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Paris Panthéon-Assas University
Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas
Logo of Paris-Panthéon-Assas University.jpeg
Former names
1990-2021: Université Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas
1971-1990: Université de droit, d’économie et de sciences sociales de Paris (shortened name: Paris II)
1950s-1970: Faculté de droit et d’économie de Paris
1802-1950s: Faculté de droit de Paris
1679-1793: Faculté de droit civil et canonique
12th Century-1679: Consultissima decretorum
TypePublic
Established1971 as Paris 2 University
12th Century – as the Faculty of Law of Paris
Parent institution
Sorbonne University
AffiliationChancellerie des Universités de Paris
Budget€91 million (2013)
PresidentStéphane Braconnier
Academic staff
2,060
Administrative staff
356
Students17,705
Location
Paris
,
France
CampusUrban
Colours
  Red and white
Websitewww.u-paris2.fr

Panthéon-Assas University (French: Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas; [ynivɛʁsite pɑ̃teɔ̃ asas]), also referred to as Assas ([asas]) or Paris 2 (French: Paris II[paʁi dø]), is a university in Paris, acting faculty of law of Sorbonne University and often described as the most prestigious and top law school of France.[1][2][3]

It is considered as the direct inheritor of the Faculty of Law of Paris,[1] the second-oldest faculty of Law in the world, founded in the 12th century.[4] Following the division of the University of Paris (the "Sorbonne") in 1970, most of its law professors (88 out of 108)[5] choose to perpetuate the faculty by creating and joining a university of law offering the same programs within the same two buildings.[1][6] Panthéon-Assas currently provides the law courses of the Sorbonne University as an independent university, having refused to officially merge into it as a faculty.[7]

The majority of the nineteen campuses of Panthéon-Assas are located in the Latin Quarter, with the main campuses on Place du Panthéon and Rue d'Assas - hence its current name. The university is composed of five departments specialising in law, political science, economics, journalism and media and public and private management, and it hosts twenty-four research centres and five specialised doctoral schools. Every year, the university enrolls approximately 18,000 students, including 3,000 international students.

History[edit]

Panthéon center
Pediment of the Paris Law Faculty
Further information: Faculty of Law of Paris

When the University of Paris (nicknamed the Sorbonne), which had been founded in the middle of the 12th century and officially ceased to exist on 31 December 1970, following the student protests of 1968, the Faculty of Law and Economics of Paris professors had to choose the future of the faculty. Most of the law professors (88 out of 108)[5] wished only to restructure it into a new university. In pursuit of this, they founded with professors of economics the "University of law, economics and social sciences of Paris" (Université de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris), administratively shortened as "Paris II" and kept in it the research centers and teaching programs of the Paris Law faculty.[8][9] Hence, it is generally considered as its direct inheritor.[1][10][11][12][13][14]

The official name of the university was changed to "Panthéon-Assas (Paris II)" in 1990. The name Panthéon-Assas is a reference to the main addresses of the pre-1968 faculty of law of Paris, which are now part of the university; namely, the buildings on Place du Panthéon and Rue d'Assas.[15] The university is also referred to as "Assas" or "Paris II", "Sorbonne-Assas" and "Sorbonne Law School".[16][17][18][19]

After the creation of a new Sorbonne University, to which Panthéon-Assas provides law courses in joint degrees, Sorbonne University wanted to integrate Panthéon-Assas as a law school but Panthéon-Assas preferred to act as such as an independent university.[20]

In 2022, its official name became Paris-Panthéon-Assas University.[21]

Administration[edit]

Panthéon-Assas is governed by an administration council, a scientific council, and a council for studies and university life. Members of these boards serve two year terms. The president of Panthéon-Assas is elected by members of the administration council, for a four-year tenure;[22] he or she presides over this council. The president is assisted by two vice-presidents and several professors elected within their respective academic departments. Members of the administration council choose the faculty representatives who make up the scientific council.[23]

The university inherited the academic departments from the Faculty of Law of Paris.[24] It currently houses five of them: one for private law and criminal sciences, one for public law and political science, one for Roman law and legal history, one for economics and management, and one for journalism and communication.[a]

Campuses[edit]

Panthéon center in winter
Inside the Panthéon center

The university has 18 campuses in Paris, one in the city of Melun and other abroad.

