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The Darling 58, also known as Darling 54, is a genetically engineered American chestnut tree. The tree was created by American Chestnut Research & Restoration Program at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY ESF) in collaboration with The American Chestnut Foundation (TACF)[1] to restore the American chestnut to the forests of North America. These Darling-58 trees are attacked by chestnut blight, but survive. Darling-58 trees survive to reach maturity, produce chestnuts, and multiply to restore the American chestnut tree to the forests of North America.[2][3][4][5]

Developments of the Darling 58 were however discontinued in December 2023 due to poor performance results.

Background[edit]

Main article: American chestnut § Chestnut blight

The chestnut blight was introduced in the late 19th century with the Japanese chestnut and decimated the once-widespread American chestnut tree.[6] Native un-modified trees are killed from the ground up by the blight, and only the root system survives. The roots then continue to send up shoots that are once again attacked by the blight and die back before they reach maturity, repeating the cycle.[4]

Mechanism[edit]

Chestnut blight damages trees by producing oxalic acid, which lowers the pH in the cambium and kills plant tissues. Darling 58 adds a oxalate oxidase (OxO) gene from wheat, driven by a CaMV 35S promoter.[7] The promoter allows the OxO protein to be made all through the plant. The OxO protein allows the plant to break down the acid before too much damage is done. The same defense strategy is found not only in wheat, but also in strawberries, bananas, oats, barley, and other cereals. The resistant trait is passed down to progeny. The resistance does not stop the blight from completing its lifecycle.[8]

Extensive testing done with the transgenic Darling 58 variant to assess its effects on other species showed that the survival, pollen use, and reproduction of bumble bees were not affected by oxalate oxidase at the typical concentrations found in the pollen of the American chestnut.[9] Presence of the transgenic oxalate oxidase gene in the genome of the American chestnut has little effect on photosynthetic or respiratory physiology.[10]

History[edit]

In 2013, reported initial experiments to introduce wheat OxO into American chestnuts. Potted transgenic plants with two different promoters (35S, VspB) were created. OxO levels are measured out of the plant leaves. Infection experiments on cut leaves show that the lesion sizes can be reduced to around or below the level of the blight-resistant Chinese chestnut, suggesting that the potted plant may be resistant too.[11][12]

In 2014, SUNY ESF reported that the "Darling4" transgenic event produced an intermediate level of resistance between American and Chinese chestnuts. The trait was also passed into progeny.[8][13]

The Darling 58 (SX58) line was produced before 2016. A 2020 SUNY-ESF Masters thesis shows that Darling 58 is the transgenic event that produces the highest amount of OxO.[7]

In January 2020, the researchers submitted a deregulation petition for the Darling 58 variant, with a public comment period ending October 19, 2020.[14][15]

In November 2022, the USDA began another public comment period for Darling 58's approval.[16]

In 2022, SUNY-ESF scientists reported that a different promoter, win3.12 from the eastern cottonwood, allows the expression levels of OxO to remain low in basal conditions, but increase under wound or infection. This modification is expected to be more metabolically efficient compared to the "always-on" CAMV promoter and thereby have greater transgene stability over successive generations compared with the Darling 58 variant. In laboratory bioassays, win3.12-OxO lines showed elevated disease tolerance similar to that exhibited by blight-resistant Chinese chestnut.[17]

In December 2023, TACF announced that they were discontinuing development of the Darling 58 due to poor performance results.[18] The SUNY ESF is continuing to seek federal approval to distribute seeds to the public without the support of TACF.[19]

Darling 54[edit]

