In number theory, a factorion in a given number base is a natural number that equals the sum of the factorials of its digits.[1][2][3] The name factorion was coined by the author Clifford A. Pickover.[4]
Definition
[edit]Let be a natural number. For a base , we define the sum of the factorials of the digits[5][6] of , , to be the following:
where is the number of digits in the number in base , is the factorial of and
is the value of the th digit of the number. A natural number is a -factorion if it is a fixed point for , i.e. if .[7] and are fixed points for all bases , and thus are trivial factorions for all , and all other factorions are nontrivial factorions.
For example, the number 145 in base is a factorion because .
For , the sum of the factorials of the digits is simply the number of digits in the base 2 representation since .
A natural number is a sociable factorion if it is a periodic point for , where for a positive integer , and forms a cycle of period . A factorion is a sociable factorion with , and a amicable factorion is a sociable factorion with .[8][9]
All natural numbers are preperiodic points for , regardless of the base. This is because all natural numbers of base with digits satisfy . However, when , then for , so any will satisfy until . There are finitely many natural numbers less than , so the number is guaranteed to reach a periodic point or a fixed point less than , making it a preperiodic point. For , the number of digits for any number, once again, making it a preperiodic point. This means also that there are a finite number of factorions and cycles for any given base .
The number of iterations needed for to reach a fixed point is the function's persistence of , and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.
Factorions for SFDb
[edit]b = (k − 1)!
[edit]Let be a positive integer and the number base . Then:
- is a factorion for for all
Let the digits of be , and Then
Thus is a factorion for for all .
- is a factorion for for all .
Let the digits of be , and . Then
Thus is a factorion for for all .
4 | 6 | 41 | 42 |
5 | 24 | 51 | 52 |
6 | 120 | 61 | 62 |
7 | 720 | 71 | 72 |
b = k! − k + 1
[edit]Let be a positive integer and the number base . Then:
- is a factorion for for all .
Let the digits of be , and . Then
Thus is a factorion for for all .
3 | 4 | 13 |
4 | 21 | 14 |
5 | 116 | 15 |
6 | 715 | 16 |
Table of factorions and cycles of SFDb
[edit]All numbers are represented in base .
Base | Nontrivial factorion (, )[10] | Cycles |
---|---|---|
2 | ||
3 | ||
4 | 13 | 3 → 12 → 3 |
5 | 144 | |
6 | 41, 42 | |
7 | 36 → 2055 → 465 → 2343 → 53 → 240 → 36 | |
8 |
3 → 6 → 1320 → 12 175 → 12051 → 175 | |
9 | 62558 | |
10 | 145, 40585 |
871 → 45361 → 871[9] 872 → 45362 → 872[8] |
See also
[edit]- Arithmetic dynamics
- Dudeney number
- Happy number
- Kaprekar's constant
- Kaprekar number
- Meertens number
- Narcissistic number
- Perfect digit-to-digit invariant
- Perfect digital invariant
- Sum-product number
References
[edit]- ^ Sloane, Neil, "A014080", On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
- ^ Gardner, Martin (1978), "Factorial Oddities", Mathematical Magic Show: More Puzzles, Games, Diversions, Illusions and Other Mathematical Sleight-Of-Mind, Vintage Books, pp. 61 and 64, ISBN 9780394726236
- ^ Madachy, Joseph S. (1979), Madachy's Mathematical Recreations, Dover Publications, p. 167, ISBN 9780486237626
- ^ Pickover, Clifford A. (1995), "The Loneliness of the Factorions", Keys to Infinity, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 169–171 and 319–320, ISBN 9780471193340 – via Google Books
- ^ Gupta, Shyam S. (2004), "Sum of the Factorials of the Digits of Integers", The Mathematical Gazette, 88 (512), The Mathematical Association: 258–261, doi:10.1017/S0025557200174996, JSTOR 3620841, S2CID 125854033
- ^ Sloane, Neil, "A061602", On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
- ^ Abbott, Steve (2004), "SFD Chains and Factorion Cycles", The Mathematical Gazette, 88 (512), The Mathematical Association: 261–263, doi:10.1017/S002555720017500X, JSTOR 3620842, S2CID 99976100
- ^ a b Sloane, Neil, "A214285", On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
- ^ a b Sloane, Neil, "A254499", On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
- ^ Sloane, Neil, "A193163", On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences