The Marshall Court (1801–1835) heard forty-one criminal cases. The Court heard two writs of error from the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia under § 8 of the second Judiciary Act of 1801, six original habeas petitions under § 14 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, thirty-one certificates of division under § 6 of the Judiciary Act of 1802, and two writs of error from the state courts under § 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
The criminal jurisdiction of the Marshall Court was greatly limited by the Court's disclaiming of appellate jurisdiction from the United States circuit courts by means of a writ of error in United States v. More (1805), as well as the Court's disclaiming the authority to issue writs of habeas corpus to prisoners detained pursuant to a post-conviction criminal sentence in Ex parte Kearney (1822) and Ex parte Watkins (1830). Certificates of division could only be issued in criminal cases heard by a two-judge panel consisting of a United States district court judge and a Supreme Court justice riding circuit (the district judge or the circuit rider could also hear cases alone). Further, certificates could not be issued with regard to the legal sufficiency of the evidence—whether on a motion for a new trial, as held in United States v. Daniel (1821), or a motion for a directed verdict, as held in United States v. Bailey (1835).
Case | Citation | Year | Crime(s) | Author | Dissent(s) | Source of jurisdiction | Lower court | Circuit rider | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States v. Simms | 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 252 | 1803 | Faro gambling (Virginia law) | Marshall | None | Writ of error | C.C.D.C. | N/A | |
United States v. More | 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 159 | 1805 | Common law exaction of an illegal fee colour of his office (Virginia law) | Marshall | None | Writ of error | C.C.D.C.[1] | N/A | [2] |
Ex parte Burford | 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 448 | 1806 | N/A | Marshall | None | Original habeas | C.C.D.C. (habeas); Alexandria County justices of the peace (warrant) | N/A | [3] |
Ex parte Bollman | 8 U.S. (4 Cranch) 75 | 1807 | Treason[4] and the Neutrality Act of 1794[5] | Marshall | Johnson | Original habeas | C.C.D.C.[6] | N/A | [3] |
United States v. Cantril | 8 U.S. (4 Cranch) 167 | 1807 | Counterfeiting[7] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Ga. | Johnson | [8] |
United States v. Hudson | 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 32 | 1812 | Common law libel | Johnson | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Conn. | Livingston | [9] |
United States v. Tyler | 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 285 | 1812 | Embargo[10] | Livingston | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Vt. | Livingston | |
United States v. Barber | 13 U.S. (9 Cranch) 243 | 1815 | Embargo[11] | Per curiam | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Vt. | Livingston | [12] |
United States v. Coolidge | 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 415 | 1816 | Common law piracy | Johnson | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Mass.[13] | Story | [9] |
United States v. Sheldon | 15 U.S. (2 Wheat.) 119 | 1817 | Embargo[11] | Washington | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Vt. | Livingston | [12] |
United States v. Bevans | 16 U.S. (3 Wheat.) 336 | 1818 | Piracy[14] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Mass.[15] | Story | [16] |
United States v. Palmer | 16 U.S. (3 Wheat.) 610 | 1818 | Piracy[14] | Marshall | Johnson | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Mass. | Story | [17] |
United States v. Klintock | 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 144 | 1820 | Piracy[14] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Va. | Marshall | [17] |
United States v. Smith | 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 153 | 1820 | Piracy[18] | Story | Livingston | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Va. | Marshall | [17] |
United States v. Furlong | 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 184 | 1820 | Piracy[14] | Johnson | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Ga.; C.C.D.S.C. | Johnson | [19] |
United States v. Holmes | 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 412 | 1820 | Piracy[14] | Washington | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Mass. | Story | [20] |
United States v. Wiltberger | 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 76 | 1820 | Piracy[21] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.E.D. Pa.[22] | Washington | [23] |
Cohens v. Virginia | 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264 | 1821 | Lottery (Virginia law) | Marshall | None | Writ of error | Quarterly Session Court for the Borough of Norfolk, Virginia | N/A | [24] |
United States v. Daniel | 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 542 | 1821 | Piracy[25] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D.S.C. | Johnson | [26] |
Ex parte Kearney | 20 U.S. (7 Wheat.) 38 | 1822 | Contempt of court | Story | None | Original habeas | C.C.D.C. | N/A | |
