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[[File:African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg|alt=|thumb|Eritrean asylum seekers at Levinsky park Tel Aviv. January 8, 2014]]
[[File:African_refugees_in_Israel.jpg|alt=|thumb|Eritrean asylum seekers at Levinsky park Tel Aviv. January 8, 2014]]


The term "non-Jewish African refugees" refers mainly to the [[Sudanese in Israel|Sudanese]] and [[Eritrea|Eritrean]] refugee populations immigrating to [[Israel]] through the [[Sinai Desert]]. Israeli policy concerning these refugees has evolved from a policy of neutrality, towards a policy of deterrence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2015/10/23/what-europe-can-learn-israels-refugee-crisis-382523.html|title=Non-Jewish Refugees Get a Cold Shoulder in Israel|last=AM|first=Yardena Schwartz On 10/13/15 at 10:54|date=2015-10-13|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> These refugees began arriving in Israel in the mid-2000's, led by [[Bedouin]] smugglers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Furst-Nichols|first=Rebecca|last2=Jacobsen|first2=Karen|date=January 2011|title=African Migration to Israel: Debt, Employment and Remittances|url=http://fic.tufts.edu/assets/migration-israel.pdf|journal=Feinstein International Center|volume=|pages=1–20|via=Tufts University}}</ref> The current non-Jewish African refugee population in Israel is approximately 36,000 persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-scraps-contested-plan-to-deport-tens-of-thousands-of-african-migrants/2018/04/24/8fb93924-47f0-11e8-8082-105a446d19b8_story.html|title=Israel scraps contested plan to deport tens of thousands of African migrants|last=Eglash|first=Ruth|date=2018-04-25|work=The Washington Post|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>
The term "non-Jewish African refugees" refers mainly to the [[Sudanese in Israel|Sudanese]] and [[Eritrea|Eritrean]] refugee populations migrating to [[Israel]] through the [[Sinai Desert]]. Israeli policy concerning these refugees has evolved from a policy of neutrality, to a policy of deterrence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2015/10/23/what-europe-can-learn-israels-refugee-crisis-382523.html|title=Non-Jewish Refugees Get a Cold Shoulder in Israel|last=AM|first=Yardena Schwartz On 10/13/15 at 10:54|date=2015-10-13|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> These refugees began arriving in Israel in the the 21st century, led by [[Bedouin]] smugglers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Furst-Nichols|first=Rebecca|last2=Jacobsen|first2=Karen|date=January 2011|title=African Migration to Israel: Debt, Employment and Remittances|url=http://fic.tufts.edu/assets/migration-israel.pdf|journal=Feinstein International Center|volume=|pages=1–20|via=Tufts University}}</ref> The current non-Jewish African refugee population in Israel is approximately 36,000 persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-scraps-contested-plan-to-deport-tens-of-thousands-of-african-migrants/2018/04/24/8fb93924-47f0-11e8-8082-105a446d19b8_story.html|title=Israel scraps contested plan to deport tens of thousands of African migrants|last=Eglash|first=Ruth|date=2018-04-25|work=The Washington Post|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>


Most of these refugees have been granted "[[Conditional Release Program|conditional release]]" [[Travel visa|visas]], which are not valid [[Work permit|work permits]] in Israel. Lack of a valid work permit severely limits their economic opportunities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Yaron|first=Hadas|last2=Hashimshony-Yaffe|first2=Nurit|last3=Campbell|first3=John|date=2013-04-15|title="Infiltrators" or Refugees? An Analysis of Israel's Policy Towards African Asylum-Seekers|journal=International Migration|volume=51|issue=4|pages=144–157|doi=10.1111/imig.12070|issn=0020-7985|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15955/1/Inflitrators%20or%20refugees%20-%20final.pdf}}</ref> Economic limitations and other factors have led to discrimination and racism. There have been cases of violent riots targeting African refugees in [[Tel Aviv]], although those involved were arrested and punished by the Israeli government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/05/24/153634901/violent-riots-target-african-nationals-living-in-israel|title=Violent Riots Target African Nationals Living In Israel|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>
Most of these refugees have been granted "[[Conditional Release Program|conditional release]]" [[Travel visa|visas]], which are not valid [[Work permit|work permits]] in Israel. Lack of a valid work permit severely limits their economic opportunities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Yaron|first=Hadas|last2=Hashimshony-Yaffe|first2=Nurit|last3=Campbell|first3=John|date=2013-04-15|title="Infiltrators" or Refugees? An Analysis of Israel's Policy Towards African Asylum-Seekers|journal=International Migration|volume=51|issue=4|pages=144–157|doi=10.1111/imig.12070|issn=0020-7985|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15955/1/Inflitrators%20or%20refugees%20-%20final.pdf}}</ref> Economic limitations and other factors have led to discrimination and racism. There have been cases of violent riots targeting African refugees in [[Tel Aviv]], although those involved are arrested and punished by the Israeli government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/05/24/153634901/violent-riots-target-african-nationals-living-in-israel|title=Violent Riots Target African Nationals Living In Israel|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>


