[11]
- Alberto Giacometti (sculptor)[12]
- Albert Gleizes (French painter and theorist)
- Julio González (Spanish sculptor)[13]
- Natalia Goncharova (Russian painter)
- Arshile Gorky (painter)
- George Grosz (German painter)
- Neil Harbisson (English artist)
- Asger Jorn (Danish artist, member of CoBrA)
- Wassily Kandinsky (Russian artist)[14]
- Allan Kaprow (painter/happenings)[15]
- Roger Kemp (Pioneer Australian abstractionist)
- Frederick John Kiesler (designer), (sculptor), (visual artist)
- Willem de Kooning (painter)[16]
- Yayoi Kusama (Japanese artist and writer)
- Fernand Léger (painter)
- El Lissitzky (Russian artist)[17]
- Kazimir Malevich (Ukrainian artist)[18]
- Agnes Martin (painter)[19]
- Henri Matisse (painter)[20]
- Jean Metzinger (French painter and theorist)
- Joan Miró (Spanish painter and sculptor)
- Piet Mondrian (Dutch artist)[21]
- Henry Moore (sculptor)[22]
- Barnett Newman (painter)[23]
- Georgia O'Keeffe (American artist)[24]
- Claes Oldenburg (sculptor)[25]
- Yoko Ono (Japanese-American sculptor/installation artist/musician)
- Francis Picabia (painter)
- Pablo Picasso (Spanish painter and sculptor)
- Antoine Pevsner (sculptor)
- Jackson Pollock (painter)[26]
- Robert Rauschenberg (painter)[27]
- Man Ray (painter and visual artist)
- Ad Reinhardt (painter)[28]
- Jean-Paul Riopelle (Canadian artist)
- Alexander Rodchenko (Russian artist)
- Olga Rozanova (Russian artist)
- Louis Schanker (American printmaker and sculptor)
- Kurt Schwitters (German artist)
- David Smith (American sculptor)
- Kenneth Snelson (sculptor)
- Frank Stella (painter)[29]
- Vladimir Tatlin (Russian artist)
- Remedios Varo (Mexican-Spanish painter)
- Wolf Vostell (German Artist)[30]
- Andy Warhol (American painter and director)[31]
- Wols (German painter and photographer)
Architects
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- Steve Baer
- Le Corbusier
- Norman Foster
- Buckminster Fuller
- Antoni Gaudí
- Frank Gehry
- Walter Gropius
- Mary Jordan (American performance artist)
- Louis Kahn
- Rem Koolhaas
- I. M. Pei
- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
- Eero Saarinen
- Ettore Sottsass
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Zaha Hadid
Performance artists
[edit]- Marina Abramović (Serbian performance artist)
- Vito Acconci (American performance artist
- Marcel·lí Antúnez Roca (Catalan performance artist)
- Matthew Barney (American performance artist)
- Günter Brus (Austrian performance artist)
- Marco Donnarumma (Italian performance artist)
- Valie Export (Austrian performance artist)
- Diamanda Galás (American performance artist)
- Hermann Nitsch (Austrian performance artist)
- Stelarc (Cyprus-born performance artist)
Musicians
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Philip_Glass_003.jpg/220px-Philip_Glass_003.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Steve_Reich2.jpg/220px-Steve_Reich2.jpg)
- Laurie Anderson (American composer)
- George Antheil (American composer)
- Albert Ayler (Free jazz)[32]
- John Balance (Music Composer, poet)
- The Beatles (English rock lyricists, composers, and singers)[33][34]
- Luciano Berio (Italian composer)
- Arthur Brown (English rock singer and performer)
- Pierre Boulez (French composer)
- David Bowie (English rock singer and performer)
- Glenn Branca (American guitarist and composer)
- John Zorn (American musician and composer)
- Harold Budd (American composer)
- John Cage (American composer)
- Les Claypool (American musician, singer, bassist, film maker, novelist, composer)
- Ornette Coleman (American jazz musician)
