This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs of all time, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest in world history, ranked by length of reign.
Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date
[edit]The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Byzantine emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.
Regencies are not counted against monarchs, hence King Louis XIV of France being listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for eight years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchs, hence Elizabeth II being listed second despite being a figurehead her entire reign.
The current longest-reigning monarch, Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, is not included on the list because Brunei was not a sovereign state until 1984. Bolkiah will be eligible for inclusion if he is still reigning in 2040 and surpasses Conrad I's independent rule of 56 years, 99 days.
No. | Portrait | Name | State | Reign | Duration | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From | To | (days) | (years, days) | |||||
1 | ![]() |
Louis XIV | 14 May 1643 | 1 September 1715 | 26,407 | 72 years, 110 days | [1] | |
2 | ![]() |
Elizabeth II | [a] | 6 February 1952 | 8 September 2022 | 25,782 | 70 years, 214 days[b] | [2][3][4] |
3 | ![]() |
Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej) |
![]() |
9 June 1946 | 13 October 2016 | 25,694 | 70 years, 126 days | [5] |
4 | ![]() |
Johann II | ![]() |
12 November 1858 | 11 February 1929 | 25,658 | 70 years, 91 days | [6] |
5 | ![]() |
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I | Palenque (Mexico) | 27 July 615[c] | 29 August 683 | 24,870 | 68 years, 33 days | [7][9] |
6 | ![]() |
Franz Joseph I |
|
2 December 1848 | 21 November 1916 | 24,825 | 67 years, 355 days | [10] |
7 | ![]() |
Chan Imix Kʼawiil | Copán (Honduras) | 5 February 628[d] | 15 June 695 | 24,602 | 67 years, 130 days | [13][14] |
8 | ![]() |
Ferdinand III |
|
6 October 1759 | 4 January 1825 | 23,831 | 65 years, 90 days | [15] |
9 | ![]() |
Victoria | ![]() |
20 June 1837 | 22 January 1901 | 23,226 | 63 years, 216 days | [16] |
10 | ![]() |
James I | ![]() |
12 September 1213 | 27 July 1276 | 22,964 | 62 years, 319 days | [17] |
11 | ![]() |
Emperor Shōwa[e] (Hirohito) |
![]() ![]() |
25 December 1926 | 7 January 1989 | 22,659 | 62 years, 13 days | [18] |
12 | ![]() |
Kangxi Emperor[f] | ![]() |
5 February 1661 | 20 December 1722 | 22,597 | 61 years, 318 days | [19] |
13 | ![]() |
Honoré III | ![]() |
29 December 1731 | 13 January 1793 | 22,296 | 61 years, 15 days | [20][21] |
14 | ![]() |
Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[g] | Yaxchilan (Mexico) | 20 October 681[h] | 15 June 742 | 22,153 | 60 years, 238 days | [11] |
15 | ![]() |
Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat | Quiriguá (Guatemala) | 29 December 724[i] | 27 July 785 | 22,125 | 60 years, 210 days | [22][23] |
16 | ![]() |
Qianlong Emperor[j] | ![]() |
18 October 1735 | 9 February 1796[k] | 22,029 | 60 years, 114 days | [24] |
17 | ![]() |
Christian IV | ![]() |
4 April 1588 | 28 February 1648 | 21,879 | 59 years, 330 days | [25] |
18 | ![]() |
George III |
|
25 October 1760 | 29 January 1820 | 21,644 | 59 years, 96 days | [26] |
19 | ![]() |
Louis XV | 1 September 1715 | 10 May 1774 | 21,436 | 58 years, 251 days | [27] | |
20 | ![]() |
Pedro II | ![]() |
7 April 1831 | 15 November 1889 | 21,407 | 58 years, 222 days | [28] |
21 | ![]() |
Al-Mustansir Billah | Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt) | 13 June 1036[m] | 29 December 1094 | 21,383 | 58 years, 199 days | [29][30] |
22 | ![]() |
Nicholas I |
|
13 August 1860 | 26 November 1918 | 21,288 | 58 years, 105 days | [33] |
23 | ![]() |
Wilhelmina | ![]() |
23 November 1890 | 4 September 1948 | 21,104 | 57 years, 286 days | [34] |
24 | ![]() |
James VI | ![]() |
24 July 1567 | 27 March 1625 | 21,066 | 57 years, 246 days | [35] |
25 | ![]() |
Conrad I | ![]() |
12 July 937[o] | 19 October 993 | 20,553 | 56 years, 99 days | [36] |
Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date
[edit]The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not independent sovereigns for at least a portion of their reigns.
