English: From authors caption [1]:

"Specific explanations of key interactions: (1) Bacteria can prevent phage infection by mutational modification of surface receptors or by enzymatic degradation of the incoming phage DNA; (2) Alternatively, protection of cells in aggregates or biofilms can be a defense strategy against phage infection; (3) Infection by temperate phages can result in the integration of the phage DNA in the host genome as prophage; The integrated prophage can prevent infection by similar phages (Superinfection exclusion mechanism) and (4) contribute with important genetic information to the host that may expand its metabolic or virulence properties. Prophage induction leads to the release of new phages and may also stimulate biofilm formation; (5) Phages can manipulate host gene expression in cyanobacteria for improved infection efficiency, either by exploiting the host genes or by encoding host photosynthesis genes which are then expressed during infection; (6) Phage interaction with their bacterial hosts contributes to shaping the gut microbiome of invertebrates (e.g., tunicates), thus affecting the symbiotic relationship between gut microbes and their hosts; (7) In the coccolithophorid phytoplankton Emiliania huxleyi the diploid virally infected cells may undergo viral induced lysis or re-emerge (dotted arrow) as haploid cells containing viral RNA and lipids. These haploid cells are thought to resist virus infection (as indicated with the X) and develop into the diploid cells by karyogamy; (8) The large and diverse group of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) infects a range of photosynthetic protists such as the prasinophytes Micromonas pusilla and Ostreococcus tauri and, as exemplified in the figure, the toxin-producing haptophyte Prymnesium parvum, thus affecting mortality, diversity and production of phytoplankton.

These interactions are strongly controlled by environmental factors such as temperature, nutrient availability and light. As for bacteria, several mechanisms of resistance (indicated with an X) to viruses have been described in the photosynthetic protists."