Tukánoan | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Amazon |
Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | tuca1253 |
![]() East Tukano (nuclear green), Central Tukano (turquoise green) and West Tukano (dark green). Dots indicate current locations of the various languages. Shaded areas indicate their extents before the 20th century. |
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
Language contact
[edit]Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.[1]
Classification
[edit]Chacon (2014)
[edit]There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.[3]
- Tucanoan
- Western Tucanoan
- ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
- Napo
- Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
- Correguaje–Secoya
- Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
- Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
- Eastern Tucanoan
- South
- West
- East
- Central
- North
- Western Tucanoan
Plus unclassified Miriti.†
Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.
Jolkesky (2016)
[edit]Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]
(† = extinct)
Varieties
[edit]Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
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Vocabulary
[edit]Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]
Language | Branch | head | eye | hand | one | two | three |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tucano | I | dex-póa | kaxpéri | tomógha | nĩkáno | peáro | itiáro |
Uaíana | I | dé-paue | kape | oama | ikãpeleko | peápeleko | itiapeleko |
Tuyuca | I | déx-píu | kaxfea | uamo | txixkálo | peálo | ixtiéro |
Waikína | I | dax-púa | káxfea | umuká | axkakiró | péaro | tíaro |
Uantya | I | kapéga | uamó | ||||
Bará | I | dex-féa | kapéka | anó | hixkága | peága | tixtíaga |
Uanána | I | dax-púa | kaxpádi | dapáro | kéliã | peáro | tíaro |
Uasöna | II | de-póue | káxea | oámu | hikálo | peálo | itíalo |
Tsölá | II | rix-fóa | kuíri | ámo | híkã | péga | ixtíale |
Urubu-Tapuya | II | re-kapeã | uamon | ||||
Pamöä | II | rea-poá | kapé | uamon | |||
Patsoca | II | kapé | uamó | ||||
Möxdöá | II | rea-poa | kapea | oamó | hikän | pángara | éteaná |
Sära | Sära | lix-hóga | káxea | áma | hohogá | héaga | ediaga |
Omöá | Sära | dix-hóga | káxea | hóga | héaga | ediago | |
Buhágana | Sära | tix-hóga | kaxea | ámo | kohága | héaga | ediága |
Macuna | Sära | ri-hóga | kaea | ámo | |||
Erulia | Erulia | lix-hóga | káxfea | uamó | kóla | héãlã | edíala |
Tsölöa | Erulia | rix-hóa | káxea | ámo | gohé | héa | idía |
Palanoa | Erulia | lix-hoá | káxea | ámo | |||
Cubeo | Cubeo | hi-póbe | hi-yakóli | pubu | kũinálõ | pekálõã | dópekelõã |
Dyuremáwa | Cubeo | hi-póbi | dya-kóli | pilí | kuináro | pikáro | dyobekiro |
Hehénawa | Cubeo | hi-póbí | ya-kóli | pilí | kwináro | pikaːro | yobekiro |
Bahúkiwa | Cubeo | hí-póbi | dyá-koli | pilí | kuinárõã | pikárõã | dyóbekirõã |
Desána | Desána | dex-púru | yéle | mohópama | yũhúge | péye | eléye |
Chiranga | Desána | dix-púlu | kudiru | muhá | uhúpũnu | perú | ilerú |
Yahuna | Yahuna | líupukóa | hiyakóli | pitaka | ínoho | ípo | makalaka |
Tanimuca | Yahuna | dupukoa | ñákua | pitaka | |||
Yupuá | Yupuá | kúele | yaːkõá | múho | tzyundyá | axpedyá | aleddyá |
Durina | Yupuá | kúrʔ | díölö | móhu | chun | apáina | áʔalia |
Coretu | Coretu | sí-roho | sia-kokia | muhú | námare | nahárakiare | masírakiáre |