No. | Portrait | Name | State | Reign | Duration | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From | To | (days) | (years, days) | |||||
1 | ![]() |
Sobhuza II[p] | ![]() |
10 December 1899 | 21 August 1982 | 30,204 | 82 years, 254 days | [38] |
2 | ![]() |
Bernhard VII | ![]() |
11 August 1429 | 2 April 1511 | 29,819 | 81 years, 234 days | [39] |
3 | Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo | Chotanagpur (British Raj) | 9 July 1869 | 21 September 1950 | 29,658 | 81 years, 74 days | [40] | |
4 | ![]() |
William IV | ![]() |
26 May 1480 | 24 January 1559 | 28,732 | 78 years, 243 days | [39] |
5 | Karansinhji II Vajirajji | Lakhtar State [q] | 15 June 1846 | 8 August 1924 | 28,543 | 78 years, 54 days | [41] | |
6 | ![]() |
Maeda Tsunanori | ![]() |
30 April 1645 | 6 May 1723 | 28,494 | 78 years, 6 days | [42] |
7 | ![]() |
Heinrich XI[r] | ![]() |
17 March 1723 | 28 June 1800 | 28,227 | 77 years, 103 days | [43][44][39] |
8 | Idrus ibni Muhammad Al-Qadri | Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957) | 31 May 1929 | 26 December 2005 | 27,968 | 76 years, 209 days | [39] | |
9 | ![]() |
Christian August | ![]() |
14 August 1632 | 23 April 1708 | 27,635 | 75 years, 243 days | [39] |
10 | Bishan Chandra Jenamuni | Rairakhol State [q] | 13 March 1825 | 10 June 1900 | 27,482 | 75 years, 89 days | [45] | |
11 | Charles I | ![]() |
16 June 1397 | 25 July 1472 | 27,433 | 75 years, 39 days | [46] | |
12 | ![]() |
Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar | ![]() |
7 December 1841 | 17 October 1916 | 27,342 | 74 years, 315 days | [39] |
13 | ![]() |
Bhagvatsingh Sahib | ![]() |
14 December 1869 | 10 March 1944 | 27,114 | 74 years, 87 days | [39] |
14 | ![]() |
George William | ![]() |
13 February 1787 | 21 November 1860 | 26,944 | 73 years, 282 days | [39] |
15 | ![]() |
Charles Frederick | ![]() |
12 May 1738 | 10 June 1811 | 26,691 | 73 years, 29 days | [39] |
16 | ![]() |
John III Louis | ![]() |
19 October 1472 | 4 June 1545 | 26,526 | 72 years, 228 days[u] | [47] |
17 | Itō Nagatomo | Okada Domain (Japan) | 17 July 1778 | 19 July 1850 | 26,299 | 72 years, 2 days | [48] | |
18 | ![]() |
Henry Frederick | ![]() |
29 January 1628 | 2 June 1699 | 26,057 | 71 years, 124 days | [49] |
19 | ![]() |
Jagatjit Singh | ![]() |
3 September 1877 | 20 August 1948 | 25,918 | 70 years, 352 days[v] | [51] |
20 | Parashuramrao Shrinivas | ![]() |
30 August 1777 | 11 June 1848 | 25,852 | 70 years, 286 days | [52] | |
21 | Henryk IX Starszy | Żagań-Głogów (Holy Roman Empire) | 14 March 1397 | 11 November 1467 | 25,809 | 70 years, 242 days | [53] | |
22 | ![]() |
Werner von Salm-Reifferscheidt | ![]() |
31 October 1559 | 16 December 1629 | 25,614 | 70 years, 46 days | [54] |
23 | ![]() |
Carl I August | ![]() |
28 May 1758 | 14 June 1828 | 25,584 | 70 years, 17 days | [55] |
24 | George I | ![]() |
19 January 1405 | 21 September 1474 | 25,447 | 69 years, 245 days | [56] | |
25 | ![]() |
Alberico I | ![]() |
15 June 1553 | 18 January 1623 | 25,409 | 69 years, 207 days | [57] |
26 | ![]() |
Heinrich Joseph Johann | ![]() |
6 November 1713 | 9 February 1783 | 25,297 | 69 years, 95 days | [58] |
27 | ![]() |
Frederick III | Inner Austria (Holy Roman Empire) | 10 June 1424 | 19 August 1493 | 25,272 | 69 years, 70 days | [59][60] |
28 | ![]() |
George William | Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Holy Roman Empire) | 16 December 1600 | 25 December 1669 | 25,211 | 69 years, 9 days | [61] |
29 | ![]() |
Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne | ![]() |
9 August 1652 | 26 July 1721 | 25,187 | 68 years, 351 days | [62] |
30 | ![]() |
Frederick V | ![]() |
7 February 1751 | 20 January 1820 | 25,183 | 68 years, 347 days | [63] |
31 | ![]() |
Vikramatji Khimojiraj | ![]() |
20 June 1831 | 21 April 1900 | 25,142 | 68 years, 305 days | [64] |
32 | ![]() |
Krishnaraja Wodeyar III | ![]() |
30 June 1799 | 27 March 1868 | 25,107 | 68 years, 271 days | [65] |
33 | ![]() |
Chintamanrao Appasaheb Patwardhan | ![]() |
6 November 1782 | 15 July 1851 | 25,087 | 68 years, 251 days | [66] |
34 | ![]() |
Johann Friedrich | Castell-Rüdenhausen (Holy Roman Empire) | 10 January 1681 | 23 June 1749 | 25,000 | 68 years, 164 days | [67] |
