Overview of the events of 1991 in science
The year 1991 in science and technology involved many significant events, some listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration [ edit ]
Physiology and medicine [ edit ]
July 1 – World's first GSM telephone call made in Finland.
The first open-access scientific online archive, arXiv , is begun as a preprint service for physicists, initiated by Paul Ginsparg .
January 30 – John Bardeen (b. 1908 ), American physicist, co-inventor of the transistor and twice winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics .
February 6 – Salvador Luria (b. 1912 ), Italian-born biologist , co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .
February 23 – Sir Charles Illingworth (b. 1899 ), British surgeon .
March 1 – Edwin H. Land (b. 1909 ), American inventor of the Land Camera .
June 2 – Mary Loveless (b. 1899), American immunologist .
June 5 – Min Chueh Chang (b. 1908), Chinese American embryologist .
July 4 – Victor Chang (b. 1936 ), Australian cardiac surgeon , murdered.
December 2 – Anne Beloff-Chain (b. 1921), British biochemist .
^ "1991: Sharman becomes first Briton in space" . BBC News . 1991-05-18. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2008-02-01 .
^ Balbus, Steven A.; Hawley, John F. (1991). "A powerful local shear instability in weakly magnetized disks". The Astrophysical Journal . 376 : 214–233. Bibcode :1991ApJ...376..214B . doi :10.1086/170270 .
^ Iijima, Sumio (7 November 1991). "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon". Nature . 354 (6348): 56–58. Bibcode :1991Natur.354...56I . doi :10.1038/354056a0 . S2CID 4302490 .
^ Monthioux, Marc; Kuznetsov, Vladimir L. (2006). "Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?" (PDF) . Carbon . 44 (9): 1621. Bibcode :2006Carbo..44.1621M . doi :10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019 . Retrieved 2012-02-03 .
^ Zimmermann, Philip (2001-06-05). "PGP Marks 10th Anniversary" . Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-01-28 .
^ "Welcome to info.cern.ch, the website of the world's first-ever web server" . CERN. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008 .
^ "World Wide Web—Archive of world's first website" . World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 25 May 2008 .
^ "World Wide Web—First mentioned on USENET" . 6 August 1991. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008 .
^ "The original post to alt.hypertalk describing the WorldWideWeb Project" . Google Groups . 9 August 1991. Retrieved 25 May 2008 .
^ Pope, Kevin O.; et al. (9 May 1991). "Mexican site for K/T impact crater?" . Nature . 351 (6322): 105. Bibcode :1991Natur.351..105P . doi :10.1038/351105a0 . S2CID 36707836 .
^ Hildebrand, Alan R.; Penfield, Glen T.; Kring, David A.; Pilkington, Mark; Zanoguera, Antonio Camargo; Jacobsen, Stein B.; Boynton, William V. (September 1991). "Chicxulub Crater: a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary impact crater on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico". Geology . 19 (9): 867–871. Bibcode :1991Geo....19..867H . doi :10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2 .
^ Schulte, Peter; et al. (2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous- Paleogene Boundary" (PDF) . Science . 327 (5970): 1214–1218. Bibcode :2010Sci...327.1214S . doi :10.1126/science.1177265 . PMID 20203042 . S2CID 2659741 .
^ Candelas, Philip; de la Ossa, Xenia; Green, Paul; Parks, Linda (1991). "A pair of Calabi–Yau manifolds as an exactly soluble superconformal field theory". Nuclear Physics B . 359 (1): 21–74. Bibcode :1991NuPhB.359...21C . doi :10.1016/0550-3213(91)90292-6 .
^ Wang, Qiudong (1991). "The global solution of the n-body problem". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 50 (1): 73–88. Bibcode :1990CeMDA..50...73W . doi :10.1007/BF00048987 . ISSN 0923-2958 . S2CID 118132097 .