Tama | Western | xixo-pué | nakoba | teyo | káyapa | choteyo | |
Coreguaje | Western | sixó-pués | nankoká | xẽte | |||
Amaguaje | Western | zium-bue | nañka | hente | teo | kayapa | toazumba |
Icaguate | Western | hente | toazumba | ||||
Siona | Western | sixum-bué | nankoka | enté | teheke | samú | |
Pjoje | Western | siom-pwö | nánkoa | höntö | tayo | kayayé | toasoñé |
Cóto | Western | tsíong | ñákoa | óteperé | teyong | tépe | báwabwö |
Language | Branch | water | fire | sun | star | maize | jaguar | axe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tucano | I | axkó | pexkáme | mũhípũ | yãxkõá | ohóka | yaí | kumé |
Uaíana | I | óko | pekáne | muhĩpü | yõkõá | olikaleko | yéi | kóme |
Tuyuca | I | oxkó | pexkámene | mũhĩphfu | yãxkõá | ohólika | yéi | kumé |
Waikína | I | axkó | pexkáka | axsé | yapíkoa | yó | nodogé | komé |
Uantya | I | óko | pekáme | muipem | ñokoam | yahi | kumúa | |
Bará | I | oxkó | pexkáme | mũhífũ | yöxkóã | ódixka | yeído | kómea |
Uanána | I | kó | pxtxáka | sé | yapítxoa | iyó | yaído | kúma |
Uasöna | II | óko | pekáme | múhípe | yókóaː | olíka | yái | komé |
Tsölá | II | óxko | péro | múhífú | yóxkõã | ohólika | yái | kómea |
Urubu-Tapuya | II | óko | péro | muipem | ñokon | oriká | kumuá | |
Pamöä | II | hokó | paʔáro | muipem | yakopaké | oriká | kumuä | |
Patsoca | II | óko | pekaró | muipum | ñonkóãn | oriká | dyahi | komé |
Möxdöá | II | okó | péro | moépo | áríka | yáhi | koméa | |
Sära | Sära | ida | péame | ómakani | yoxkó | ohólika | yái | kómea |
Omöá | Sära | éde | heáme | amakai | yoxkoá | ohólika | yái | kumá |
Buhágana | Sära | íde | héame | ómãkãyi | yóxko | oholika | yái | kumá |
Macuna | Sära | íde | éa | úmakanö | tapia | áre | yáiya | |
Erulia | Erulia | óxko | heáme | mũhihũ | yõxkóã | ohólika | yái | kumá |
Tsölöa | Erulia | oxkó | heáno | muhíhú | yoxkó | ohólika | yáí | kúmoa |
Palanoa | Erulia | óxko | heáne | muhíhu | yoxkó | ohólika | yái | kúmoa |
Cubeo | Cubeo | okó | toá | auiyá | abiákoa | ueá | yauí | kométako |
Dyuremáwa | Cubeo | okó | toábo | avía | abíakoli | veá | dyaví | hoekí |
Hehénawa | Cubeo | okó | toábo | aviá | abíakoli | veá | yawí | hoéki |
Bahúkiwa | Cubeo | okó | toaːbo | aviá | abiákoli | veá | dyaví | hoekí |
Desána | Desána | dexkó | peáme | abé | néyãxkã | ohólexka | ye | kumé |
Chiranga | Desána | dexko | piámeʔe | abé | naiukamo | húdeka | diéche | kumé |
Yahuna | Yahuna | ókoa | peká | ihía | tãapíã | oáka | yaia | kómeá |
Tanimuca | Yahuna | ókoa | peka | ayáka | tapia | wáka | yáiya | |
Yupuá | Yupuá | déxko | píele | aué | yóxkólo | óo | yí | kúmi |
Durina | Yupuá | pílö | áwe | yokolo | óho | diwórekö | kúmi | |
Coretu | Coretu | kótapu | hékiekie | háya | yákohe | mitólikere | híyai | kumú |
Tama | Western | okó | toá | enesé | mañeguai | keá | edyai | supo |
Coreguaje | Western | óko | toá | ense | mañokó | weá | chaí | supú |
Amaguaje | Western | óko | toa | ense | manúko | bea | ayroyai | supó |
Icaguate | Western | toa | enze | mañoko | ||||
Siona | Western | oko | toá | ensé | mañoko | gueá | ayroxai | supó |
Pjoje | Western | ókó | towá | öntsö | mánioko | wéa | yaí | súpo |
Cóto | Western | óko | towaʔa | báñi | túku | béa | yái | dzöʔó |
Proto-language
[edit]Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):[5]
gloss | proto-Tukanoan |
---|---|
