In many-body theory, the term Green's function (or Green function) is sometimes used interchangeably with correlation function, but refers specifically to correlators of field operators or creation and annihilation operators.
The name comes from the Green's functions used to solve inhomogeneous differential equations, to which they are loosely related. (Specifically, only two-point 'Green's functions' in the case of a non-interacting system are Green's functions in the mathematical sense; the linear operator that they invert is the Hamiltonian operator, which in the non-interacting case is quadratic in the fields.)
Spatially uniform case
[edit]Basic definitions
[edit]We consider a many-body theory with field operator (annihilation operator written in the position basis) .
The Heisenberg operators can be written in terms of Schrödinger operators as and the creation operator is , where is the grand-canonical Hamiltonian.
Similarly, for the imaginary-time operators, [Note that the imaginary-time creation operator is not the Hermitian conjugate of the annihilation operator .]
In real time, the -point Green function is defined by where we have used a condensed notation in which signifies and signifies . The operator denotes time ordering, and indicates that the field operators that follow it are to be ordered so that their time arguments increase from right to left.
In imaginary time, the corresponding definition is where signifies . (The imaginary-time variables are restricted to the range from to the inverse temperature .)
Note regarding signs and normalization used in these definitions: The signs of the Green functions have been chosen so that Fourier transform of the two-point () thermal Green function for a free particle is and the retarded Green function is where is the Matsubara frequency.
Throughout, is for bosons and for fermions and denotes either a commutator or anticommutator as appropriate.
(See below for details.)
Two-point functions
[edit]The Green function with a single pair of arguments () is referred to as the two-point function, or propagator. In the presence of both spatial and temporal translational symmetry, it depends only on the difference of its arguments. Taking the Fourier transform with respect to both space and time gives where the sum is over the appropriate Matsubara frequencies (and the integral involves an implicit factor of , as usual).
In real time, we will explicitly indicate the time-ordered function with a superscript T:
The real-time two-point Green function can be written in terms of 'retarded' and 'advanced' Green functions, which will turn out to have simpler analyticity properties. The retarded and advanced Green functions are defined by and respectively.
They are related to the time-ordered Green function by where is the Bose–Einstein or Fermi–Dirac distribution function.
Imaginary-time ordering and β-periodicity
[edit]The thermal Green functions are defined only when both imaginary-time arguments are within the range to . The two-point Green function has the following properties. (The position or momentum arguments are suppressed in this section.)
Firstly, it depends only on the difference of the imaginary times: The argument is allowed to run from to .
Secondly, is (anti)periodic under shifts of . Because of the small domain within which the function is defined, this means just for . Time ordering is crucial for this property, which can be proved straightforwardly, using the cyclicity of the trace operation.
These two properties allow for the Fourier transform representation and its inverse,
Finally, note that has a discontinuity at ; this is consistent with a long-distance behaviour of .
Spectral representation
[edit]The propagators in real and imaginary time can both be related to the spectral density (or spectral weight), given by where |α⟩ refers to a (many-body) eigenstate of the grand-canonical Hamiltonian H − μN, with eigenvalue Eα.
The imaginary-time propagator is then given by and the retarded propagator by where the limit as is implied.
The advanced propagator is given by the same expression, but with in the denominator.
The time-ordered function can be found in terms of and . As claimed above, and have simple analyticity properties: the former (latter) has all its poles and discontinuities in the lower (upper) half-plane.
The thermal propagator has all its poles and discontinuities on the imaginary axis.
The spectral density can be found very straightforwardly from , using the Sokhatsky–Weierstrass theorem where P denotes the Cauchy principal part. This gives
This furthermore implies that obeys the following relationship between its real and imaginary parts: where denotes the principal value of the integral.
The spectral density obeys a sum rule, which gives as .
Hilbert transform
[edit]The similarity of the spectral representations of the imaginary- and real-time Green functions allows us to define the function which is related to and by and A similar expression obviously holds for .
The relation between and is referred to as a Hilbert transform.