Panthéon (Soufflot)[edit]

In 1753, Louis XV decided that a new building would be constructed for the faculty of law. Jacques-Germain Soufflot, alumnus of the faculty who had become the architect of the King designed and supervised the construction. It took place from 1771 to 1773 and the new building opened in 1774.[25]

Nowadays, the administration offices and postgraduate studies are located in it.[26] It is situated on the plaza that rings the Pantheon. It is registered among the national heritage sites of France.[27]

Assas[edit]

History under the Faculty of Law of Paris

The largest campus of Panthéon-Assas is located on rue d'Assas and receives second-year to four-year law students. It was designed by Charles Lemaresquier, Alain le Normand and François Carpentier[28] to accommodate the growing number of students at the University of Paris.[29] It was built between 1959 and 1963[28] on the former grounds of Société Marinoni.[30] At the time of its inauguration, its main lecture theatre was the largest in France, with 1,700 seats[31]

Renovation and expansion in the 21st century

Assas building, which was going under renovation between 2007 and 2017, has been completely redesigned and now hosts a modern learning center, created by the architect Alain Sarfati.[32][33]

Cultural events

The Assas building has been hosting concerts of classical music for decades. Herbert von Karajan, Leonard Bernstein, Georg Solti, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Martha Argerich, Gundula Janowitz, Christa Ludwig, Alfred Brendel, Arthur Rubinstein, Seiji Ozawa, Carlo Maria Giulini, or Samson François, among others, have performed in it.[34] The 28th edition of the International Piano Competition for Outstanding Amateurs has been held in it in 2017.[35][36]

The scene at the Cairo airport from OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies was filmed in its entrance hall.[37]

Campus on rue de Vaugirard.

Vaugirard[edit]

The campus on rue de Vaugirard gathers first-year students. It is located in the chapel wing of the defunct Jesuit College of the Immaculate Conception, where Charles de Gaulle had been a pupil;[38] the chapel itself, dating from the eighteenth century, was transformed into a lecture theatre in the 1980s.[39] The structure is a national heritage site as well.[40] The campus on rue Charcot receives third-year and master students of economics. South-east of Paris, the campus in Melun, which opened in 1987, gathers over a thousand first-cycle students who do not reside in Paris.[41]

Collège Sainte-Barbe, entrance.

Sainte Barbe[edit]

The Center of Roman Law and Legal History of Paris 2, hosting its research centers in Legal History, is situated inside the Collège Sainte-Barbe, former school founded in 1460. The school was founded by Pierre Antoine Victor de Lanneau, teacher of religious studies, as a college of the University of Paris. Ignace de Loyola, Gustave Eiffel, Alfred Dreyfus and others were students there.

Melun[edit]

The campus in the city of Melun hosts local first-year students. It is located in the old town of Melun, on Saint-Étienne Island, among Roman and Gothic remains. The Institute of Law and Economics of Pantheon-Assas University is located there. It has extension under work.[42]

Abroad[edit]

Paris II also has campuses in Singapore, Mauritius, and Dubai.[43][44]

Research[edit]

Research centres[edit]

The university inherited the research centers from the Faculty of Law of Paris.[24] Originally, the faculty of law was not organized around research centers and professors were pursuing their research as part of faculty of law in general. Hence, only newly emerging fields of research would have newly created institutes, whereas traditional subjects such as Roman Law and Legal History, Private Law in general and Public law in general, would not necessarily have ones.

Currently, among the research centers at Paris 2, there are:

  • the Institute of Legal History, which is one of the largest research center in Roman Law and Legal History of Europe. It hosts the Société d'histoire du droit ("Legal History Society", for French legal historians), created in 1913 by professors of Legal History at the Faculty of Law of Paris.[45][46] Created in 2001 as such, the Institute of Legal History regroups the Centre de Documentation des Droits Antiques, created in 1962,[47] the Centre d’Histoire des Institutions and the Centre d’Études d’Histoire Juridique, created in 1953.[48] It is now also attached to the CNRS and to the French National Archives.[49]
  • the Institute of Higher International Studies, founded in 1921 by Paul Fauchille and Albert de Lapradelle.
  • the Paris Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law, founded in 1922, the oldest research center in Criminal Law of France.[50]
  • the Paris Institute of Comparative Law, founded in 1931 by Henri Capitant and Henri Lévy-Ullmann.
  • the French Press Institute, founded in 1937 at the Faculty of Law of Paris by Boris Mirkine-Guetzevitch (professor of Law) and Georges Bourdon (Secretary General of Unions of journalists).[51] It is the first research center in journalism and media studies in France.
  • the Research Center in Business Law, created in 1945 by Joseph Hamel.