Attitudes among Israeli citizens living in neighborhoods with large refugee populations are mixed. Some have claimed refugees are "rapists" and "criminals," while others in the same neighborhood described them as "peaceful" and "kind."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/South-Tel-Aviv-residents-show-mixed-emotions-about-African-refugee-crisis-539377|title=South Tel Aviv residents show mixed emotions about African refugee crisis|work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> With tensions rising and shifting Israeli policy, both deterrence<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/02/israel-african-refugees-youre-not-welcome/804628001/|title=Israel to African refugees: You're not welcome here|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> and support of the refugees have increased.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/over-10-000-israelis-protests-deportation-of-african-asylum-seekers-1.5846472|title=20,000 Israelis Protest Deportation of African Asylum Seekers|date=2018-02-24|work=Haaretz|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>
Attitudes amongst Israeli citizens living in neighborhoods with large refugee populations are mixed. Some have claimed refugees are "rapists" and "criminals," while some others in the same neighborhood described them as "peaceful" and "kind."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/South-Tel-Aviv-residents-show-mixed-emotions-about-African-refugee-crisis-539377|title=South Tel Aviv residents show mixed emotions about African refugee crisis|work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> With tensions rising and shifting Israeli policy, both deterrence<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/02/israel-african-refugees-youre-not-welcome/804628001/|title=Israel to African refugees: You're not welcome here|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref> and support of the refugees have increased.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/over-10-000-israelis-protests-deportation-of-african-asylum-seekers-1.5846472|title=20,000 Israelis Protest Deportation of African Asylum Seekers|date=2018-02-24|work=Haaretz|access-date=2018-11-05}}</ref>


== Evolution of Israeli Policy ==
== Evolution of Israeli Policy ==


=== 2000–2006 ===
=== 2000–2006 ===
Prior to 2000, the Israeli government did not have any specific policies for how to handle incoming refugees. The determination of refugee status was outsourced to the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR). Until 2006, there were no challenges to this system, due to the low number of refugees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Paz|first=Yonathan|date=March 2011|title=Ordered disorder: African asylum seekers in Israel and discursive challenges to an emerging refugee regime|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d7e19ab2.pdf|journal=New Issues in Refugee Research|volume=Research Paper No. 205|pages=1–21|via=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}</ref> Later, a new process was established in which the UNHCR would process [[Asylum seeker|asylum]] applications and send a recommendation to the Israeli National Status Granting Body, which was tasked with deciding refugee status. If a refugee was approved, they would receive temporary residency and temporary work permits in Israel.<ref name=":0" /> However, the [[Israeli government]] granted only 170 permits of this kind between 2002-2005. All individuals who were identified as "citizens of enemy states" were not allowed to seek asylum. This was the status for all the Sudanese refugees in Israel since Israel does not [[Israel–Sudan relations|currently have diplomatic relations]] with [[Sudan]].<ref name=":0" />
Prior to 2000, the Israeli government did not have any specific policies for how to handle incoming refugees. The determination of refugee status was outsourced to the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR). Until 2006, there were no challenges to this system, due to the low number of refugees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Paz|first=Yonathan|date=March 2011|title=Ordered disorder: African asylum seekers in Israel and discursive challenges to an emerging refugee regime|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d7e19ab2.pdf|journal=New Issues in Refugee Research|volume=Research Paper No. 205|pages=1–21|via=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}</ref> Later, a new law was established in which the UNHCR would process [[Asylum seeker|asylum]] applications and send a recommendation to the Israeli National Status Granting Body, which was tasked with deciding refugee status. If a refugee was approved, they would receive temporary residency and temporary work permits in Israel.<ref name=":0" /> However, the [[Israeli government]] granted only 170 permits of this kind between 2002-2005. All individuals who were identified as "citizens of enemy states" were not allowed to seek asylum. This was the status for all the Sudanese refugees in Israel since Israel does not [[Israel–Sudan relations|currently have diplomatic relations]] with [[Sudan]].<ref name=":0" />