- John Coltrane (American jazz musician)
- Anna Eriksson (Finnish composer)
- Conlon Nancarrow (American composer)
- Tony Conrad (American violinist and composer)
- Ivor Cutler (Scottish avant-musician and poet)
- Miles Davis (American jazz musician)
- Claude Debussy (French composer)[35]
- Eric Dolphy (American jazz musician)
- Duke Ellington (American jazz musician, band leader and composer)
- Don Ellis (American jazz musician, band leader and composer)
- Brian Eno (English musician and composer)
- Aphex Twin (British musician and composer)
- Morton Feldman (American composer)
- Brigitte Fontaine (French Singer, novelist, playwright and actress)
- Aaron Funk (Canadian electronic musician)
- Diamanda Galás (American musician, composer and performance artist)
- Philip Glass (American composer)
- Dave Holland (British jazz musician)
- Charles Ives (American composer)[36]
- Roland Kirk (American jazz musician)
- Bill Laswell (avant-garde musician)
- György Ligeti (Hungarian/Austrian/Romanian composer)
- Witold Lutosławski (Polish composer)
- Béla Bartók (Hungarian composer)
- Lydia Lunch (American singer, poet, writer and actress)
- Angus MacLise (American percussionist)
- Charles Mingus (American jazz musician)
- Thelonious Monk (American jazz musician)
- Max Neuhaus (composer)
- Mike Oldfield (English composer)
- Pauline Oliveros (American composer and accordionist)
- Yoko Ono (Japanese artist and musician)
- Harry Partch (American composer and instrument designer)
- Mike Patton (American musician, singer and composer)
- Krzysztof Penderecki (Polish composer)
- Astor Piazzolla (Argentine nuevo tango pioneer)
- Jarosław Pijarowski (Polish contemporary musician, poet, photographer, creator of fine arts and theatre-music spectacles)
- Sun Ra (Free jazz innovator)
- Steve Reich (American composer)
- Terry Riley (American composer)
- Diana Ringo (Finnish composer)
- Arthur Russell (American musician, singer and composer)
- Pharoah Sanders (American jazz musician)
- Erik Satie (French composer and pianist)
- Janek Schaefer (English composer musician artist)
- Pierre Schaeffer (French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician)
- Arnold Schoenberg (Austrian/American composer)
- Archie Shepp (American jazz musician)
- Karlheinz Stockhausen (German composer)
- Igor Stravinsky (Russian composer)[37]
- David Tudor (American composer)
- Arto Tunçboyacıyan (Armenian vocalist, multiinstrumentalist)
- Edgard Varèse (French composer, later naturalized American citizen)
- David Vorhaus (American electronic composer with the English band White Noise)
- Igor Wakhévitch (French composer)
- Anton Webern (Second Viennese School)
- Robert Wyatt (English singer and songwriter)
- Iannis Xenakis (Greek composer and architect)
- Kathleen Yearwood (Canadian composer)
- La Monte Young (American composer)
- Frank Zappa (American composer, guitarist and satirist)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Neumos_seattle_2008.jpg/220px-Neumos_seattle_2008.jpg)
- Autopsia (ex-Yugoslavian/Czech post-industrial band)
- Amon Düül II (German krautrock band)
- Arcturus (Norwegian avant-garde band)
- Maya Beiser (experimental cellist)
- Captain Beefheart (experimental rock singer)
- Boredoms (Japanese noise band)
- Björk (Icelandic musician)
- Buckethead (American composer and guitarist)
- Butthole Surfers (American experimental rock band)
- John Cale (Welsh avant-garde musician)
- Can (avant-garde rock band)
- Coil (British electronic post-industrial band)
- Cluster (German krautrock group)