Each research center usually has one or several Research LL.M. attached to it.

Reading room of the Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris

Libraries[edit]

The campuses at rue d'Assas, rue de Vaugirard and Melun host the university libraries, which are open to all the students. The university's research centres, institutes and reading rooms host twenty-two more specialized libraries. The total seating area of the university's libraries spans over 3,400 m2, and the university's collections gather over three hundred thousand volumes together.

The new Rue d'Assas library has been designed by the architect Alain Sarfati and has furniture designed by Philippe Starck.[52]

Faculty and students of the university also have free access to Cujas Library, which is the largest law library in Europe[53] and to general research and study libraries in Paris, like the Sainte-Geneviève Library or the French National Library.

Journals and publications[edit]

The university's publishing house, Éditions Panthéon-Assas, was established in 1998.[54]

Panthéon-Assas hosts several faculty-led publications in French: Jus Politicum ("Political Law") since 2008, the Revue de droit d'Assas ("Assas Legal Journal") since 2010 and Droits fondamentaux ("Human Rights") since 2012. They are all available online.[55]

It also hosts a faculty-led publication in English, the Sorbonne-Assas Law Review, since 2012.[56]

Programs and schools[edit]

Admissions[edit]

The undergraduate law program of Panthéon-Assas is selective, with an acceptance rate of 14%. The first-year pass rate in law hovers around 40%.[57] Panthéon-Assas accepts only 3% of transfer requests. Admission to the second year of the university's master programs is selective as well, some of these programs admitting only 1.7% of applicants.

Graduate programs (Masters)[edit]

The four 4 Masters in Law or LL.M. ("DES" in Law) of the Faculty of Law of Paris were (by order of importance at their creation in 1925 and of mention in the decree): 1° Roman Law and History of Law, 2° Private Law, 3° Public Law[58] and, starting in 1964, Criminal Law.[b] They are now, as "Master 2" or "Parcours" (meaning a second-year "path", within a 2-year masters), the:

  • LL.M. in History of Law (Research), with the Institute of Legal History. Albert Rigaudière, member of the Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres, was its director.[59][49]
  • LL.M. in General Private Law (Research), with the Civil Law Research Center. According to Le Nouvel Observateur, "considered as a star-degree of the faculty, long been the pet of headhunters, it trains the virtuosi of the law".[60] Pierre Raynaud was its director at the Faculty of Law of Paris before 1970 and at Paris II afterwards.[61]
  • LL.M. in Specialized Public Law (Research). It was once directed by Yves Gaudemet, member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques.[62]
  • LL.M. in Criminal Law (Research), with the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law of Paris.

Originally exclusively linked to research and doctoral studies, the 5th-year LL.M. is now part of the Master program and has become the norm in France for lawyers (including barristers). They have become quite selective and in competition with one another (among all the programs in France).[63] Many LL.M. programs have been created at Paris II since the Decree of 16 April 1974 authorizing more LL.M.s than the 3 and eventually 4 original ones.[64]

Collège de droit and École de droit[edit]

Further information: Collège de droit in France § Collège de droit and École de droit de Paris from Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University

On top of its core curriculum, Panthéon-Assas developed a number of internal "university diplomas" delivered to its top students. In particular, the Collège de droit (3-year undergraduate diploma) and the École de droit (2-year graduate diploma) were largely talked about in the press, which talked about this program as constituting a "prestigious" "way of excellence" for "top-level lawyers".[65][66][67]

International programs[edit]

Paris 2 offers international integrated undergraduate programs (Bachelor-Double maîtrise) with universities such as Oxford University, University College London, King's College London, University College Dublin. It offers international integrated postgraduate programs (LL.M.-Master 2) with some universities such as, on top of the latter ones, Boston University, Humboldt University of Berlin, Ludwig Maximilians University, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Padua.[68]

Yale Law School and Paris II signed in June 2011 an Agreement for Collaborative Activities to create an environment for long-term joint research, exchange. and programming activities.[69] They organize, together with the ESSEC Business School, a summer school in law and economics, the Yale-Paris II-Essec Summer School.[70][71]

It created in 2011 the Sorbonne-Assas International Law School which have campuses in Paris, Singapore, Mauritius and Dubai.[43][44]

Assas has cooperation agreements with 315 partner universities, including 113 Erasmus+ partners.[72]

Joint academic programs[edit]

Panthéon-Assas offers several joint undergraduate and graduate programs with Sorbonne University. It has also joint programs with other French universities and institutions such as INSEAD, Paris-Dauphine University, ESSEC Business School, HEC Paris, or École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris.

