Time travel is a common theme in fiction and has been depicted in a variety of media such as literature, television and advertisements.^{[1][page needed]}

Overview[edit]

In fiction featuring time travel, time travel is either the central theme of the story or is merely the means to set the story in motion.^{[citation needed]}

H. G. Wells' story The Time Machine, written in 1895, popularized the concept of time travel and introduced the concept of travelling through time by mechanical means.^[2][3] Prototypes of time travel stories include Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, written in 1843, which shows Ebenezer Scrooge dreaming of events from his past and possible future, the 8th century Japanese folk tale Urashima Tarō, which features a fisherman who visits a world under the sea and stays there for three days, only to find after returning home to his village that three hundred years have passed and his family is long dead, and Washington Irving's 1819 story Rip Van Winkle, which tells of a man who goes to sleep on a mountain for a night and wakes up 20 years in the future where he has been completely forgotten, his wife is dead and his daughter is grown up.^[2][3][4] Modern time travel stories examine the effects of temporal paradoxes, such as the grandfather paradox, and how travelling into the past can affect the future by accidently or intentionally changing history, creating an alternate history and/or parallel universe as a result.^[2][3][5]

Sean Redmond regards time travel as providing a "necessary distancing effect" that allows science fiction to address contemporary issues in metaphorical ways.^[6]

Early stories featuring time travel[edit]

• In ancient Hindu mythology, the Mahabharata, written around 700 B.C. mentions the story of the King Revaita, who travels to a different world to meet the creator Brahma. The King is shocked to learn that many ages have passed when he returns to Earth.^[7]

• Another very old example of this type of story can be found in the Talmud, with the story of Honi HaM'agel, written in 300 A.D., who went to sleep for 70 years and woke up to a world where his grandchildren were grandparents and where all his friends and family were dead.^{[citation needed]}

• In Walter Map's 12th century De nugis curialium ("Courtiers' Trifles"), Map tells of the Briton King Herla, who is transported with his hunting party over two centuries into the future by the enchantment of a mysterious harlequin.

• Memoirs of the Twentieth Century (1733), by Samuel Madden, is mainly a series of letters from English ambassadors in various countries to the British "Lord High Treasurer", along with a few replies from the British foreign office, all purportedly written in 1997 and 1998 and describing the conditions of that era. However, the framing story is that these letters were actual documents given to the narrator by his guardian angel one night in 1728. For this reason, Paul Alkon suggests in his book Origins of Futuristic Fiction that "the first time-traveler in English literature is a guardian angel who returns with state documents from 1998 to the year 1728", although the book does not explicitly show how the angel obtained the documents. Alkon later qualifies this by writing, "[i]t would be stretching our generosity to praise Madden for being the first to show a traveler arriving from the future", but he also says that Madden "deserves recognition as the first to toy with the rich idea of time travel in the form of an artifact sent backwards from the future to be discovered in the present."

• In the play Anno 7603, written by the Dano-Norwegian poet Johan Herman Wessel in 1781, the two main characters are moved into the future (AD 7603) by a good fairy.

• In the science fiction anthology Far Boundaries (1951), the editor August Derleth identifies the short story Missing One's Coach: An Anachronism, written for the Dublin University Magazine by an anonymous author in 1838, as a very early time travel story. In it, the narrator is waiting under a tree to be picked up by a coach which will take him out of Newcastle when he suddenly finds himself transported back over a thousand years. There he encounters the Venerable Bede in a monastery, and gives him somewhat ironic explanations of the developments of the coming centuries. It is never entirely clear whether these events actually occurred, or were merely a dream.

• In 1843, the Charles Dickens novella A Christmas Carol depicts Ebeneezer Scrooge being transported back and forth in time to points in his own lifetime by a series of Ghosts to visit Christmases Past, Present and Future. However, the things he sees are merely "shadows"; he and the Ghosts do not interact with them.

• The book Paris avant les hommes ("Paris before Men"), by the French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard (published posthumously in 1861), has the main character transported to various prehistoric settings by the magic of a "lame demon", and who is then able to actively interact with prehistoric life.

• The short story The Clock that Went Backward, written by editor Edward Page Mitchell, appeared in the New York Sun in 1881, another early example of time travel in fiction.

• Looking Backward (1888), by Edward Bellamy, and News from Nowhere (1890), by William Morris, each feature a protagonist who wakes up in a socialist utopian future.

• A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889), by Mark Twain.

• Tourmalin's Time Cheques (1891), by Thomas Anstey Guthrie (and written under the pseudonym F. Anstey), was the first story to explore the paradoxes that time travel might cause.

• Golf in the Year 2000 (1892), by J. McCullough, tells the story of an Englishman who fell asleep in 1892 and awakened in the year 2000. The focus of the book is how the game of golf would have changed by then, but many social and technological themes are also discussed along the way, including devices similar to television and women's equality.

Time travel themes[edit]

A number of themes can be seen to recur in time travel stories.^{[citation needed]}

• Changing the past: in this genre, a visitor to the past changes history using knowledge and/or technology from his or her own time, either for good or evil, creating an alternate history as a result.^{[citation needed]} Examples of this genre include Lest Darkness Fall by L. Sprague de Camp and the 2009 Star Trek film.

• The Guardians of time: in this genre, a group of people are charged with ensuring that time turns out "properly" (i.e. protecting it from changes by other time travelers).^{[citation needed]} Examples of this genre include John Schettler's Meridian series and Simon Lee's Timekeepers. TimeRiders, a series of novels by author Alex Scarrow, tells the story of three people who have been rescued moments before death and recruited into a secret organization in order to prevent time travel from unraveling history.

• Preventing a bad future: in this genre, the main characters learn, either by going to the future and returning or by the arrival of a time traveler from the future, that the future has not turned out well, having either turned into a dystopia or resulted in the end of the world. The characters try to change something in the present which prevents that future from coming to pass.^{[citation needed]} The Terminator film franchise includes several stories of time travelers from the future waging war with each other so as to create or prevent a post-apocalyptic future.

• Unintentional change or fulfillment: in this genre, a time traveler intends to observe past events, or is taken to the past against his will and tries to return to his proper time. However, the time traveler discovers that his actions have unintentionally altered the future because of the Butterfly effect.^{[citation needed]} A Sound of Thunder is an example of this genre.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• timelinks - the big list of time travel video, time travel movies, & time travel TV - over 700 movies and television programs featuring time travel.
• SciFan: Time Travel - Time Control - Time Warp - list of over 2400 books featuring time travel.
• Time-Travel Fiction - Big list of adventures in time travel.
• Andy's Anachronisms - Exploring the themes of time travel and alternate universes in literature and entertainment.
• Ultimate Time Travel - Reviewing books, movies and computer games that deal with concept of time travel.
• Time Travel Movies - Reviews and clips of the more influential movies involving time travel.