- Einstürzende Neubauten (German industrial band)
- Fantômas (American noise metal band)
- Faust (German krautrock band)
- Pink Floyd (English avant-garde/psychedelic/art rock Band)
- Gong (French-English avant-garde/progressive rock band)
- Half Japanese (American alternative band)
- Hella (band) (American avant-garde/experimental band)
- Henry Cow (British avant-garde/progressive rock band)
- Iwrestledabearonce (American progressive/avant-garde metal band)
- Jonathan Davis and the SFA (American avant-garde band)
- JPEGMafia (American rapper and producer)
- Kayo Dot (American avant-rock/metal band)
- Kraftwerk (German electronic/krautrock group)
- Laibach (Slovenian experimental/avant-garde/industrial music group)
- The Mars Volta (American experimental/fusion rock band)
- Melvins (American experimental rock band)
- Meshuggah (Swedish experimental/progressive metal band)[38]
- Moondog (American avant-garde artist)
- Neurosis (American sludge/drone/post-metal band)
- The Observatory (Singaporean experimental rock band)
- Ours to Destroy (avant-garde folk rock band)
- Pan.Thy.Monium (Swedish progressive metal band)
- Pere Ubu (American post-punk band)
- Art Bears (British avant-rock band)
- Public Image Ltd (British post-punk band)
- Radiohead (English art rock/experimental rock band)
- Ram-Zet (Norwegian avant-garde metal band)
- Rasputina (experimental rock band)
- Recoil (band) (British avant-garde/electronic musical project)
- The Residents (American avant-rock band)
- Scars on Broadway (Experimental rock band)
- Scott Walker (American experimental avant-garde pop musician)
- Sigh (Japanese progressive/avant-garde black metal band)
- Sleepytime Gorilla Museum (American avant-garde metal/rock group)
- Soft Machine (English avant-garde/progressive rock band)
- Sonic Youth (American alternative band)
- Sunn O))) (American drone/metal/ambient band)
- Swans (American post-punk/No Wave band)
- Throbbing Gristle (English industrial band)
- Mr. Bungle (American avant-garde metal group)
- The Velvet Underground (American art/protopunk band)
- Lou Reed (American alternative/avant-garde/protopunk musician)
- Patti Smith (American protopunk singer)
- Vernian Process (American steampunk/avant-garde band)
- Už jsme doma (Czech avant-garde band)
- What's He Building in There? (Canadian avant-garde metal group)
- Waltari (Finnish progressive/avant-garde/alternative metal band)
- John Bruce Wallace (American composer and avant-garde, free jazz, fusion, experimental, improvisational progressive metal guitarist)
- Thom Yorke (English musician)
Authors, playwrights, actors, theatre directors and poets
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gertrude_stein.jpg/220px-Gertrude_stein.jpg)
- JoAnne Akalaitis (writer/director/ Mabou Mines)
- Guillaume Apollinaire (writer)
- Antonin Artaud (French actor, director and theorist)
- H. C. Artmann (Austrian-born poet and writer)
- Hugo Ball (German writer, dadaist)
- J. G. Ballard (British author)
- Georges Bataille (French writer and essayist)
- Julian Beck (actor/director/ The Living Theatre)
- Samuel Beckett (Irish playwright)
- Maurice Blanchot (French writer and essayist)
- Jorge Luis Borges (Argentine short story writer)
- André Breton (French author)
- Hermann Broch (Austrian writer)[39]
- Christine Brooke-Rose (British writer and literary critic)
- William S. Burroughs (author, poet, essayist)
- Jim Carroll (avant-garde poet)
- Louis-Ferdinand Céline (author)
- Gregory Corso (experimental Beat poet)
- Jayne Cortez (American poet and spoken-word artist)
- E. E. Cummings (poet)