Online programs[edit]

In 2013, the university set up an e-learning platform, called Agor@ssas.[73] It created that year a distance-learning undergraduate degree in law, the first and unique one in France. It is taught by professors from Paris II and leads to exactly the same degree offerings the same rights.[74] In addition, "e-students" have access to "e-tutors" to help them with pedagogical and administrative questions.[75]

Preparatory schools[edit]

In July 2012, Panthéon-Assas became the first university in France to open preparatory school for the bar school entrance examination,[76] which were until this point the monopoly of private preparatory schools.[77] These courses were offered for a cheap price, and for free for the students with low-income family (10% of the students of the preparatory school). This led private preparatory schools to plead unfair competition and the justice asked Paris II to close the school.[78]

Paris 2's Melun campus has been selected in 2021 by the French Government to host three preparatory schools "Prépa Talents".[79]

Reputation and rankings[edit]

Reputation[edit]

Assas has reputation of "excellence" in Law[1][80][81][3] and has been called by Le Monde des grandes écoles a "symbol of Made in France excellence".[82]

The French Research and Higher Education Evaluation Agency stated in 2013: "Paris II University presents itself as a university of excellence. This claim is not abusive. The university occupies – in Paris, in France, in the European Union and, more broadly, in the international scientific community – a prominent place. The university's reputation and notoriety has not been usurped. They are based on teaching and research activities as well as publications whose quality is recognized and celebrated in academia. And this beyond frontiers."[83]

Rankings[edit]

Law

Panthéon-Assas University is often described as the "top law school in France".[84][85][86][2][17][87][88][89][90] It is ranked first of France in law in the French Eduniversal rankings.[91] In QS World University Rankings, based on English speaking publications,[92] the university is ranked in law 62nd worldwide.[93]

Most of the students admitted at the French National School for the Judiciary come from Panthéon-Assas,[94] more than 40% in 2011 (people who went to Assas Faculty of Law and then passed the exam from elsewhere not included).[95]

According to "capital.fr", Assas graduates have the highest salary of all French law schools.[96]

Economics and business

Assas undergraduate program has been ranked fifth in 2020 by Eduniversal.

Assas was in 2011 the second best-ranked university in France (behind Paris-Dauphine University) for its master's degrees in business fields, with 20 ranked masters (law included) in Eduniversal ranking.[97] In 2016, it was first of France in International business, 1st in Decisional computing and 2nd in Finance and banking.

Notable faculty[edit]

Main article: List of Panthéon-Assas University people

This section is about notable faculty from Panthéon-Assas University (since 1971). To see a list of notable faculty of the Faculty of Law of Paris (before 1970), see that article.

The dates are the dates of professorship at the Faculty of Law of Paris and at University of Paris II.

Law reformers[edit]

Jean Foyer, writer of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic and Minister of Justice of Charles de Gaulle

Among the professors of Panthéon-Assas who reformed French or foreign laws, there are:

Members of the Institut de France[edit]

The Institut de France is a learned society which was created as such in 1795 and maintained close links with Napoléon Bonaparte. It regroups 5 Académies, by subject (Science, Arts and the 3 other listed below).

  • Suzanne Bastid, faculty of Paris 2 and first woman professor of Law of France, has been the first female member of the history of the whole Institut de France.[109]

Among its members or former members, there are:

Judiciary[edit]

Georges Vedel, member of the Constitutional Council of France and of the Académie française

Among faculties that had prominent positions in the Judiciary, there are:

Presidents of university[edit]

Louis Vogel, former president of Paris II and of the Presidents of Universities of France Society, Paris II and Yale Law School alumnus and mayor of Melun

To this day, Panthéon-Assas has been governed by ten presidents. The founding president, Berthold Goldman, a jurist, was succeeded by Jacques Robert, former member of the Constitutional Council of France, who was followed by Jean Boulouis, a private law jurist. Next came another private law jurist, Georges Durry, followed by Philippe Ardant, former president of the Constitutional Court of the Principality of Andorra and former president of the Arab World Institute. Panthéon-Assas was then presided by Bernard Teyssié, a specialist in social law, who was succeeded by Jacqueline Dutheil de la Rochère, a public law jurist. She was followed by Louis Vogel, a private law jurist.[112] He implemented numerous innovations, the aim of which has been to adapt the education given at the University of Paris to the needs of the 21st century.[113][114] He was elected head of the Presidents of Universities of France Society in 2010.[115] Guillaume Leyte, a legal historian, was elected president of the university on June 20, 2012,[116] and reelected in 2016. On November 30, 2020, Stéphane Braconnier, a public law professor, has been elected as the new president of the university,[117] succeeding Guillaume Leyte.

