This FAQ answers some questions related to the technical workings of Wikipedia, including software and hardware.

Note: If you're trying to get help for a specific technical problem that isn't answered by the FAQs, read Wikipedia:Troubleshooting or ask question at the technical village pump.

When the second person (and later people) attempts to save the page, MediaWiki will attempt to merge their changes into the current version of the text. If the merge fails, the user will receive an "edit conflict" message, and the opportunity to merge their changes manually. If multiple consecutive conflicts are noticed, it will generate a slightly different message.

See Help:Edit conflict for more information.

If you entered your e-mail address when you signed up, you can have a new password generated. Click on the "Log in" link in the upper-right corner. Follow the link near the bottom of the page titled "Forgot your password?"

On the Reset password page, which loads, enter either your username or your email address (the one you associated with the username), and select the Reset password button.

You should receive an e-mail message with a new random password; you can use it to log in. You will then be presented with the opportunity to change your password to something you'll remember.

If, however, you did not enter an e-mail address, you cannot recover your account. Simply create a new account and declare that you had a previous account.

You can change your password via Special:ChangePassword; you can also find a link to this in your preferences.

The developers use the Phabricator bug tracking tool to keep track of bugs. Anybody is welcome to create an account there and report any bugs they encounter; however, if you prefer, you can post about your bug at the technical village pump. For more information, see Bug reports.

To make an official feature request, use Phabricator.

Wikipedia currently runs on MediaWiki, created by Lee Daniel Crocker and written in PHP 7. We adopted this software in July 2002. Wikipedia originally ran on UseModWiki, a general wiki script by Clifford Adams written in Perl. In January 2002, we switched to the Phase II software written by Magnus Manske in PHP.

• database backend: MariaDB
• frontend and caching: ATS and Varnish
• application server: Apache
• domain-name service: gdnsd
• Search: Lucene-based ElasticSearch

See Special:Version for software versions. The Wikipedia servers' operating system is Linux, using the Debian distribution. Previously, Ubuntu was used. For details, see Wikimedia servers.

Current situation

See m:Wikimedia servers.

History of Wikipedia hardware

A brief history of Wikipedia servers:

Phase I: January 2001 – January 2002

1. One of Bomis' servers hosted all Wikipedia wikis running on UseModWiki software

Phase II: January 2002 – July 2002

1. One of Bomis' servers hosted all Wikipedia wikis; English and meta running on the php/mysql-based new software, all other languages on UseModWiki. Runs both the database and the web server on one machine.

Phase IIIa: July 2002 – May 2003

1. Wikipedia gets own server, running English Wikipedia and after a bit meta, with rewritten PHP software. Runs both the database and the web server on one machine.
2. One of Bomis' servers continues to host some of the other languages on UseModWiki, but most of the active ones are gradually moved over to the other server during this period.

Phase IIIb: May 2003 – Feb 2004

1. Wikipedia's server is given the code name "pliny". It serves the database for all phase 3 wikis and the web for all but English.
2. New server, code name "larousse", serves the web pages for the English Wikipedia only. Plans to move all languages' web serving to this machine are put on hold until load is brought down with more efficient software or larousse is upgraded to be faster.
3. One of Bomis' servers continued to host some of the other languages on UseModWiki until it died. All are now hosted on pliny; a few more of the active ones have been gradually moved over to the new software, and an eventual complete conversion is planned.

Phase IIIc: Feb 2004 to Present

1. Wikipedia gets a whole new set of servers, paid for through donations to the Wikimedia Foundation.
2. The new architecture has a new database server (suda), with a set of separate systems running Apache, as well as "squids" that cache results (to reduce the load). More details are at m:Wikimedia servers.
3. New servers bought as needed, bringing total number to about 350 servers.

Wikimedia Foundation has multiple facilities spread out worldwide served by different bandwidth suppliers.

See the Wikipedia:Statistics page for information about bandwidth usage.

As of 2012, the combined size of the databases being backed up was between 4 and 6 TB for the copies of the Primary database, and perhaps 27 TB for the images and media (based on wikitech:Backup procedures).

Early in Wikipedia's history, in February 2003 the database was about 4 GB in size. By April 2004, it was growing at about 1 to 1.4 GB per week, and by October 2004, it had grown to about 170 GB.

Uploaded files took up approximately 372 gigabytes lc^[update], excluding thumbnails.

For current information, see wikitech:Backup procedures.

Compressed database dumps can be downloaded at https://dumps.wikimedia.org/.

Wikipedia uses wikitext.

The short answer is: for simplicity and security.

And now the longer answer. Wikipedia, and wikis in general, are meant to be edited on the fly. HTML is not easy to use when you simply want to write an article. Creating links gives us a particularly dramatic example. To link to the Paris article using HTML, one would have to type

<a href="/wiki/Paris">Paris</a>

Using MediaWiki markup is much easier:

[[Paris]]

A special markup language even allows you to "transclude" special snippets of code, called templates, into wiki pages. (You can also "substitute" the code for that template, effectively copying and pasting it into the document.)

Then there's security. Different web browsers have bugs that can be exploited via HTML. Malicious users could also do things like JavaScript popup windows or page redirects if they had full HTML ability on Wikipedia. Several "experimental" sites that allowed full-HTML editing have suffered such attacks, including a couple of other wikis that allowed arbitrary HTML.

That's not true. Certain HTML tags work—namely the ones in this list. It's still best not to rely on using HTML directly, because support for these tags is not always guaranteed to remain; they might affect the results achieved with VisualEditor; and if you can achieve your needed effect using only WikiText markup, you're most likely to get a result that is stable when the MediaWiki software is updated.