35 | Otto VI the One-Eyed | Brunswick-Göttingen (Holy Roman Empire) | 13 November 1394 | 6 February 1463 | 24,922 | 68 years, 85 days | [68] | |
36 | Sawant Singh | ![]() |
26 October 1775 | 5 January 1844 | 24,907 | 68 years, 71 days | [69] | |
37 | ![]() |
Christian Karl Reinhard | ![]() |
3 November 1698 | 17 November 1766 | 24,850 | 68 years, 14 days | [70] |
38 | Raja Ram Singh | ![]() |
14 May 1821 | 28 March 1889 | 24,790 | 67 years, 318 days | [71] | |
39 | ![]() |
Malietoa Tanumafili II | ![]() |
5 July 1939 | 11 May 2007 | 24,782 | 67 years, 310 days | [72][73] |
40 | Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji | ![]() |
20 August 1875 | 5 June 1943 | 24,760 | 67 years, 289 days | [74] | |
41 | Bernard | Strzelce, Niemodlin, and South Poland (Holy Roman Empire) | 21 October 1382 | 31 July 1450 | 24,755 | 67 years, 283 days | [75] | |
42 | ![]() |
Philip I[y] | Lippe-Alverdissen (1613-1640) Schaumburg-Lippe (1640-1681) (Holy Roman Empire) |
7 December 1613 | 10 April 1681 | 24,596 | 67 years, 124 days | [76][77] |
43 | ![]() |
Henry III | Margraviate of Meissen (Holy Roman Empire) | 18 February 1221 | 15 February 1288 | 24,468 | 66 years, 362 days | [78][79] |
44 | ![]() |
Eleanor[z] | Aquitaine (France) | 9 April 1137 | 1 April 1204 | 24,464 | 66 years, 358 days | [80] |
45 | ![]() |
Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah | Sultanate of Serdang (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945) | 20 December 1879 | 13 October 1946 | 24,403 | 66 years, 297 days | [81] |
46 | Augustus | ![]() |
6 December 1586 | 22 August 1653 | 24,366 | 66 years, 259 days | [82] | |
47 | Amarsinhji Banesinhji[aa] | ![]() |
12 June 1881 | 15 February 1948 | 24,353 | 66 years, 248 days | [83] | |
48 | ![]() |
Khengarji III | ![]() |
19 December 1875 | 15 January 1942 | 24,133 | 66 years, 27 days | [84] |
49 | ![]() |
William IV the Victorious | Brunswick-Luneburg (Holy Roman Empire) | 14 October 1416 | 25 July 1482 | 24,025 | 65 years, 284 days | [85] |
50 | Leopold III | ![]() |
16 December 1751 | 9 August 1817 | 23,977 | 65 years, 236 days | [86][87] | |
51 | Makino Tadakiyo | Nagaoka Domain (Japan) | 5 August 1766 | 17 August 1831 | 23,752 | 65 years, 12 days | [88] | |
52 | Obizzo I d'Este | ![]() ![]() |
15 December 1128 | 25 December 1193 | 23,751 | 65 years, 10 days | [89] | |
53 | ![]() |
Jean I | ![]() |
21 October 1221 | 8 October 1286 | 23,728 | 64 years, 352 days | |
54 | ![]() |
Frederick William | ![]() |
13 January 1671 | 14 November 1735 | 23,680 | 64 years, 305 days | |
55 | ![]() |
Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg | ![]() |
5 February 1649 | 5 November 1713 | 23,648 | 64 years, 273 days | [90] |
56 | ![]() |
Gangadhar Rao III Bala Sahib Patwardhan | ![]() |
November 1874 | 23 June 1939 | 23,580 to 23,609 | 64 years, 205 days to 64 years, 234 days | [91] |
57 | ![]() |
Marie II | County of Soissons (France) | 25 October 1482 | 1 April 1547 | 23,534 | 64 years, 158 days | [92] |
58 | Vishwanath Singh Bahadur | ![]() |
4 November 1867 | 4 April 1932 | 23,527 | 64 years, 152 days | [93] | |
59 | ![]() |
Friedrich II Magnus | ![]() |
26 October 1608 | 25 January 1673 | 23,467 | 64 years, 91 days | |
60 | ![]() |
Ibrahim | ![]() |
4 June 1895 | 8 May 1959 | 23,348 | 63 years, 338 days | |
61 | Raja Rampalji Bahadur | ![]() |
15 January 1864 | 22 November 1927 | 23,321 | 63 years, 311 days | [94][95] | |
62 | ![]() |
Sayajirao Gaekwad III | ![]() |
27 May 1875 | 6 February 1939 | 23,265 | 63 years, 256 days | |
63 | Albert Anton | ![]() |
4 November 1646 | 24 June 1710 | 23,242 | 63 years, 232 days | ||
65 | ![]() |
Anthony Günther | ![]() |
12 November 1603 | 19 June 1667 | 23,230 | 63 years, 219 days | |
66 | Udai Chand | Beja[q] | 30 December 1841 | 20 June 1905 | 23,182 | 63 years, 172 days | ||
67 | ![]() |
Frederick Augustus I[ab] | ![]() |
17 December 1763 | 5 May 1827 | 23,149 | 63 years, 139 days | |
68 | ![]() |
Ludwig I | ![]() |
6 December 1586 | 7 January 1650 | 23,043 | 63 years, 32 days | [96] |
69 | ![]() |
Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa | ![]() |
1 December 1869 | 9 December 1932 [ae] | 23,018 | 63 years, 8 days | |