Proof of spectral representation
[edit]We demonstrate the proof of the spectral representation of the propagator in the case of the thermal Green function, defined as
Due to translational symmetry, it is only necessary to consider for , given by Inserting a complete set of eigenstates gives
Since and are eigenstates of , the Heisenberg operators can be rewritten in terms of Schrödinger operators, giving Performing the Fourier transform then gives
Momentum conservation allows the final term to be written as (up to possible factors of the volume) which confirms the expressions for the Green functions in the spectral representation.
The sum rule can be proved by considering the expectation value of the commutator, and then inserting a complete set of eigenstates into both terms of the commutator:
Swapping the labels in the first term then gives which is exactly the result of the integration of ρ.
Non-interacting case
[edit]In the non-interacting case, is an eigenstate with (grand-canonical) energy , where is the single-particle dispersion relation measured with respect to the chemical potential. The spectral density therefore becomes
From the commutation relations, with possible factors of the volume again. The sum, which involves the thermal average of the number operator, then gives simply , leaving
The imaginary-time propagator is thus and the retarded propagator is
Zero-temperature limit
[edit]As β → ∞, the spectral density becomes where α = 0 corresponds to the ground state. Note that only the first (second) term contributes when ω is positive (negative).
General case
[edit]Basic definitions
[edit]We can use 'field operators' as above, or creation and annihilation operators associated with other single-particle states, perhaps eigenstates of the (noninteracting) kinetic energy. We then use where is the annihilation operator for the single-particle state and is that state's wavefunction in the position basis. This gives with a similar expression for .
Two-point functions
[edit]These depend only on the difference of their time arguments, so that and
We can again define retarded and advanced functions in the obvious way; these are related to the time-ordered function in the same way as above.
The same periodicity properties as described in above apply to . Specifically, and for .
Spectral representation
[edit]In this case, where and are many-body states.
The expressions for the Green functions are modified in the obvious ways: and
Their analyticity properties are identical to those of and defined in the translationally invariant case. The proof follows exactly the same steps, except that the two matrix elements are no longer complex conjugates.
Noninteracting case
[edit]If the particular single-particle states that are chosen are 'single-particle energy eigenstates', i.e. then for an eigenstate: so is : and so is :
We therefore have
We then rewrite therefore use and the fact that the thermal average of the number operator gives the Bose–Einstein or Fermi–Dirac distribution function.
Finally, the spectral density simplifies to give so that the thermal Green function is and the retarded Green function is Note that the noninteracting Green function is diagonal, but this will not be true in the interacting case.
See also
[edit]- Fluctuation theorem
- Green–Kubo relations
- Linear response function
- Lindblad equation
- Propagator
- Correlation function (quantum field theory)
- Numerical analytic continuation
References
[edit]Books
[edit]- Bonch-Bruevich V. L., Tyablikov S. V. (1962): The Green Function Method in Statistical Mechanics. North Holland Publishing Co.
- Abrikosov, A. A., Gorkov, L. P. and Dzyaloshinski, I. E. (1963): Methods of Quantum Field Theory in Statistical Physics Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
- Negele, J. W. and Orland, H. (1988): Quantum Many-Particle Systems AddisonWesley.
- Zubarev D. N., Morozov V., Ropke G. (1996): Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Processes: Basic Concepts, Kinetic Theory (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 3-05-501708-0.
- Mattuck Richard D. (1992), A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem, Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-67047-3.
Papers
[edit]- Bogolyubov N. N., Tyablikov S. V. Retarded and advanced Green functions in statistical physics, Soviet Physics Doklady, Vol. 4, p. 589 (1959).
- Zubarev D. N., Double-time Green functions in statistical physics, Soviet Physics Uspekhi 3(3), 320–345 (1960).
External links
[edit]- Linear Response Functions in Eva Pavarini, Erik Koch, Dieter Vollhardt, and Alexander Lichtenstein (eds.): DMFT at 25: Infinite Dimensions, Verlag des Forschungszentrum Jülich, 2014 ISBN 978-3-89336-953-9