Rhombohedron | |
---|---|
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Type | prism |
Faces | 6 rhombi |
Edges | 12 |
Vertices | 8 |
Symmetry group | Ci , [2+,2+], (×), order 2 |
Properties | convex, equilateral, zonohedron, parallelohedron |
In geometry, a rhombohedron (also called a rhombic hexahedron[1][2] or, inaccurately, a rhomboid[a]) is a special case of a parallelepiped in which all six faces are congruent rhombi.[3] It can be used to define the rhombohedral lattice system, a honeycomb with rhombohedral cells. A rhombohedron has two opposite apices at which all face angles are equal; a prolate rhombohedron has this common angle acute, and an oblate rhombohedron has an obtuse angle at these vertices. A cube is a special case of a rhombohedron with all sides square.
Special cases
[edit]The common angle at the two apices is here given as . There are two general forms of the rhombohedron, oblate (flattened) and prolate (stretched.
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Oblate rhombohedron | Prolate rhombohedron |
In the oblate case and in the prolate case . For the figure is a cube.
Certain proportions of the rhombs give rise to some well-known special cases. These typically occur in both prolate and oblate forms.
Form | Cube | √2 Rhombohedron | Golden Rhombohedron |
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Angle constraints |
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Ratio of diagonals | 1 | √2 | Golden ratio |
Occurrence | Regular solid | Dissection of the rhombic dodecahedron | Dissection of the rhombic triacontahedron |
Solid geometry
[edit]For a unit (i.e.: with side length 1) rhombohedron,[4] with rhombic acute angle , with one vertex at the origin (0, 0, 0), and with one edge lying along the x-axis, the three generating vectors are
- e1 :
- e2 :
- e3 :
The other coordinates can be obtained from vector addition[5] of the 3 direction vectors: e1 + e2 , e1 + e3 , e2 + e3 , and e1 + e2 + e3 .
The volume of a rhombohedron, in terms of its side length and its rhombic acute angle , is a simplification of the volume of a parallelepiped, and is given by
We can express the volume another way :
As the area of the (rhombic) base is given by , and as the height of a rhombohedron is given by its volume divided by the area of its base, the height of a rhombohedron in terms of its side length and its rhombic acute angle is given by
Note:
- 3 , where 3 is the third coordinate of e3 .
The body diagonal between the acute-angled vertices is the longest. By rotational symmetry about that diagonal, the other three body diagonals, between the three pairs of opposite obtuse-angled vertices, are all the same length.
Relation to orthocentric tetrahedra
[edit]Four points forming non-adjacent vertices of a rhombohedron necessarily form the four vertices of an orthocentric tetrahedron, and all orthocentric tetrahedra can be formed in this way.[6]
Rhombohedral lattice
[edit]The rhombohedral lattice system has rhombohedral cells, with 6 congruent rhombic faces forming a trigonal trapezohedron[citation needed]:
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Miller, William A. (January 1989). "Maths Resource: Rhombic Dodecahedra Puzzles". Mathematics in School. 18 (1): 18–24. JSTOR 30214564.
- ^ Inchbald, Guy (July 1997). "The Archimedean honeycomb duals". The Mathematical Gazette. 81 (491): 213–219. doi:10.2307/3619198. JSTOR 3619198.
- ^ Coxeter, HSM. Regular Polytopes. Third Edition. Dover. p.26.
- ^ Lines, L (1965). Solid geometry: with chapters on space-lattices, sphere-packs and crystals. Dover Publications.
- ^ "Vector Addition". Wolfram. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ Court, N. A. (October 1934), "Notes on the orthocentric tetrahedron", American Mathematical Monthly, 41 (8): 499–502, doi:10.2307/2300415, JSTOR 2300415.