Near-open central vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɐ | |||
IPA Number | 324 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɐ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0250 | ||
X-SAMPA | 6 | ||
Braille | |||
| |||
Audio sample | |||
IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded |
The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase double-barrelled letter a.
In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʌ⟩, i.e. as if it were open-mid back. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but most speakers use a central vowel like [ɐ] or [ɜ].
Much like ⟨ə⟩, ⟨ɐ⟩ is a versatile symbol that is not defined for roundedness[2] and that can be used for vowels that are near-open central,[3] near-open near-front,[4] near-open near-back,[5] open-mid central,[6] open central[7] or a (often unstressed) vowel with variable height, backness and/or roundedness that is produced in that general area.[8] For open central unrounded vowels transcribed with ⟨ɐ⟩, see open central unrounded vowel.
When the usual transcription of the near-open near-front and the near-open near-back variants is different from ⟨ɐ⟩, they are listed in near-open front unrounded vowel and open back unrounded vowel or open back rounded vowel, respectively.
The near-open central unrounded vowel is sometimes the only open vowel in a language[9] and then is typically transcribed with ⟨a⟩.
Features[edit]
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is undefined for roundedness, which means that it can be either rounded or unrounded. In practice however, the unrounded variant is more common.
Occurrence[edit]
In the following list, ⟨ɐ⟩ is assumed to be unrounded. The rounded variant is transcribed as ⟨ɐ̹⟩. Some instances of the latter may actually be fully open.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | сэ / sə | [sɐ] | 'I' | Varies between near-open and open-mid ⟨ɜ⟩. See Adyghe phonology | |
Bengali[10] | পা / pa | [pɐ] | 'leg' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Bengali phonology | |
Bulgarian[6] | пара/para | [pɐˈra] | 'coin' | Unstressed allophone of /ɤ/ and /a/.[6] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Bulgarian phonology | |
Burmese[11] | မတ်/maat | [mɐʔ] | 'vertical' | Allophone of /a/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open [ä] in open oral syllables.[12] | |
Catalan | Barcelona metropolitan area[13][14] | emmagatzemar | [ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] | 'to store' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Catalan phonology |
Chinese | Cantonese[15] | 心 / sam1 | [sɐ̝m˥] | 'heart' | Open-mid.[15] See Cantonese phonology |
Shanghainese[16] | 砍 | [kɐʔ˦] | 'to cut' | Appears only in closed syllables; the exact height and backness is somewhat variable.[16] | |
Danish[17] | fatter | [ˈfætɐ] | 'understands' | Varies between near-open central unrounded [ɐ], near-open near-back rounded [ɐ̹˗] and mid near-back unrounded [ə̠].[17] See Danish phonology | |
Dinka | Luanyjang[18] | [orthographic form needed] |
[lɐ́ŋ] | 'berry' | Short allophone of /a/; varies between near-open [ɐ] and open-mid [ɐ̝].[18] |
Emilian | Bulåggna | [buˈlʌɲːɐ] | 'Bologna' | Centralized /a/. | |
English | Australia | calm | [kɐːm] | 'calm' | Central. See Australian English phonology |
California[19] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | See English phonology | |
Cockney[20][21] | [nɐ̟ʔ] | Near-front.[20] | |||
East Anglian[22] | [nɐʔ] | Used in some places (e.g. Colchester) instead of the traditional [ʌ].[22] | |||
New Zealand[23] | [nɐʔt] | Varies between near-open near-front [ɐ̟], near-open central [ɐ], open near-front [a̠] and open central [ɐ̞].[23] See New Zealand English phonology | |||
Received Pronunciation[3] | See English phonology | ||||
Inland Northern American[24] | bet | [bɐt] | 'bet' | Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift. | |
Middle Class London[25] | lot | [lɐ̹ʔt] | 'lot' | Rounded; can be back [ɒ] instead.[25] See English phonology | |
Galician | feita | [ˈfejt̪ɐ] | 'done' | Realization of final unstressed /a/. See Galician phonology | |
German | Standard[8] | oder | [ˈoːdɐ] (help·info) | 'or' | The exact height, backness and roundedness is somewhere between [ä] and [ɔ], depending on the environment. Sometimes, an opening diphthong of the [əɐ̯]-type is used instead.[8] See Standard German phonology |
Northern German accents[26] | kommen | [ˈkʰɐmən] | 'to come' | Varies between central [ɐ] and back [ɑ]; corresponds to an open-mid rounded [ɔ] in Standard German.[26] See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | Modern Standard[9] | ακακία / akakía | [ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ] | 'acacia' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Modern Greek phonology |
Hausa[27] | [example needed] | Possible allophone of /a/, which can be as close as [ə] and as open as [ä].[27] | |||
Hindustani[28] | दस/دَس/das | [ˈd̪ɐs] | 'ten' | Common realization of /ə/.[28] See Hindustani phonology | |
Korean[29] | 하나 / hana | [hɐnɐ] | 'one' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Korean phonology | |
Kumzari[4] | [orthographic form?] | [ɡɐ̟p] | 'large' | Near-front.[4] | |
Limburgish | Maastrichtian[30] | väöl | [vɐ̹ːl] | 'much' | Rounded; contrasts with the open-mid [ɞː] in words with Accent 2 ([ɐ̹ː] itself is always toneless).[31] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶː⟩, as it is a phonological front vowel. |