70 | ![]() |
Charles III | Upper Lorraine (Holy Roman Empire) | 12 June 1545 | 14 May 1608 | 22,972 | 62 years, 327 days | |
71 | ![]() |
Johann Friedrich II | Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire) | 17 October 1702 | 24 August 1765 | 22,957 | 62 years, 311 days | |
72 | ![]() |
Philipp Ernst | Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire) | 21 February 1697 | 29 November 1759 | 22,925 | 62 years, 281 days | |
73 | ![]() |
![]() |
Saxe-Meiningen[af] | 24 December 1803 | 20 September 1866 | 22,916 | 62 years, 270 days | |
74 | Philip II | ![]() |
2 July 1429 | 19 March 1492 | 22,906 | 62 years, 261 days[ag] | ||
75 | ![]() |
Nicolas Leopold I [de] | ![]() |
6 June 1707 | 4 February 1770 | 22,889 | 62 years, 243 days | |
76 | ![]() |
Christian II[ah] | Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (Holy Roman Empire) | 6 September 1654 | 26 April 1717 | 22,877 | 62 years, 232 days | |
77 | ![]() |
Léopold Philippe | ![]() |
19 August 1691 | 4 March 1754 | 22,842 | 62 years, 197 days | |
78 | ![]() |
Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur | ![]() |
20 December 1867 | 23 June 1930 | 22,830 | 62 years, 185 days | |
79 | ![]() |
Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi | ![]() |
17 July 1948 | 27 October 2010 | 22,747 | 62 years, 102 days | |
80 | ![]() |
Hosokawa Tsunatoshi | Kumamoto Domain (Japan) | 18 April 1650 | 11 July 1712 | 22,729 | 62 years, 84 days | |
81 | Nahar Singh | ![]() |
21 April 1870 | 24 June 1932 | 22,709 | 62 years, 64 days | ||
82 | Gopal Lal | Kamta-Rajaula State [q] | 29 November 1812 | 23 October 1874 | 22,608 | 61 years, 328 days | [97] | |
83 | ![]() |
Johann Christian I | ![]() |
5 February 1649 | 14 December 1710 | 22,591 | 61 years, 312 days | [citation needed] |
84 | ![]() |
Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah | ![]() |
22 September 1881 | 13 May 1943 | 22,512 | 61 years, 233 days | |
85 | ![]() |
Philipp IV | Waldeck-Wildungen (Holy Roman Empire) | 28 May 1513 | 30 November 1574 | 22,466 | 61 years, 186 days | |
86 | Wakhat Singh Dalil Singh | ![]() |
31 October 1867 | 27 April 1929 | 22,458 | 61 years, 178 days | ||
87 | ![]() |
Paku Alam VIII | ![]() |
12 April 1937 | 11 September 1998 | 22,432 | 61 years, 152 days | |
88 | ![]() |
Victor Amadeus | ![]() |
22 September 1656 | 14 February 1718 | 22,414 | 61 years, 135 days | |
89 | Kamei Koremasa | Tsuwano Domain (Japan) | 22 September 1619 | 6 February 1681 | 22,418 | 61 years, 137 days | ||
90 | ![]() |
Lakshman Singh, Maharawal of Banswara | ![]() |
2 February 1844 | 29 April 1905 | 22,366 | 61 years, 86 days | [citation needed] |
91 | ![]() |
Ulrich V | ![]() |
2 July 1419 | 1 September 1480 | 22,342 | 61 years, 61 days[ai] | |
92 | ![]() |
Ranbir Singh | Jind State (British Raj) | 7 March 1887 | 31 March 1948 | 22,304 | 61 years, 24 days[aj] | [citation needed] |
93 | ![]() |
Ernest Louis | ![]() |
31 August 1678 | 12 September 1739 | 22,291 | 61 years, 12 days | |
94 | ![]() |
Johann Friedrich I | Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire) | 11 October 1641 | 17 October 1702 | 22,285 | 61 years, 6 days | |
95 | Wilhelm Moritz II | Isenburg-Philippseich (Holy Roman Empire) | 8 March 1711 | 7 March 1772 | 22,280 | 60 years, 365 days | ||
96 | ![]() |
Christian Ernest | ![]() |
27 August 1710 | 25 October 1771 | 22,339 | 61 years, 59 days | |
97 | ![]() |
Adolf III | Schauenburg and Holstein (Holy Roman Empire) | 6 July 1164 | 3 January 1225 | 22,096 | 60 years, 181 days | |
98 | ![]() |
Leopold Louis | ![]() |
3 June 1634 | 29 September 1694 | 22,033 | 60 years, 118 days | |
99 | ![]() |
Friedrich Günther | ![]() |
28 April 1807 | 28 June 1867 | 21,976 | 60 years, 61 days | [98] |
100 | ![]() |
Johann Jakob I | ![]() |
4 May 1614[al] | 18 April 1674 | 21,899 | 59 years, 349 days |
Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown
[edit]These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear in historical order. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. The list is sorted alphabetically. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths. Rulers with both independent and dependent rules are combined.
See also
[edit]- List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)
- List of oldest living state leaders
- List of shortest-reigning monarchs
- Lists of state leaders
- Lists of state leaders by age
- Records of heads of state
Notes
[edit]- ^ Elizabeth was Queen of many other states, but other than these four, her reign was shorter. Lengths listed below are for Elizabeth as monarch of an independent country or dominion; except for Jamaica for which she would rank 17th, none would entitle her to a place on this list. The following states were British dominions at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became independent as republics during her reign:
Pakistan (including Bangladesh) (republic 23 March 1956; 4 years, 46 days)
South Africa (republic 31 May 1961; 9 years, 114 days)
Ceylon (republic, with the name Sri Lanka, 22 May 1972; 20 years, 106 days)
The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign and later became republics during her reign:
Ghana (sovereign 6 March 1957, republic 1 July 1961; 4 years, 87 days)
Nigeria (sovereign 1 October 1960, republic 1 October 1963; 3 years, 0 days)
Sierra Leone (sovereign 27 April 1961, republic 19 April 1971; 9 years, 357 days)
Tanganyika (sovereign 9 December 1961, republic 9 December 1962; 1 year, 0 days)
Trinidad and Tobago (sovereign 31 August 1962, republic 1 August 1976; 13 years, 336 days)
Uganda (sovereign 9 October 1962, republic 9 October 1963; 1 year, 0 days)
Kenya (sovereign 12 December 1963, republic 12 December 1964; 1 year, 0 days)
Malawi (sovereign 6 July 1964, republic 6 July 1966; 2 years, 0 days)
Malta (sovereign 21 September 1964, republic 13 December 1974; 10 years, 83 days)
The Gambia (sovereign 18 February 1965, republic 24 April 1970; 5 years, 65 days)
Rhodesia (UDI 11 November 1965, republic 2 March 1970; 4 years, 111 days)
Guyana (sovereign 26 May 1966, republic 23 February 1970; 3 years, 273 days)
Barbados (sovereign 30 November 1966, republic 30 November 2021; 55 years, 0 days)
Mauritius (sovereign 12 March 1968, republic 12 March 1992; 24 years, 0 days)
Fiji (sovereign 10 October 1970, republic 6 October 1987; 16 years, 361 days)
The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign during her reign and retained her as Queen:
Jamaica (sovereign 6 August 1962; 60 years, 33 days)
Bahamas (sovereign 10 July 1973; 49 years, 60 days)
Grenada (sovereign 7 February 1974; 48 years, 213 days)
Papua New Guinea (sovereign 16 September 1975; 46 years, 357 days)
Solomon Islands (sovereign 7 July 1978; 44 years, 63 days)
Tuvalu (sovereign 1 October 1978; 43 years, 342 days)
Saint Lucia (sovereign 22 February 1979; 43 years, 198 days)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (sovereign 27 October 1979; 42 years, 316 days)
Belize (sovereign 21 September 1981; 40 years, 352 days)
Antigua and Barbuda (sovereign 1 November 1981; 40 years, 311 days)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (sovereign 19 September 1983; 38 years, 354 days)
- ^ Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
- ^ In the Mayan calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the GMT+2 correlation and the Julian Calendar.[7][8]
- ^ In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.14.17.5, 6 Chikchan 18 K'ayab; died 9.13.3.5.7 12 Manik' 0 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11][12]
- ^ Served as Regent for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
- ^ Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
- ^ Sometimes called "Itzamnaaj Bahlam II",[11] or "Shield Jaguar".[12]
- ^ In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.12.9.8.1 5 Imix 4 Mak; died 9.15.10.17.14 6 Ix 12 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
- ^ In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.14.13.4.17 12 Kab'an 5 K'ayab'; died 9.17.14.13.2 11 Ik 5 Yax. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
- ^ Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
- ^ Abdicated, but maintained de facto power as Retired Emperor until 7 February 1799.
- ^ Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom effective 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800.
- ^ In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487.[29] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095,[29] but most sources give 29 December 1094.[30][31][32]
- ^ James VI of Scotland was also the King of England and King of Ireland as James I, although he only became King of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
- ^ The death of Rudolph II, Conrad's predecessor, is variously given as 11, 12 or 13 July.[36][37]
- ^ He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n British India until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
- ^ Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
- ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
- ^ Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.