United States v. Perez | 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579 | 1824 | Piracy[18] | Story | None | Certificate of division | C.C.S.D.N.Y.[27] | Thompson | [28] |
United States v. Amedy | 24 U.S. (11 Wheat.) 392 | 1826 | Maritime insurance fraud[29] | Story | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Va. | Marshall | [30] |
United States v. Kelly | 24 U.S. (11 Wheat.) 417 | 1826 | Piracy[21] | Washington | None | Certificate of division | C.C.E.D. Pa.[31] | Washington | [23] |
United States v. Ortega | 24 U.S. (11 Wheat.) 467 | 1826 | Assault on ambassador[32] | Washington | None | Certificate of division | C.C.E.D. Pa.[33] | Washington | [34] |
United States v. Gooding | 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.) 460 | 1827 | Slave trading[35] | Story | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Md. | Duvall | [36] |
United States v. Marchant | 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.) 480 | 1827 | Piracy[14] | Story | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Mass.[37] | Story | |
Ex parte Watkins | 28 U.S. (3 Pet.) 193 | 1830 | Common law fraud (Maryland law) | Marshall | None | Original habeas | C.C.D.C.[38] | N/A | |
United States v. Paul | 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 141 | 1832 | Assimilative burglary (New York law)[39] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.S.D.N.Y. | Thompson | |
United States v. Reyburn | 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 352 | 1832 | Neutrality Act of 1818[40] | Thompson | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Md. | Duvall | |
United States v. Quincy | 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 445 | 1832 | Neutrality Act of 1818[40] | Thompson | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Md. | Duvall | |
Worcester v. Georgia | 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 | 1832 | Unlicensed presence in Cherokee country (Georgia law) | Marshall | Baldwin | Writ of error | Superior Court for the County of Gwinnett, Georgia | N/A | [41] |
United States v. Phillips | 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 776 | 1832 | Interference with diplomatic immunity[42] | Per curiam | None | Certificate of division | C.C.E.D. Pa. | Baldwin | [43] |
United States v. Turner | 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 132 | 1833 | Counterfeiting[44] | Story | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D.N.C. | Marshall | |
United States v. Wilson | 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 150 | 1833 | Mail robbery[45] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.E.D. Pa.[46] | Baldwin | |
United States v. Brewster | 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 164 | 1833 | Counterfeiting[44] | Per curiam | None | Certificate of division | C.C.E.D. Pa. | Baldwin | |
United States v. Mills | 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 138 | 1833 | Mail robbery[47] | Thompson | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D.N.C. | Marshall | |
Ex parte Watkins | 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 568 | 1833 | Common law fraud (Maryland law) | Story | Johnson; McLean | Original habeas | C.C.D.C.[38] | N/A | |
United States v. Randenbush | 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 288 | 1834 | Counterfeiting[48] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Pa. | Baldwin | |
United States v. Bailey | 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 238 | 1835 | False statements[49] | Story | McLean | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Ky. | McLean | |
United States v. Bailey | 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 267 | 1835 | False statements[49] | Marshall | None | Certificate of division | C.C.D. Ky. | McLean | |
Ex parte Milburn | 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 704 | 1835 | Faro gambling (Maryland law) | Story | None | Original habeas | C.C.D.C.[50] | N/A |
Notes
[edit]- ^ The decision of the D.C. circuit court is reported at United States v. More, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 159, 160 n.* (1805).
- ^ James M. O'Fallon, The Case of Benjamin More: A Lost Episode in the Struggle over Repeal of the 1801 Judiciary Act, 11 Law & Hist. Rev. 43 (1993).
- ^ a b Eric M. Freedman, Milestones in Habeas Corpus: Part I: Just Because John Marshall Said It, Doesn't Make It So: Ex Parte Bollman and the Illusory Prohibition on the Federal Writ of Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners in the Judiciary Act of 1789, 51 Ala. L. Rev. 531 (2000).
- ^ Crimes Act of 1790, § 1, 1 Stat. 112, 112.
- ^ Neutrality Act of 1794, § 5, 1 Stat. 381, 384.
- ^ United States v. Bollman, 24 F. Cas. 1189 (C.C.D.C. 1807) (No. 14,622).
- ^ Act of June 27, 1798, 1 Stat. 573.
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 32–33; Keith E. Whittington, Judicial Review of Congress Before the Civil War, 97 Geo. L.J. 1257, 1289–91 (2009).
- ^ a b Gary D. Rowe, The Sound of Silence: United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, the Jeffersonian Ascendancy, and the Abolition of Federal Common Law Crimes, 101 Yale L.J. 919 (1992).