Other[edit]

  • Suzanne Bastid (1947-1977), the first woman professor of Law of France, first woman to be a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and secretary General of the Institute of International Law (Nobel prize 1904).
  • Henri Mazeaud (1939-1971), twin brother of Léon Mazeaud, resistant to Nazi Germany and deported to Buchenwald, honorary professor at Paris 2.[118][119]
  • Henri Batiffol, professor of international Private Law and professor at the Institute of International Law.
  • Yves Lequette, professor of private law and international Private Law and professor at the Institute of International Law.
  • Joe Verhoeven, former the general secretary of the Institute of International Law
  • Olivier Beaud, professor of Public Law
  • Gérard Cornu, author of the Dictionnaire de linguistique juridique
  • David Naccache, forensic expert at the International Criminal Court and member of the Computer Science Laboratory of the École normale supérieure

Politics[edit]

Among faculties that had prominent political positions, there are:

Notable alumni[edit]

Main article: List of Panthéon-Assas University people

This section is about notable alumni from Panthéon-Assas University (since 1971). To see a list of notable alumni of the Faculty of Law of Paris (before 1970), see that article.

Politics[edit]

France[edit]

French politicians from Paris II
François Hollande
Rachida Dati
Dominique de Villepin

Among alumni of Paris II who had significant role in politics in France, there are:

Outside of France[edit]

International presidents from Paris II
Prokopis Pavlopoulos
Catherine Samba-Panza
Katerina Sakellaropoulou

Judiciary and Law[edit]

Justices and lawyers from Paris II
Eric Halphen
Mireille Delmas-Marty
Joaquim Barbosa

Among alumni of Paris II who had significant role in the judiciary and in Law, there are:

Media[edit]

Media anchors from Paris II
Jean-Pierre Elkabbach
Claire Chazal
Laurent Delahousse

Among alumni of Paris II who had significant role in the media, there are:

Journalists

Heads of media

Other[edit]

Miss France 2003
Cecilia Sarkozy
Raphaël Haroche

Business[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The Savary bill of 1984 aimed at centering universities on "education and research units" (French: unités de formation et de recherche) which match academic departments— offering both undergraduate and graduate programs—to research centres. Panthéon-Assas comprises six of these units: one for first cycle and basic legal qualification in law and political science, one for second and third cycles in law and political science, one for economics and management, one for private and public management, the French Press Institute, and the Institute of Judicial Studies.
  2. ^ The origin of this degree lies in the "doctorate courses" that existed in legal studies in France until they were replaced in 1925 by the Diplôme d'études supérieures en France [fr] ("DES"). The Decree of the 2 May 1925 created in each faculty of Law 4 DES: DES in Legal History Roman Law, DES in Private Law, DES in public Law and DES in Politics and Economics. It required students to obtain two of them undergraduate studies to be able to begin a doctorate (PhD). In 1964, the undergraduate studies took 4 years (4-year licence, and eventually 3-year licence and a one-year maîtrise) and only one DES was necessary to begin a doctorate. 2 additional DES are created in each faculty: DES in Criminal Law and Politics and Economics are separated in two DES. The Decree of the 16 April 1974 replaced the DES with the Diplôme d'études approfondies [fr] ("DEA") for research and afterwards the Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées [fr] ("DESS") for professional orientation. Additional LL.M. (DESS or DEA) are created. In 2005, with the Bologna Process, these two degrees are replaced with a second year of Master ("Master 2") degree with a selection of students among the general pool of students in France after the first year of Master ("Master 1", following the 3-year licence). "Master 2" programs are sometimes divided between the Master 2 Research (inheritors of the DEA programs) and the Master 2 Professional (inheritors of the DESS). In 2021, Paris II followed new government rules to select students after the 3-year licence to do a two-year masters' degree with specific "parcours" ("paths") in second year (corresponding to the LL.M.). The masters' degree is mandatory to pursue a PhD degree.

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External links[edit]

Media related to Université Panthéon-Assas at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 48°50′49″N 2°20′41″E / 48.84694°N 2.34472°E / 48.84694; 2.34472

source: https://web.archive.org/web/20220209034436/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_2_Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University

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