- ^ Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
- ^ Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August.[50] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
- ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
- ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
- ^ From 1640 he also ruled Schaumburg-Lippe
- ^ Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
- ^ Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
- ^ Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
- ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
- ^ British protectorate from 1880
- ^ Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the rightful monarch until 1932.
- ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
- ^ Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
- ^ After 1671 Christian also ruled Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld after that line went extinct.
- ^ Ulrich V was Count of all Württemberg until its partition between Württemberg-Urach and Württemberg-Stuttgart in 1442. He continued as Count of the latter branch until his death in 1480.
- ^ Acceded to the Union of India on 14 August 1947, but retained sovereignty over his state until his death on 31 March 1948
- ^ Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was part of the German Confederation from 1815 until 1866.
- ^ Johann Jakob I succeeded as Truchsess (Archsteward), and was raised to the rank of Graf (Count) in 1628.
- ^ Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
- ^ A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. Lower estimates suggest 121–145 and higher ones up to 167 but the most widely believed one is 146 since Korean historians claim that he died in that year.
- ^ 121 CE is another possible accepted date of Taejo's end reign
- ^ While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.
- ^ Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed
- ^ Other sources put his start date as 679 or 688.
- ^ Some sources just give 79 Years of Lifespan not Reign.
- ^ During his lifetime, Otto I had many co-monarchs, including his father Rudolph IV, who made him ruler in 1308; he also ruled with his brother Henry IV until he died in 1318, as well as his brother Rudolph VI, who died in 1352.
- ^ In Co-Reign with his Mother until 1128
- ^ Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
- ^ Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.
- ^ Robert I was in co-rule with his step-brother Edward II until 1352
- ^ Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế))
- ^ Sometimes her aunt Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne's death is given as June 1524 or 16 June 1524 (see for example her French wikipedia article), though sources seem to be laking for such specific dates and so she remains here. If sources are found for 16 June, she can be moved into the second section with 64 years, 203 days as her reign length
- ^ [134][135][136]
- ^ In Co-Reign with his father until 1704
- ^ Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.
- ^ Disputed name or ruler has two names.
- ^ He had Regents until 1921.
- ^ Part of German East Africa from 1890.
- ^ He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.
References
[edit]- ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: Louis XIV (1638–1715)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces". BBC News. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ "Her Majesty the Queen". The Royal Family. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Waites, Rosie (6 February 2012). "The moment a princess became a queen". BBC News. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Crossette, Barbara (13 October 2016). "Bhumibol Adulyadej, 88, People's King of Thailand, Dies After 7-Decade Reign". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Biographies of the Princes and Princesses". House of Liechtenstein.
- ^ a b Pharo, Lars Kirkhusmo (2013). The Ritual Practice of Time: Philosophy and Sociopolitics of Mesoamerican Calendars. Brill. p. 92. ISBN 9789004252363.
- ^ Parmington, Alexander (2011). Space and Sculpture in the Classic Maya City. Brill. pp. 51, 95. ISBN 9789004252363.
- ^ "K'inich Janaab' Pakal I (Great-Sun-Shield), King of Palenque, depicted on an incense burner". museums.gov.il. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Franz Joseph | emperor of Austria-Hungary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2000). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 201 & 122. ISBN 0-500-05103-8. OCLC 47358325.
- ^ a b Harrys, John; Stearns, Stephen K. (1997). Understanding Maya Inscriptions. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 134, 136, 218. ISBN 9780924171413.
- ^ Looper, Matthew G. (2003). Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. University of Texas Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780292705562.
- ^ Newsome, Elizabeth A. (2001). Trees of Paradise and Pillars of the World. University of Texas Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780292755727.
- ^ "Term details". British Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Kirsty.Oram (31 December 2015). "Victoria (r. 1837–1901)". The Royal Family. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "James I | king of Aragon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Kangxi | emperor of Qing dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Charavay, Étienne (1892). Correspondance générale de Carnot: publiee avec des notes historiques et biographiques. Imprimerie nationale. p. 372.
- ^ Dippel, Horst, ed. (2010). Constitutional Documents of France, Corsica and Monaco. De Gruyter. p. 254. ISBN 9783598356964.
- ^ Looper, Matthew G. (2003). Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 57, 186. ISBN 0-292-70556-5.
- ^ Fitzsimmons , James L. (2010). Death and the Classic Maya Kings. University of Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780292781986.
- ^ "Qianlong | emperor of Qing dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Christian IV | Scandinavian king". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ Kirsty.Oram (31 December 2015). "George III (r. 1760–1820)". The Royal Family. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Louis XIV | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ "Pedro II | emperor of Brazil". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM". ismaili.net. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ a b "MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
- ^ Cohen, Mark R. (2014). Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt. Princeton University Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781400853588.
- ^ Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid (2002). The Fatimids and Their Successors in Yaman. I.B. Tauris. p. 5. ISBN 9781860646904.
- ^ "Nicholas I | Facts & Biography". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Wilhelmina | queen of the Netherlands". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "James I | Biography, Religion, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Rudolfinger". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Rudolf II | king of Burgundy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Cultural Resources: King Sobhuza II". Swaziland National Trust Commission. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rose Troup Buchanan (29 August 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II to become Britain's longest reigning monarch: Longest serving rulers ever". The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis". livehistoryindia. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Lakhtar – Indian Princely States". members.iinet.net.au. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ Wakabayashi, Kisaburo (1986). 前田綱紀 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. ISBN 4642050582.
- ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Trebge, Spuren im Land, Hohenleuben, 2005.
- ^ Thomas Gehrlein, Das Haus Reuß: Älterer und Jüngerer Linie, Börde Verlag 2006, ISBN 978-3-9810315-3-9
- ^ "Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 61 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library".
- ^ Curry, Anne; Mercer, Malcolm, eds. (2017). The Battle of Agincourt. Yale University Press. p. 174.
- ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Johann Ludwig - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "学校・研究機関でのご利用はこちら | ジャパンナレッジLib". JapanKnowledge (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Geschichte des Hauses Hohenlohe: zunächst als Leitfaden beim Unterricht [...] entworfen und den Prinzen und Prinzessinnen des durchlauchtigen Gesammthauses gewidmet. 2,2 (in German). 1871.
- ^ Punjab District Gazetteers: Kapurthala. Chandigarh: Revenue Department, Punjab. 1984. p. 37.
- ^ Baldev Raj Sharma (1984). Punjab District Gazetteers: Kapurthala. Chandigarh, Revenue Department.
- ^ Rothermund, Indira (5 May 1983). The Aundh Experiment. Somaiya. ISBN 978-0-8364-1194-2.
- ^ "Piast dynasty 7". genealogy.euweb.cz. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names). - Person Page". our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1882), "Karl August, Großherzog von Sachsen-Weimar", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 15, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1. ed.), München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 338, retrieved 5 May 2024
- ^ Koch, Christophe Guillaume (1814). Tableau des révolutions de l'Europe, dep. le bouleversement de l'empire d'occident jusqu'à nos jours (in French).
- ^ "Il feudo di Ferentillo nel tempo di Alberico 1. Cybo Malaspina (1553-1623): istituzioni, economia, arte, confini : atti del Convegno di studi, Ferentillo, 30-31 maggio 2008 | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Preinfalk, Miha; Preinfalk, Miha; Bruckmüller, Ernst; Bruckmüller-Vilfan, Irena (2006). Auersperg: Geschichte einer europäischen Familie. Graz Stuttgart: Stocker. ISBN 978-3-7020-1140-6.
- ^ Jr, Thomas A. Brady (13 July 2009). German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48115-1.
- ^ Laczny, Joachim. "Frederick III (1440–1493) on the journey". www.friedrichiii.his-gis.net. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "Burg Birkenfeld - Hunsrück-Nahereise". 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ 3e autorité en partant de la gauche [1]
- ^ Ammon, Christoph Heinrich von (1768). Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans, reduite en 114 tables ... (in French). Aux Depens de L'Auteur, Se Vend Chez Etienne de Bourdeaux.
- ^ Lethbridge, Sir Roper (2005). The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire. Aakar Books. ISBN 978-81-87879-54-1.
- ^ Hawker, Thomas; Morison, William; Macleod, J M; Cubbon, Mark (12 December 1833). Report on the Insurrection in Mysore (Report). Mysore Government Press.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
- ^ "Castell". Angelfire. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Dietrich Denecke and Helga-Maria Kühn (eds.): Göttingen. Geschichte einer Universitätsstadt, 3 vols., vol.1, Göttingen, 1987, ISBN 3-525-36196-3
- ^ Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1887), "Otto der Einäugige, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 24, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1. ed.), München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 685, retrieved 5 May 2024
- ^ "Das Portal der Königin - Informationen rund um die Pfeifenorgel - Mühlheim an der Eis - Schlosskirche". 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "BUNDI". 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "Malietoa Tanumafili II". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "Samoa's King Malietoa Tanumafili II, 94 - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper". 19 May 2007. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer p. 1417.
- ^ "Piastowie opolsko-raciborscy - POCZET.COM". www.poczet.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Dolle, Karl Anton (1756). "Kurtzgefasste Geschichte der Grafschaft Schaumburg". Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Philipp - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de.
- ^ Petri de Dusburg Chronica terre Prussie. Darmstadt: Wissenchaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1984. pp. 114, 116, 118.
- ^ "Henry III, Margrave of Meissen", Wikipedia, 25 April 2024, retrieved 5 May 2024
- ^ "Eleanor of Aquitaine", Wikipedia, 4 May 2024, retrieved 5 May 2024
- ^ Tuanku Luckman Sinar Basarsyah-II, SH. "REINTERPRETASI DAN REPOSISI TERHADAP ADAT DAN TRADISI – KASUS MELAYU ISLAM BERAJA DI SERDANG" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
- ^ 'Johann Valentin Andreae's Utopian Brotherhoods' by Donald R. Dickson, Renaissance Quarterly Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 760–802
- ^ Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4.
- ^ Ward (1998). Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide. Orient Longman Limited. ISBN 978-81-250-1383-9.
- ^ "Leibnitiana". www.gwleibniz.com. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (5 ed.). Penguin. p. 15. ISBN 0-14-051323-X.
- ^ Curl, James Stevens (1999). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
- ^ Papinot, Edmond. (2003) Nobiliare du Japon -- Makino, p. 29; Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon. (in French/German).
- ^ "Genroy : Modène et Ferrare". 20 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ Wedgwood, C. V. (2005). The Thirty Years War. New York: New York Review Books. ISBN 1-59017-146-2. OCLC 57010133.
- ^ Malleson, G. B. (George Bruce) (1875). An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government, with a notice of the mediatized and minor states. University of California Libraries. London, Longmans.
- ^ Busby, Keith; Freeman, M.J.; Houppermans, Sjef; Pelckmans, Paul, eds. (1993). Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes. Vol. 2. Rodopi. p. 145.
- ^ "No. 33343". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1927. p. 5.
- ^ Company, Indus Publishing (1994). Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883-84. Kangra. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-024-8.
{{cite book}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ "History | District Una, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India".
- ^ Siebmacher, Johann (1703). Erneuertes und vermehrtes Wappenbuch... Nürnberg: Adolph Johann Helmers. pp. Part I Table 8.
- ^ "KAMTA RAJAULI (Princely State)". World of Royalty. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ "These Royals Held Their Titles Longer Than Anyone Else in History". www.yahoo.com. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Longest ever reigns". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p. 151.
- ^ a b "Koguryŏ | ancient kingdom, Korea | Britannica". 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Banu Najjar". Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ Heather, Peter (1991). Goths and Romans 332-489. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–89. ISBN 0-19-820234-2.
- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ "Site is undergoing maintenance". 10 January 2013.
- ^ do Tiến sĩ Lê Tung viết ngày 2 tháng 10 niên hiệu Hồng Đức thứ 18 (1487)
- ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên, 蜀紀 [Thục Dynasty], 大越史記全書 [Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Complete Annals of Đại Việt], Peripheral Records (in Chinese), vol. 1, p. 6a,
王於是築城于越裳,廣千丈,盤旋如螺形,故號螺城。
[The King then built a citadel at Việt Thường, one-thousand-zhàng wide, whirling and swirling like the shape of a snail. Therefore, it was called Old Snail City (Loa Thành).][better source needed] - ^ "Udhaybhan Narain Singh". Udhaybhan Narain Singh. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ G. Rex Smith: Political History of Islamic Yemen up to the First Turkish Invasion. pp. 136–154, here: 137.
- ^ "History | Rajouri,Government of Jammu and Kashmir | India".
- ^ Brunner, Christopher (14 April 1983). "Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy". In Fisher, W. B. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 747–777. doi:10.1017/chol9780521246934.004. ISBN 0-521-06935-1. OCLC 745412.
- ^ "Patna (Princely State)". Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933 (PDF). New Delhi: The Manager Government of India Press. 1933. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 22, page 83 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library. Dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ^ Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1472425522.
- ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ Congress, The Library of. "Afonso I, King of Portugal, 1109?-1185 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ^ "Afonso I | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ^ Cesarone, Bernard (2012). "Bernard Cesarone: Pata-chitras of Orissa". asianart.com. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
This temple was built between approximately 1135-1150 by Codaganga
- ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1889). . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
- ^ Muhammad Ismail Ibrahim (17 March 2011). Kelantan’s Castle: The Royal Palace. The Kelantan Times. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ Haeri, Shahla (2020), The Unforgettable Queens of Islam, Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–105, ISBN 978-1-107-55489-4
- ^ Tiendrebeogo, Yamba (1963). "Histoire traditionnelle des Mossi de Ouagadougou". Journal des Africanistes. 33 (1): 7–46. doi:10.3406/jafr.1963.1365.
- ^ "The first king of Anuradhapura". Funday Times. Sunday Times. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ Crecelius, Wilhelm (1879). "Gerlach I.-IV". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). 9. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot: 5.
- ^ Records of the Grand Historian, Vol.36.
- ^ Orwin, Martin; Axmed, Rashiid (2009). War and Peace: An anthology of Somali literature Suugaanta Nabadda iyo Colaadda. Progressio. p. 209. ISBN 9781852873295.
- ^ Basset, D. (1989). ANGLO-KEDAH RELATIONS 1688-1765. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 62 (2), 1–17.
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), pp. 108, 190.
- ^ Brand, Peter J. (2000). The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis. NV Leiden: Brill. pp. 302–305. ISBN 978-90-04-11770-9.
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p. 190.
- ^ Aderinto, S. (2017). African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-61069-580-0.
- ^ a b Palmer, Herbert Richmond, ed. (1908), "The Kano Chronicle", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 38, pp. 58–98
- ^ a b Palmer, Herbert Richmond (2019). Sudanese Memoirs. pp. 341-343.
- ^ "Kutch (Princely State)". 3 March 1972.
- ^ Memoranda on the Indian States. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 1939. p. 136.
Sources
[edit]Jürgen von Beckerath (1997). Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 9783805323109.