- Jeffrey Daniels (American Poet)
- Guy Debord (French author, and philosopher)
- John Dos Passos (American writer)
- Duncan Fallowell (English writer)
- Benjamin Fondane (Romanian/French poet, critic, existentialist philosopher)
- Richard Foreman (American Director/designer/playwright/compositional theater maker)
- Genpei Akasegawa (Japanese artist and novelist)
- Allen Ginsberg (poet)
- Witold Gombrowicz (writer)
- Eugen Gomringer (the father of concrete poetry)
- Jerzy Grotowski (director)
- Stewart Home (writer)
- Per Højholt (Danish poet)
- Ernst Jandl (Austrian writer, poet, and translator)
- Alfred Jarry (writer)
- James Joyce (writer)
- Franz Kafka (writer)
- Tadeusz Kantor (director)
- Lajos Kassák (1887–1967, Hungarian avant-garde poet and painter)
- Srečko Kosovel (Slovene poet)
- Peter Laugesen (Danish poet)
- Jackson Mac Low, American poet
- Mina Loy (British painter/poet)
- Dimitris Lyacos (writer/playwright/poet)
- Judith Malina (actor/director/ The Living Theatre)
- Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (founder of Italian futurism)
- Vladimir Mayakovsky (Russian futurist writer and poet)
- Vsevolod Meyerhold (director)
- Henry Miller (author)
- Ion Minulescu (Romanian poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic, playwright)
- Yukio Mishima (writer, playwright, poet)
- Vladimir Nabokov (Russian author)
- Anaïs Nin (French diarist, author, poet)
- Ezra Pound (American poet)
- Alain Robbe-Grillet (French author, playwright, filmmaker)
- Raymond Roussel (writer)
- Bruno Schulz (writer)
- Kirill Serebrennikov (Russian theater director)
- Gertrude Stein (author, essayist)
- Ellen Stewart (theater director/ La MaMa)
- Jean Tardieu (artist, playwright, poet)
- Sergei Tretyakov (Russian writer)
- Tristan Tzara (Romanian poet)
- Urmuz (Romanian writer)
- Ilarie Voronca (Romanian poet, essayist)
- William Carlos Williams (American poet)
- Miroslav Wanek (Czech composer, poet, singer)
- Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (writer)
- Robert Wilson (director)
- Virginia Woolf (English author)
Photographers, filmmakers, video artists
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Jonas_Mekas.jpg/220px-Jonas_Mekas.jpg)
- John Abraham (Indian movie director)
- Kenneth Anger (American filmmaker)
- Diane Arbus (American photographer)
- Berenice Abbott (American photographer)
- Bruce Baillie (American filmmaker)
- Craig Baldwin (American filmmaker)
- Matthew Barney (American performance artist, filmmaker, photographer)
- Timur Bekmambetov (Russian filmmaker)
- Jordan Belson (American filmmaker)
- Patrick Bokanowski (French filmmaker)
- Stan Brakhage (American filmmaker)
- Luis Buñuel (Spanish filmmaker)
- John Cassavetes (American filmmaker)
- Věra Chytilová (Czech filmmaker)
- Jean Cocteau (French poet, artist, filmmaker)
- Bruce Conner (American filmmaker, sculptor, and painter)
- Tony Conrad (American video artist, experimental filmmaker)
- David Cronenberg (American filmmaker)
- Maya Deren (American filmmaker)
- Nathaniel Dorsky (American filmmaker)
- Germaine Dulac (French filmmaker)
- Anna Eriksson (Finnish filmmaker)
- Harun Farocki (German filmmaker)
- Rainer Werner Fassbinder (German filmmaker)
- David Gatten (American filmmaker)
- Ernie Gehr (American filmmaker)
- Jean-Luc Godard (French filmmaker)
- Larry Gottheim (American filmmaker)
- Philippe Grandrieux (French filmmaker)
- Jerome Hiler (American filmmaker)
- Peter Hutton (American filmmaker)
- Ken Jacobs (American filmmaker)
- Alejandro Jodorowsky (Chilean director)
- Mary Jordan (American filmmaker, performance artist, activist)