The rapid increase in the number of Eritrean and Sudanese immigrants beginning in 2006 changed the Israeli policy to one of deterring immigrants from these countries by creating an environment that is undesirable for refugees.<ref name=":0" /> In 2007, the Israeli government issued three-month renewable "conditional release" visas, which allowed Eritrean and Sudanese refugees to work. However, in 2010, all visas upon renewal were issued with a stamp indicating that "This visa is not a working permit."<ref name=":0" /> This policy ensured that refugees were protected from deportation to their countries of origins, but they could not legally work in Israel. Due to the precarious legal work status of refugees, they are discriminated against for job opportunities and often rely on infrequent jobs to make ends meet.<ref name=":0" />
The rapid increase in the number of Eritrean and Sudanese immigrants beginning in 2006 changed the Israeli policy to one of deterring immigrants from these countries by creating an environment that is undesirable for refugees.<ref name=":0" /> In 2007, the Israeli government issued three-month renewable "conditional release" visas, which allowed Eritrean and Sudanese refugees to work. However, in 2010, all visas upon renewal were issued with a stamp indicating that "This visa is not a working permit."<ref name=":0" /> This policy ensured that refugees were protected from deportation to their countries of origins, but they could not legally work in Israel. Due to the precarious legal work status of refugees, they are discriminated against for job opportunities and often rely on infrequent jobs to make ends meet.<ref name=":0" />

Revision as of 12:59, 28 March 2019

Eritrean asylum seekers at Levinsky park Tel Aviv. January 8, 2014

The term "non-Jewish African refugees" refers mainly to the Sudanese and Eritrean refugee populations migrating to Israel through the Sinai Desert. Israeli policy concerning these refugees has evolved from a policy of neutrality, to a policy of deterrence.[1] These refugees began arriving in Israel in the the 21st century, led by Bedouin smugglers.[2] The current non-Jewish African refugee population in Israel is approximately 36,000 persons.[3]

Most of these refugees have been granted "conditional release" visas, which are not valid work permits in Israel. Lack of a valid work permit severely limits their economic opportunities.[4] Economic limitations and other factors have led to discrimination and racism. There have been cases of violent riots targeting African refugees in Tel Aviv, although those involved are arrested and punished by the Israeli government.[5]

Attitudes amongst Israeli citizens living in neighborhoods with large refugee populations are mixed. Some have claimed refugees are "rapists" and "criminals," while some others in the same neighborhood described them as "peaceful" and "kind."[6] With tensions rising and shifting Israeli policy, both deterrence[7] and support of the refugees have increased.[8]

Evolution of Israeli Policy

2000–2006

Prior to 2000, the Israeli government did not have any specific policies for how to handle incoming refugees. The determination of refugee status was outsourced to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Until 2006, there were no challenges to this system, due to the low number of refugees.[9] Later, a new law was established in which the UNHCR would process asylum applications and send a recommendation to the Israeli National Status Granting Body, which was tasked with deciding refugee status. If a refugee was approved, they would receive temporary residency and temporary work permits in Israel.[4] However, the Israeli government granted only 170 permits of this kind between 2002-2005. All individuals who were identified as "citizens of enemy states" were not allowed to seek asylum. This was the status for all the Sudanese refugees in Israel since Israel does not currently have diplomatic relations with Sudan.[4]