Venlo dialect[32] | aan | [ˈɐːn] | 'on' | Corresponds to [aː] in other dialects. | |
Lithuanian | kas | [kɐs̪] | 'what' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
Luxembourgish[5] | Kanner | [ˈkʰɑnɐ̠] | 'children' | Near-back.[33] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Mapudungun[34] | karü | [ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝] | 'green' | Open-mid;[34] often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | |
Norwegian | Østfold dialect[35] | bada | [ˈbɐ̹̂ːdɐ] | 'to bathe' | The example word illustrates both the rounded [ɐ̹] and the unrounded [ɐ]. |
Piedmontese | Eastern Piedmont | pauta | [ˈpɑwtɐ] | 'mud' | Common realization of final unstressed /a/. |
Portuguese[36][37] | aja | [ˈäʒɐ] (help·info) | 'act' (subj.) | Closer [ɐ̝] in European Portuguese than in Brazilian Portuguese ([ɐ]).[36][37] See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | Moldavian dialects[38] | bărbat | [bɐrˈbat] | 'man' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian | Standard Moscow[39] | голова / golova | [ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä] (help·info) | 'head' | Corresponds to [ʌ] in standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;[39] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology |
Sabiny[40] | [example needed] | Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[41] | |||
Ukrainian[42] | слива / slyva | [ˈslɪwɐ] | 'plum' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Vietnamese[43] | chếch | [cɐ̆jk̚] | 'askance' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə̆⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Xumi[44][45] | [tsʰɐ˦] | 'salt' | Near-open [ɐ] in Lower Xumi, open-mid [ɐ̝] in Upper Xumi. The latter phone may be transcribed with ⟨ɜ⟩. The example word is from Lower Xumi.[45][46] |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 166.
- ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
- ^ a b c Anonby (2011), p. 378.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 68, 70.
- ^ a b c Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c Krech et al. (2009), p. 86.
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
- ^ Khan (2010), p. 222.
- ^ Watkins (2001), p. 293.
- ^ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
- ^ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
- ^ a b Zee (1999), p. 59.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
- ^ a b Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 117, 119.
- ^ Ladefoged (1999), p. 42.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ^ a b Trudgill (2004), p. 167.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013
- ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004:188). The authors differentiate between symbols [ɒ̟] and [ɒ̈]; the former denotes a more back vowel.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Ohala (1999), p. 102.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159, 162.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162, 164.
- ^ Peeters (1951), p. 39.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 92.
- ^ Jahr (1990:92)
- ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ a b Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
- ^ "UPSID 4)S". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "UPSID SEBEI". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Hoang (1965), p. 24.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 388–389.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 369.
References[edit]
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004), "4. The Southeast", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Anonby, Erik John (2011), "Kumzari", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (3): 375–380, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000314
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved 2013-12-11
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Harrison, Phil (1997), The Relative Complexity of Catalan Vowels and Their Perceptual Correlates (PDF), UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 9
- Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
- Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Jahr, Ernst Håkon (1990), Den Store dialektboka, Oslo: Novus, ISBN 8270991678
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
- Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W (2004), Upton, Clive (ed.), A handbook of varieties of English, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Ohala, Manjari (1999), "Hindi", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–103, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Peeters, F.J.P. (1951), Het klankkarakter van het Venloos, Nijmegen: Dekker & v.d. Vegt
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (in Catalan) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Trudgill, Peter (2004), "The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 163–177, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, S2CID 232344700
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128540-2.
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
- Zee, Eric (1999), "Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
External links[edit]
- List of languages with [ɐ] on PHOIBLE