- Jaromil Jireš (Czechoslovak filmmaker)
- Harmony Korine (American filmmaker)
- Kurt Kren (Austrian filmmaker)
- Stanley Kubrick (American filmmaker)
- Peter Kubelka (Austrian filmmaker)
- Jørgen Leth (Danish filmmaker)
- Len Lye (New Zealand filmmaker)
- David Lynch (American filmmaker)
- Jodie Mack (American filmmaker)
- Christopher Maclaine (American filmmaker)
- Robert Mapplethorpe (American photographer)
- Toshio Matsumoto (Japanese experimental filmmaker‚ video artist)
- Jonas Mekas (Lithuanian-American filmmaker)
- Otto Muehl (Austrian filmmaker)
- Dudley Murphy (Experimental filmmaker)
- Ryūtarō Nakamura (Japanese director and animator)
- Gunvor Nelson (Swedish filmmaker)
- Nikos Nikolaidis (Greek filmmaker)
- Andrew Noren (American filmmaker)
- Mamoru Oshii (Japanese filmmaker)
- Pier Paolo Pasolini (Italian filmmaker, poet and writer)
- Simone Rapisarda Casanova (Italian filmmaker)
- Man Ray (American/French, photographer and filmmaker)
- Alain Resnais (French filmmaker)
- Diana Ringo (Finnish filmmaker)
- Jacques Rivette (French filmmaker)
- Jean Rouch (Ethnographic filmmaker)
- Rudolf Schwarzkogler (Austrian filmmaker)
- Kirill Serebrennikov (Russian filmmaker)
- Jack Smith (American filmmaker)
- Michael Snow (Canadian artist, filmmaker)
- Sion Sono (Japanese filmmaker, dramatist and poet)
- Straub–Huillet (French filmmakers)
- Phil Solomon (American filmmaker)
- Léopold Survage (French artist of Russian-Danish-Finnish descent)
- Shūji Terayama (Japanese dramatist, filmmaker, poet and writer)
- Lars von Trier (Danish filmmaker)
- Andy Warhol (American artist)
- Peter Weibel (Austrian filmmaker)
- Joel-Peter Witkin (American photographer)
- Fred Worden (American filmmaker)
- Kansuke Yamamoto (Japanese photographer and poet)
- Thierry Zéno (Belgian filmmaker)
Dancers and choreographers
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Martha_Graham_1948.jpg/220px-Martha_Graham_1948.jpg)
- Pina Bausch (German dancer, choreographer)
- Trisha Brown (American dancer, choreographer)
- Lucinda Childs (American dancer, choreographer)
- Merce Cunningham (American dancer, choreographer)
- Isadora Duncan (pioneer of modern dance)
- Loie Fuller (pioneer of modern dance)
- Valeska Gert (1892–1978) (German dancer)[40]
- Martha Graham (American dancer, choreographer)
- Sally Gross (American dancer, choreographer)
- Deborah Hay (American dancer, choreographer)
- Anna Halprin (American dancer, choreographer)
- Erick Hawkins (American dancer, choreographer)
- Hanya Holm (pioneer of modern dance)
- Doris Humphrey (pioneer of modern dance)
- Léonide Massine (pioneer of modern dance)
- Vaslav Nijinsky (pioneer of modern dance)
- Alwin Nikolais (American dancer, choreographer)
- Yvonne Rainer (American dancer, choreographer)
- Ruth St. Denis (pioneer of modern dance)
- Ted Shawn (pioneer of modern dance)
- Anna Sokolow (American dancer, choreographer)
- Helen Tamiris (pioneer of modern dance)
- Twyla Tharp (American choreographer, dancer)
- Charles Weidman (pioneer of modern dance)
- Mary Wigman (German dancer, choreographer)
Others
[edit]- Yuri Landman (Experimental instrument builder)
See also
[edit]- Bohemianism
- Intelligentsia
- Experimental film
- Experimental literature
- Experimental music
- Experimental theatre
- Modernism
- Russian avant-garde
References
[edit]- ^ "Avant-garde definitions". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ See Claudia Schmuckli: "Chronology and Selected Exhibition History", in Joseph Beuys: Actions, Vitrines, Environments (Tate, 2005).