- ^ Act of Jan. 9, 1809, 2 Stat. 506.
- ^ a b Act of July 6, 1812, § 2, 2 Stat. 778, 779–80.
- ^ a b Henderson, 1985, at 116.
- ^ United States v. Coolidge, 25 F. Cas. 619 (C.C.D. Mass. 1813) (No. 14,857).
- ^ a b c d e f Crimes Act of 1790, § 8, 1 Stat. 112, 113–14.
- ^ United States v. Bevans, 24 F. Cas. 1138 (C.C.D. Mass. 1816) (No. 14,589).
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 40–41.
- ^ a b c G. Edward White, The Marshall Court and International Law: The Piracy Cases, 83 Am. J. Int'l L. 727 (1989).
- ^ a b Act of Mar. 3, 1819, §5, 3 Stat. 510, 513–14.
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 141–42.
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 134.
- ^ a b Crimes Act of 1790, § 12, 1 Stat. 112, 115.
- ^ United States v. Wiltberger, 28 F. Cas. 727 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1819) (No. 16,738).
- ^ a b Henderson, 1985, at 41.
- ^ Mark A. Graber, The Passive-Aggressive Virtues: Cohens v. Virginia and the Problematic Establishment of Judicial Power, 12 Const. Comment. 67 (1995).
- ^ Crimes Act of 1790, § 5, 1 Stat. 112, 113.
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 143.
- ^ United States v. Perez, 27 F. Cas. 504 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1823) (No. 16,033).
- ^ A Correct Report of the Trial of Josef Perez for Piracy (New York: J.W. Bell ed., 1823).
- ^ Act of Mar. 26, 1804, § 2, 2 Stat. 290, 290.
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 42–43.
- ^ United States v. Kelly, 26 F. Cas. 700 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1825) (No. 15,516).
- ^ Crimes Act of 1790, § 28, 1 Stat. 112, 118.
- ^ United States v. Ortega, 27 F. Cas. 359 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1825) (No. 15,971).
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 46.
- ^ Slave Trade Act of 1818, §§ 2–3, 3 Stat. 450, 451.
- ^ Henderson, 1985, at 198.
- ^ United States v. White, 28 F. Cas. 580 (C.C.D. Mass. 1826) (No. 16,682).
- ^ a b United States v. Watkins, 28 F. Cas. 419 (C.C.D.C. 1829) (No. 16,649); United States v. Watkins, 28 F. Cas. 490 (C.C.D.C. 1833) (No. 16,650).
- ^ Crimes Act of 1825, § 3, 4 Stat. 115, 115.
- ^ a b Neutrality Act of 1818, § 3, 3 Stat. 447, 448.
- ^ Edwin A. Miles, After John Marshall's Decision: Worcester v. Georgia and the Nullification Crisis, 39 J. S. Hist. 519 (1973).
- ^ Crimes Act of 1790, § 26, 1 Stat. 112, 118.
- ^ Privileges of Foreign Agents, National Gazette (Philadelphia), May 18, 1830, reprinted in, Niles' Weekly Register, May 29, 1830.
- ^ a b Act of Apr. 10, 1816, § 18, 3 Stat. 266, 275.
- ^ Act of Mar. 3, 1825, § 22, 4 Stat. 108, 121.
- ^ United States v. Wilson, 28 F. Cas. 699 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1830) (No. 16,730).
- ^ Act of Mar. 3, 1824, § 24, 4 Stat. 102, 109.
- ^ Crimes Act of 1825, § 18, 4 Stat. 115, 120.
- ^ a b Act of Mar. 1, 1823, 3 Stat. 770.
- ^ United States v. Milburn, 26 F. Cas. 1242 (C.C.D.C. 1824) (No. 15,764); United States v. Milburn, 26 F. Cas. 1242 (C.C.D.C. 1834) (No. 15,765); United States v. Milburn, 26 F. Cas. 1243 (C.C.D.C. 1835) (No. 15,766); United States v. Milburn, 26 F. Cas. 1252 (C.C.D.C. 1836) (No. 15,768); United States v. Milburn, 26 F. Cas. 1253 (C.C.D.C. 1838) (No. 15,767).
References
[edit]- Dwight Henderson, Congress, Courts, and Criminals: The Development of Federal Criminal Law, 1801–1829 (1985).