In December 2023, it was announced that there had been a mishap and any material known as "Darling 58" was actually "Darling 54".[1][19] Darling 54 is a transgenic American chestnut tree also modified with the 35S:OxO construct. The difference between D58 and D54 is that D54 has the 35S:OxO construct inserted into a coding sequence within its genome. D58 was thought to have the 35S:OxO construct inserted into a non-coding region of the genome. An insertion in a coding sequence, or gene, could disrupt or alter gene expression and therefore protein function. The 35S:OxO construct is located within the Sal1 gene of the D54 genome.[20] Sal1 is linked to drought stress and oxidative stress responses in other species.[21][22]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Darling 58". The American Chestnut Foundation. August 25, 2023.
  2. ^ "SUNY-ESF researchers review petition to advance Chestnut tree restoration". The Daily Orange. October 27, 2020.
  3. ^ Popkin, Gabriel (April 30, 2020). "Can Genetic Engineering Bring Back the American Chestnut?". The New York Times.
  4. ^ a b "Scientists Hope Genetic Engineering Can Revive the American Chestnut Tree". www.usnews.com. Reuters. April 22, 2021.
  5. ^ Melton, Lisa (April 1, 2021). "GM chestnut, Sierra Club darling". Nature Biotechnology. 39 (4): 400. doi:10.1038/s41587-021-00903-w. PMID 33846656. S2CID 233221423 – via www.nature.com.
  6. ^ Ronsheim, Margaret L. (Feb 2022). "Invasive species". AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Education. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.350480.
  7. ^ a b Matthews, Dakota (May 2020). Oxalate Oxidase Quantification and Relative mRNA Expression in Transgenic American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) (MSc thesis). Syracuse, New York: SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  8. ^ a b Newhouse, Andrew E.; Polin-McGuigan, Linda D.; Baier, Kathleen A.; Valletta, Kristia E.R.; Rottmann, William H.; Tschaplinski, Timothy J.; Maynard, Charles A.; Powell, William A. (November 2014). "Transgenic American chestnuts show enhanced blight resistance and transmit the trait to T1 progeny". Plant Science. 228: 88–97. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.004. PMID 25438789. S2CID 207388855.
  9. ^ Newhouse, Andrew E.; Allwine, Anastasia E.; Oakes, Allison D.; Matthews, Dakota F.; McArt, Scott H.; Powell, William A. (10 June 2021). "Bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) survival, pollen usage, and reproduction are not affected by oxalate oxidase at realistic concentrations in American chestnut (Castanea dentata) pollen". Transgenic Research. 30 (6): 751–764. doi:10.1007/s11248-021-00263-w. PMC 8580921. PMID 34110572.
  10. ^ Onwumelu, Anuli; Powell, William A.; Newhouse, Andrew E.; Evans, Garrett; Hilles, Gwen; Matthews, Dakota F.; Coffey, Vernon; Drake, John E. (March 2023). "Oxalate oxidase transgene expression in American chestnut leaves has little effect on photosynthetic or respiratory physiology". New Forests. 54 (2): 233–254. doi:10.1007/s11056-022-09909-x.
  11. ^ Zhang, Bo; Oakes, Allison D.; Newhouse, Andrew E.; Baier, Kathleen M.; Maynard, Charles A.; Powell, William A. (31 March 2013). "A threshold level of oxalate oxidase transgene expression reduces Cryphonectria parasitica-induced necrosis in a transgenic American chestnut (Castanea dentata) leaf bioassay". Transgenic Research. 22 (5): 973–982. doi:10.1007/s11248-013-9708-5. PMC 3781299. PMID 23543108.
  12. ^ Jabr, Ferris. "A New Generation of American Chestnut Trees May Redefine America's Forests". Scientific American 310.3 (March 1, 2014). Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  13. ^ "Blight-resistant American chestnut trees take root at SUNY-ESF". www.phys.org, November 6, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  14. ^ "Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status for Blight-Resistant Darling 58 American Chestnut". https://www.aphis.usda.gov, Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  15. ^ "State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status for Blight-Resistant Darling 58 American Chestnut". https://www.federalregister.gov, August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  16. ^ "USDA Seeks Public Input on Draft Environmental Documents for Deregulation of American Chestnut Developed Using Genetic Engineering". November 2022.
  17. ^ Carlson, Erik; Stewart, Kristen; Baier, Kathleen; McGuigan, Linda; Culpepper, Tobi; Powell, William (March 2022). "Pathogen-induced expression of a blight tolerance transgene in American chestnut". Molecular Plant Pathology. 23 (3): 370–382. doi:10.1111/mpp.13165. PMC 8828690. PMID 34841616.
  18. ^ Brindley, Hal (December 8, 2023). "Press Release: TACF Discontinues Development of Darling 58". The American Chestnut Foundation. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
  19. ^ a b Grandoni, Dino (December 24, 2023). "Genetic engineering was meant to save chestnut trees. Then there was a mistake". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  20. ^ "ESF Darling Science Update - Dec. 15, 2023". www.esf.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  21. ^ Chan, Kai Xun; Mabbitt, Peter D.; Phua, Su Yin; Mueller, Jonathan W.; Nisar, Nazia; Gigolashvili, Tamara; Stroeher, Elke; Grassl, Julia; Arlt, Wiebke; Estavillo, Gonzalo M.; Jackson, Colin J.; Pogson, Barry J. (2016-08-02). "Sensing and signaling of oxidative stress in chloroplasts by inactivation of the SAL1 phosphoadenosine phosphatase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (31): E4567-76. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E4567C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604936113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4978270. PMID 27432987.
  22. ^ Wilson, Pip B.; Estavillo, Gonzalo M.; Field, Katie J.; Pornsiriwong, Wannarat; Carroll, Adam J.; Howell, Katharine A.; Woo, Nick S.; Lake, Janice A.; Smith, Steven M.; Harvey Millar, A.; Von Caemmerer, Susanne; Pogson, Barry J. (April 2009). "The nucleotidase/phosphatase SAL1 is a negative regulator of drought tolerance in Arabidopsis". The Plant Journal. 58 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03780.x. hdl:1885/51218. ISSN 0960-7412. PMID 19170934.

Further reading[edit]

The USDA Should Let People Plant Blight-Resistant American Chestnut Trees


source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_58

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