- ^ "Constantin Brancusi" Archived 2006-12-20 at the Wayback Machine at brainjuice.com. (Accessed March 27, 2007.)
- ^ Artcyclopedia – Links to Braque's works and information
- ^ Giorgio de Chirico in the Museum of Modern Art
- ^ "Art Term: De Stijl". Tate. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ Curl, James Stevens (2006). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860678-8.
- ^ "Jean Dubuffet", Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
- ^ Calvin Tomkins: Duchamp: A Biography.[full citation needed]
- ^ "Naum Gabo as a Soviet Émigré in Berlin" by Christina Lodder, Tate Papers, no. 14, Autumn 2010
- ^ "Paul Gauguin". MoMA.
- ^ *Lord, James (1985). Giacometti: A Biography. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374525255.
- ^ Guggenheim Museum biography Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hajo Düchting. Wassily Kandinsky 1866–1944: A Revolution in Painting. (Taschen, 2000). ISBN 3-8228-5982-6
- ^ Cotter, Holland (November 19, 1999). "Art in Review; Allan Kaprow and Robert Watts – 'Experiments in the Everyday'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
- ^ "Willem de Kooning", Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Mayakovsky, Vladimir; Lissitzky, El (2000). For the Voice (translation of для голоса (Dlia golosa)). MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13377-6.
- ^ "Guggenheim: Kazimir Malevich". Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ "The Collection | MoMA".
- ^ Hilary Spurling. The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869-1908. London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1998. ISBN 0-679-43428-3.
- ^ Hans Locher: Piet Mondrian. Colour, Structure, and Symbolism. Bern-Berlin: Verlag Gachnang & Springer, 1994. ISBN 978-3-906127-44-6
- ^ Review in Sculpture Magazine
- ^ Barnett Newman Selected Writings and Interviews, (ed.) by John P. O'Neill, University of California Press, 1990.
- ^ Roxana Robinson. 1990. Georgia O'Keeffe: A life. Bloomsbury, London. ISBN 0-7475-0557-8
- ^ Oldenburg Biography at the Guggenheim Museum Archived 2003-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Piper, David. The Illustrated History of Art, ISBN 0-7537-0179-0, p460-461.
- ^
Donohue, Marlena (28 November 1997). "Rauschenberg's Signature on the Century". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 7 July 2006.
Rauschenberg's mammoth career retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (and other New York sites) from Sept. 19 to Jan. 7, 1998... along with longtime friends pre-Pop painter Jasper Johns and the late conceptual composer John Cage, Rauschenberg pretty much defined the technical and philosophic art landscape and its offshoots after Abstract Expressionism.
- ^ Ad Reinhardt bio at Guggenheim Museum site Archived 2005-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Frank Stella Biography, Guggenheim Museum Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wolf Vostell at the Museum Ludwig in Cologne
- ^ Andy Warhol at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/albert-ayler-p6036/biography Albert Ayler Biography at AllMusic
- ^ "The Beatles: How the White Album Changed Everything". 24 September 2018.
- ^ "Five Main Characters: An Overview of the Beatles and the Avant-Garde".