The rapid increase in the number of Eritrean and Sudanese immigrants beginning in 2006 changed the Israeli policy to one of deterring immigrants from these countries by creating an environment that is undesirable for refugees.[4] In 2007, the Israeli government issued three-month renewable "conditional release" visas, which allowed Eritrean and Sudanese refugees to work. However, in 2010, all visas upon renewal were issued with a stamp indicating that "This visa is not a working permit."[4] This policy ensured that refugees were protected from deportation to their countries of origins, but they could not legally work in Israel. Due to the precarious legal work status of refugees, they are discriminated against for job opportunities and often rely on infrequent jobs to make ends meet.[4]

2006–2008

Prior to 2006 and throughout 2007, Israeli policy was to detain all refugees from "enemy states" for months at a time. This policy was later discontinued.[9] In addition, there existed a policy to return refugees to the Sinai desert after having crossed the border into Israel, but an Israeli Supreme Court decision later ended this policy as well.[9]

2009–2014

In 2009, the Israeli government formed a Refugee Status Determination (RSD) Unit that works closely with the United Nations. [10] and the Israeli Immigration and Border Authority, to process all asylum requests and authorize temporary group protection. Most of the Sudanese and Eritrean refugees fell into the latter category, a categorization that significantly delays registration as refugees.[9]

In 2012, Israel built a fence along their border with Egypt to hamper the illegal migration of African refugees. The fence has significantly decreased the influx of Sudanese and Eritrean refugees into Israel.[11] Later that same year, an emergency plan was set in motion to deport refugees to their home countries. Voluntary deportees would be given an opportunity for self-removal and receive 1000 euros to assist in repatriation to their home lands.[12]

2015–2018

By 2015, the Israeli government began giving Sudanese and Eritrean refugees a choice to either return to their home countries, move to another state, or be imprisoned.[13] Many migrants lived in the Holot detention facility, where they are free to leave during the day, but must return at night or face imprisonment.[13]

During the spring of 2018, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reached a deal with the United Nations High Council on Refugees (UNHCR) to relocate a large number of refugees into Western nations over a period of five years. Israel agreed to grant temporary residency to those who remained.[14] The deal soon fell apart due to pressure from within Netanyahu's own government.[14]

References

  1. ^ AM, Yardena Schwartz On 10/13/15 at 10:54 (2015-10-13). "Non-Jewish Refugees Get a Cold Shoulder in Israel". Newsweek. Retrieved 2019-01-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Furst-Nichols, Rebecca; Jacobsen, Karen (January 2011). "African Migration to Israel: Debt, Employment and Remittances" (PDF). Feinstein International Center: 1–20 – via Tufts University.
  3. ^ Eglash, Ruth (2018-04-25). "Israel scraps contested plan to deport tens of thousands of African migrants". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Yaron, Hadas; Hashimshony-Yaffe, Nurit; Campbell, John (2013-04-15). ""Infiltrators" or Refugees? An Analysis of Israel's Policy Towards African Asylum-Seekers" (PDF). International Migration. 51 (4): 144–157. doi:10.1111/imig.12070. ISSN 0020-7985.
  5. ^ "Violent Riots Target African Nationals Living In Israel". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  6. ^ "South Tel Aviv residents show mixed emotions about African refugee crisis". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  7. ^ "Israel to African refugees: You're not welcome here". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  8. ^ "20,000 Israelis Protest Deportation of African Asylum Seekers". Haaretz. 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  9. ^ a b c d Paz, Yonathan (March 2011). "Ordered disorder: African asylum seekers in Israel and discursive challenges to an emerging refugee regime" (PDF). New Issues in Refugee Research. Research Paper No. 205: 1–21 – via United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  10. ^ "Refugee Law and Policy: Israel".
  11. ^ Ben Zikri, Almog (March 20, 2018). "Netanyahu Defends Egypt Border Fence: Influx of African Migrants More Dangerous Than Terrorism". Haaretz.
  12. ^ Hamilton, Douglas (June 11, 2012). "Israel rounds up African migrants for deportation". Reuters.
  13. ^ a b Booth, William (May 14, 2015). "Israeli government to refugees: Go back to Africa or go to prison". The Washington Post.
  14. ^ a b Kershner, Isabel (April 2, 2018). "Israeli Leader Is Forced to Retreat on African Migrant Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff/889861216

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