Wikipedia uses Unicode (specifically UTF-8) and most browsers can handle it. Font issues mean that more obscure characters may not work for many users. See the Meta:Help:Special characters page for a detailed discussion of what is generally safe and what isn't.

See http://www.unicode.org/help/display_problems.html for instructions on how to enable Unicode support for most platforms.

Just use TeX! See Help:Displaying a formula.

Yes, the complete text and editing history of all Wikipedia pages can be downloaded. See Wikipedia:Database download.

Note that downloading the database dumps is much preferred over trying to spider the entire site. Spidering the site will take you much longer, and puts a lot of load on the server (especially if you ignore our robots.txt and spider over billions of combinations of diffs and whatnot). Heavy spidering can lead to your spider, or your IP, being barred with prejudice from access to the site. Legitimate spiders (for instance search engine indexers) are encouraged to wait about a minute between requests, follow the robots.txt, and if possible only work during less loaded hours (2:00–14:00 UTC is the lighter half of the day).

The uploaded images and other media files are not currently bundled in an easily downloadable form; if you need one, please contact the developers on the wikitech-l mailing list. Please do not spider the whole site to get images.

Generally speaking, yes. Client code is available in many languages, see here for a non-exhaustive list. See also the API documentation and our bot tutorial.

Cookies are not required to read or edit Wikipedia, but they are required in order to log in and link your edits to a user account.

When you log in, the wiki will set a temporary session cookie which identifies your login session; this will be expired when your browser exits (or after an inactivity timeout), and is not saved on your hard drive.

Another cookie will be saved which lists the user name you last logged in under, to make subsequent logins just a teensy bit easier. (Actually two: one with your name, and one with your account's internal ID number; they must match up.) These cookies expire after 365 days. If this worries you, clear your cookies after completing your session.

If you check the "remember my password" box on the login form, another cookie will be saved with a token that authenticates you to our servers (which is unrelated to your password). As long as this remains valid, you can bypass the login step on subsequent visits to the wiki. The cookie expires after 365 days, or is removed if you log out. If this worries you, don't use the option. (You should not use it on a public terminal!)

See the cookie statement linked at the bottom of each page for other details.

This could be a result of your cookie, browser cache, or firewall/Internet security settings. Or, to quote Tim Starling (referring to a question about "remembering password across sessions"):

"The kind of session isn't a network session strictly speaking, it's an HTTP session, managed by PHP's session handling functions. This kind of session works by setting a cookie, just like the "remember password" feature. The difference is that the session cookie has the "discard" attribute set, which means that it is discarded when you close your browser. This is done to prevent others from using your account after you have left the computer.

The other difference is that PHP sessions store the user ID and other such information on the server side. Only a "session key" is sent to the user. The remember password feature stores all required authentication information in the cookie itself. On our servers, the session information is stored in memcached, a system for non-durable (unreliable) caching. Session information may occasionally be lost or go missing temporarily, causing users to be logged out. The simplest workaround for this is to use the remember password feature, as long as you are not worried about other people using the same computer."

— Wikipedia:Village pump (technical) on May 4, 2005 (italics added)

In other words: click the "remember me" box when logging in.

See also Help:Logging in.

You can, but depending on your needs you might be better served using something else; MediaWiki is big and complex. First, see Wiki software for a list of alternative wiki software.

If, after scanning, you're still sure you want to use MediaWiki, see the MediaWiki web site for details on downloading, installing and configuring the software.

No, although it's random enough to provide a small sample of articles reliably.

In the Wikipedia database, each page is assigned a "random index", which is a random floating point number uniformly distributed between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive). The "random article" feature (Special:Random) chooses a random double-precision floating-point number, and returns the next article whose random index is greater than the selected random number. Some articles will have a larger gap before them, in the random index space, and so will be more likely to be selected. So the actual probability of any given article being selected is in fact itself random.

The random index value for new articles, and the random value used by Special:Random, is selected by reading two 31-bit words from a Mersenne twister, which is seeded at each request by PHP's initialisation code using a high-resolution timer and the PID. The words are combined using:

(mt_rand() * $max + mt_rand()) / $max / $max

Some old articles had their page_random value reset using MySQL's RAND():

rand_st->seed1=(rand_st->seed1*3+rand_st->seed2) % rand_st->max_value;

rand_st->seed2=(rand_st->seed1+rand_st->seed2+33) % rand_st->max_value;

return (((double) rand_st->seed1)/rand_st->max_value_dbl);

Due to a bug, many pages created in 2004 and 2005 used to have non-random page_random values; this was corrected in 2018.

Yes. "Page information" under "Tools" in the desktop sidebar shows "Page views in the past 30 days" with a link to a simple graph.

There is an advanced pageviews analysis tool, maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation, which allows you to view hit counts for one page or for multiple pages concurrently. Additionally, the weekly Top 25 Report provides a list of the 25 most popular articles (with commentary) in the last week.

No. In 2015, the Wikimedia Foundation decided to move to only allow access via HTTPS.^[1] HTTP access is no longer available, and automatically redirects requests to HTTPS access. HTTP Strict Transport Security is enabled, so recent browsers should actually refuse to even attempt to connect via HTTP (automatically rewriting URLs into HTTPS before connecting), after the first successful connection via HTTPS.

For the current server or network status, please see www.wikimediastatus.net. More detailed information about specific services can be found on Grafana.

See Troubleshooting—if it's not on there try the village pump. For help with a particular software task see Wikipedia:Computer help desk.

I want to merge my multiple user accounts into one, where do I go?

As of 2021 it is technically difficult/unavailable with the risk of database logs/history corruption. See T154290.

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