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/claude-debussy-q7223 Information about Claude Debussy
- ^ http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/ives.php Charles Ives at Classical Net
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/igor-stravinsky-q8016/biography Stravinsky bio at Allmusic
- ^ "Meshuggah". Nuclear Blast. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ Kaszynski, Stefan H. (2012): Kurze Geschichte der Österreichischen Literatur; Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, p. 151
- ^ "The Forgotten World of the Badass Valeska Gert" by Elyssa Goodman, Tablet, 11 January 2018
Further reading
[edit]- Brakhage, Stan. Film at Wit's End – Essays on American Independent Filmmakers. (Edinburgh, Polygon. 1989)
- Brakhage, Stan. Essential Brakhage – Selected Writings on Filmmaking. (New York, McPherson. 2001)
- Cage, John. 1961. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. Unaltered reprints: Wesleyan University press, 1966 (pbk), 1967 (cloth), 1973 (pbk ["First Wesleyan paperback edition"]), 1975 (unknown binding); Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971; London: Calder & Boyars, 1968, 1971, 1973 ISBN 0-7145-0526-9 (cloth) ISBN 0-7145-1043-2 (pbk). London: Marion Boyars, 1986, 1999 ISBN 0-7145-1043-2 (pbk); [n.p.]: Reprint Services Corporation, 1988 (cloth) ISBN 99911-780-1-5 [In particular the essays "Experimental Music", pp. 7–12, and "Experimental Music: Doctrine", pp. 13–17.]
- Cope, David. 1997. Techniques of the Contemporary Composer. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.
- Curtis, David. Experimental Cinema – A Fifty Year Evolution. (London. Studio Vista. 1971)
- Curtis, David (ed.) A Directory of British Film and Video Artists (Arts Council, 1999).
- Dixon, Wheeler Winston, The Exploding Eye: A Re-Visionary History of 1960s American Experimental Cinema. (Albany, New York. State University of New York Press, 1997)
- Dixon, Wheeler Winston and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (eds.) Experimental Cinema – The Film Reader, (London: Routledge, 2002)
- Jachec, Nancy. The Philosophy and Politics of Abstract Expressionism 1940–1960 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2000 ISBN 0-521-65154-9
- Le Grice, Malcolm, Abstract Film and Beyond (MIT, 1977).
- MacDonald, Scott. A Critical Cinema, Volumes 1, 2 and 3 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, 1992 and 1998).
- MacDonald, Scott. Avant-Garde Film: Motion Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
- Mauceri, Frank X. 1997. "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". Perspectives of New Music 35, no. 1 (Winter): 187–204.
- Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-52143-5
- Nicholls, David. 1998. "Avant-garde and Experimental Music." In Cambridge History of American Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45429-8
- Nyman, Michael. 1974. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. New York: Schirmer. ISBN 0-02-871200-5. 2nd edition, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-65297-9
- O'Connor, Francis V. Jackson Pollock [exhibition catalogue] (New York, Museum of Modern Art, [1967]) OCLC 165852
- O'Pray, Michael. Avant-Garde Film: Forms, Themes and Passions (London: Wallflower Press, 2003).
- Peterson, James. Dreams of Chaos, Visions of Order: Understanding the American Avant-Garde Cinema (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994).
- Rees, A. L., A History of Experimental Film and Video (British Film Institute, 1999).
- Sargeant, Jack, Naked Lens: Beat Cinema (Creation, 1997).
- Saunders, Frances Stonor, The cultural cold war: the CIA and the world of arts and letters (New York: New Press: Distributed by W.W. Norton & Co., 2000) ISBN 1-56584-596-X
- Sitney, P. Adams. Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
- Tapié, Michel. Pollock (Paris, P. Facchetti, 1952) OCLC 30601793
- Tapié, Michel. Hans Hofmann: peintures 1962 : 23 avril – 18 mai 1963. (Paris: Galerie Anderson-Mayer, 1963.) [exhibition catalogue and commentary] OCLC 62515192
- Tyler, Parker, Underground Film: A Critical History. (New York: Grove Press, 1969)
- Wechsler, Jeffrey (2007). Pathways and Parallels: Roads to Abstract Expressionism. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries. ISBN 978-0-9759954-9-5.
External links
[edit]Media related to Avant-garde artists at Wikimedia Commons
- "Why did Soviet Photographic Avant-garde decline?" by Giovanni De Caro, December 2001
- "Avant-gard", definition at the Tate