3rd.person.masculine | *-pi |
agouti | *wuɨ |
ant sp. | *meka |
aracu fish[6] | *p’ot’ika |
armadillo | *pãmu |
back | *sõkɨ |
bat | *ojo |
big | *pahi |
(to) bite | *kũ |
black | *tj’ĩ |
black ink (jenipapo) | *weʔe |
blood | *tj’ie |
blow | *pu- |
bone | *k’oʔa |
(to) break | *p’ope (*poa) |
breast | *upe |
buriti palm | *neʔe |
capybara | *kuetju |
cara (Dioscorea alata) | *japi |
case | *-t’e |
centipede; boa | *jãk’i |
charcoal (1) | *nitti |
charcoal (2); grease | *neo |
cheek | *wajo |
chew | *tj’ãk’ɨ |
chili | *p’ia |
cold | *tjɨsi |
kapok | *jɨi |
(to) cut | *t’ɨtte |
dance / ritualized songs | *p’aja |
deer | *jama |
dove | *ƭʃɨ- |
duck | *p’ete |
ear | *k’ãp’o |
egg | *tj’ia |
elder | *p’ɨkɨ |
elevated structure (shelves, roof, etc.) (jirau) | *kaja |
(to) end | *pet’i |
excrement | *k’ɨt’a |
face | *tj’ia |
father | *pa-kɨ |
feminine | *-k’o |
fire / firewood | *peka |
fish; fish sp. (?) | *waʔi |
(to) fish with a net; strain, remove | *wajo |
fishing net | *p’api |
float | *paʔja |
flower | *k’oʔo |
foot | *k’ɨp’o |
fruit sp. | *toa |
Inga (fruit sp.) | *p’ene |
garden; outside; village | *wese |
gather / collect | *tʃɨ-a |
grandfather | *jẽkku- |
grape | *ɨʔje |
grass | *taja |
green / blue / not ripe | *tjɨ̃p’e |
hand; palm (of the hand) | *pɨtɨ |
head | *tj’ɨpo |
heavy | *t’ɨkkɨ |
heron | *jahi |
hole | *k’ope |
hot; heat | *atjɨ |
house; anthill | *wɨ’e |
hummingbird | *mimi |
I | *jɨʔɨ |
insect sp. | *tjusi |
jaguar | *jai |
kingfisher | *tjãsa |
know | *masi |
lake | *tj’itta |
land / territory / region | *jep’a |
larva | *p’ekko |
leg; hips; knee | *jɨ̃ka |
locative / part-of-a-whole | *-t’o |
distant | *tj’oa |
macaw | *maha |
man | *ɨmɨ |
manioc | *kɨi |
monkey | *takke |
monkey sp. / coati | *sisi |
mosquito | *mɨte |
mouth | *tj’ɨse (*jɨ-ʔo) |
name | *wãmi |
navel | *tʃõp’ɨ |
non-3rd animate person | -p’ɨ |
nose | *ɨ̃kʷ’e |
paca | *seme |
pacu fish | *uhu |
palm weevil | *pĩko |
parrot | *wekko |
path | *maʔa |
peccary | *tjẽse |
penis | *no- |
people; 1.pl.inclusive | *p’ã-tjã |
(to) plant | *otte |
poison | *tjima |
pot / ceramics / clay | *sot- |
pupunha palm | *ɨne |
red | *sõʔa |
river | *tj’ia |
root | *t’ɨ̃k ’o |
(to) rub | *sĩk’e |
(to) sit | |
(to) sleep | *kã- |
(to) smoke meat | *sɨʔjo |
snake | *ãja |
spider | *p’ɨpɨ |
spirit; ancestral | *wãtti |
(to) squeeze | *p’ipo |
(to) stop | *nɨk’V |
stone | *k’ɨ̃ta |
stump; stick, club | *tu-tu |
(to) swell | *p’upi |
tapir | *wekkɨ |
termite | *p’utu |
thorn; fishhook | *pota |
three | *ɨt’ia |
thunder | *wɨ̃po |
toad sp. | *p’opa |
tobacco | *mɨt’o |
tocandira ant | *piata |
tongue / liver | *tj’eme |
tooth | *k’õpi |
tortoise; turtle | *k’oɨ |
toucan | *tj’ase (?) |
traira fish | *t’oje |
tree | *tjũkkɨ |
(to) urinate | *k’one |
urucum (achiote) | *p’õsa |
(to) wait | *kʷɨt’e |
wasp | *utti |
water | *okko |
white; whitewash | *p’o- |
wife | *t’ɨ̃po |
wind | *wĩno |
woman | *t’õmi- |
woodpecker | *kone |
yam | *jãp’o |
you all | *mɨ-tja |
References
[edit]- ^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Chacon, Thiago (2014). "A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics. 80 (3): 275–322. doi:10.1086/676393. S2CID 147252620.
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
- ^ Aracus. amazonwaters.org
Bibliography
[edit]- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
[edit]- Proel: Familia Tucanoana