| Haplogroup P (K2b2) | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 27,000-45,000 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia Indonesia South Asia Central Asia |
| Ancestor | K2b [2] |
| Descendants | P1, Q and R |
| Defining mutations | P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231 |
Haplogroup P also known as P295/PF5866/S8 and K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics.
P is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331) which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).
At present, the only direct descendant of basal P* is P1 (M45/PF5962), formerly known as P (xQ,xR). P1 is, in turn, the newly defined parent node of Q (M242) and R (M207).
Basal haplogroup P*, P1, Q and R include more than one-third of the males among many modern populations in Asia, most Native Americans and most males in Europe.
Contents
Structure[edit]
The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:
- P (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
Distribution[edit]
Haplogroup P* and its subclades, including the major haplogroups Q and R, are well-represented among males of Western European, Central Asian, and Native American ancestry.
Distribution of P* & P1[edit]
P* and P1 (M45) are distributed widely in Asia.
Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P* (M45) are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi,[3] and 35% among Nivkh males. P* is also present at low to moderate frequency among modern South Asian populations.[4] In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). P* (or pre-p) is found at a frequency of 28% in the Aeta of the Philippines.[5]
| Population group (with ethnolinguistic affiliation) | Paper | N | Percentage | SNPs Tested | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuvinian (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 | |
| Nivkh (isolate) | Lell 2001 | 17 | 35 | P-M45 | |
| Altai-Kizhi (Altaians) (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 | |
| Todjin (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 | |
| Chukchi (Chukotkan) | Lell 2001 | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 | |
| Koryak (Chukotkan) | Lell 2001 | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 | |
| Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut) | Lell 2001 | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 | |
| Uighur (Turkic) | Xue 2006 | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 | |
| Kalmyk (Mongolic) | Darenko 2005 | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 | |
| Turkmen (Turkic) | Wells 2001 | 30 | 10 | P-M45 | |
| Soyot (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 | |
| Uriankhai (Mongolic) | Katoh 2004 | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 | |
| Khakas (Turkic) | Darenko 2005 | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 | |
| Kazakh (Turkic) | Wells 2001 | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 | |
| Uzbek (Turkic) | Wells 2001 | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 | |
| Khasi-Khmuic (Austro-Asiatic) | Reddy 2009 | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Mundari (Austro-Asiatic) | Reddy 2009 | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Nicobarese (Mon-Khmer) | Reddy 2009 | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic) | Reddy 2009 | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Garo (Tibeto-Burman) | Reddy 2009 | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| India (Tibeto-Burman) | Reddy 2009 | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| East Asia (Tibeto-Burman) | Reddy 2009 | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Eastern India (Indo-European) | Reddy 2009 | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173) § | |
| Iran (Southern Talysh) | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Azerbaijan (Northern Talysh) | Nasidze 2009 | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Mazandarani (Iranian) | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Gilaki (Iranian) | Nasidze 2009 | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Tehran (Iranian) | Nasidze 2004 | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Isfahan (Iranian) | Nasidze 2004 | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Bakhtiari (Iranian) | Nasidze 2008 | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Iranian Arabs (Arabic) | Nasidze 2008 | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| North Iran (Iranian) | Regueiro 2006 | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| South Iran (Iranian) | Regueiro 2006 | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| South Caucacus (Georgian) | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| South Caucacus (Armenian) | Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124,xM173) | |
| Hvar (Croatian) | Barać et al. 2003 | 14 | |||
| Korčula (Croatian) | Barać et al. 2003 | 6 |
§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.
In South Asia, basal Haplogroup P* is present at low to moderate frequency among modern populations.[6] P-M45* is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size, 9. P* (or pre-p) is found at a frequency of 28% in the Aeta of the Philippines.[7] Most of the P in South Asia and Central Asia are probably simply unresolved cases or R2 or Q.
| Population group | N | P (xQ,xR) | Q | R | Paper | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |||
| Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Saora | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Muslims of Manipur | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Katkari | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | Sahoo 2006 | ||||
| Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 | Sahoo 2006 |
Distribution of haplogroup Q[edit]
Distribution of haplogroup R[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree" (PDF). Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ^ http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/11/22/000802.1
- ^ Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
- ^ Sahoo, S. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (4): 843. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ^ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/ejhg2014106a.pdf
- ^ Sahoo, S. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (4): 843. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ^ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/ejhg2014106a.pdf
Sources[edit]
- Barać; et al. (2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics 11 (7). doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075.
External links[edit]
| Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [1] [2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Y-chromosomal Adam" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A00 | A0-T [3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A0 | A1[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A1b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b1 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| F1 | F2 | F3 | GHIJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | HIJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | IJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT [5] | K2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | NO [6] | K2b [7] | K2c | K2d | K2e [8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N | O | K2b1 [9] | P | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | S [10] | Q | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- ^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
- ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
- ^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
- ^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
- ^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
- ^ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
- ^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) was previously known as Haplogroup MPS.
- ^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as K2a and "Haplogroup X".
- ^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similalr to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
- ^ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.