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Bigbury Camp (formerly Bigberry Camp) is a univallate hill fort in the parish of Harbledown and Rough Common in Kent in England.[1] The fort is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, with a list entry identification number of 1005169.[2] Bigbury Camp is the only confirmed Iron Age hill fort in east Kent.[3] It is managed by Kent Wildlife Trust.[4]
Bigbury Camp was occupied from about 350 BC and may have been stormed by Roman soldiers of the Legio VII Claudia under the command of Julius Caesar.
Location
[edit]Bigbury Camp is located on a hill 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) west of Canterbury and is situated on a minor road between the A2 and A28 roads, southwest of Harbledown. The site is crossed east-west by the North Downs Way long distance footpath and by the Pilgrims' Way, which follow the same course at this point.[5]
Physical characteristics
[edit]The fort covers an area of 10.7 hectares (26 acres),[1] including a northern annex covering 3.2 hectares (7.9 acres) that may have been a cattle enclosure. The fort has a single 4.8-metre (16 ft) wide defensive ditch with a raised bank on the inner side and a lower counterscarp bank. The ramparts form an irregular shape following the contour of the hill at an altitude of 60 metres (200 ft) above mean sea level.[5] Excavations in the early 1960s revealed the presence of large post-holes in the bottom of the defensive ditch, which have been interpreted as evidence of a strong pallisade running along the ditch bottom.[1]
The fort had two entrances, one on the east side and one on the west. The east entrance is now passed by a modern road; it was defended with a staggered fortification consisting of two ditches and a bank.[5]
Finds
[edit]Bigbury Camp has been the focus of a significant amount of archaeological study.[3] Digging at Bigbury has unearthed a number of iron artefacts including agricultural tools and kitchen utensils.[5] In 1861, gravel diggers unearthed a quantity of corroded ironwork consisting of the remains of rods, rings and hooks together with triangular bricks arranged in a circle that displayed evidence of burning.
At the time this was interpreted as a Roman-style hearth that had consisted of three iron legs supporting hooks and rings from which would have been suspended a cauldron. The total height of the apparatus would have been approximately 1.5 metres (5 ft). A flint arrowhead was found nearby. The gravel diggers also found a large iron knife measuring 27 centimetres (10.5 in), including the tang. Parts of a horse's bridle were also recovered, including a snaffle bit with 8.3-centimetre (3.25 in) wide bridle rings.[6]
A notable find at Bigbury was a slave chain with its lock, associated with the pre-Roman slave trade between Britain and Gaul. Parts of an iron wheel rim were found, together with early Iron Age pottery. Taken together, the finds indicate the presence of a prosperous agricultural community at Bigbury during the Iron Age. Late Iron Age finds include good quality wheel-turned Aylesford-Swarling pottery.[5] In spite of extensive investigation, no Iron Age coins have been recovered from Bigbury Camp; this has led investigator W. Rodwell to conclude that it was not significant as a permanent settlement.[3] Artefacts recovered from Bigbury Camp are on display at museums in Canterbury and Maidstone.[5]
History
[edit]The site had experienced a long period of occupation during the Iron Age before the arrival of the Romans.[5] The hill fort appears to have been first occupied around 350 BC, although the ditch-and-rampart defences were not built until the 2nd century BC.[3] It is likely that Bigbury Camp was the British fortress that was attacked by the Roman Seventh Legion in 54 BC.[5]
Julius Caesar described how the entrances to the fort were barricaded with felled trees.[7] The site was abandoned around this time, perhaps as a result of Caesar's attack,[3] and the focus of settlement was transferred eastwards to Canterbury, which appears to have been deliberately founded to replace it.[8]
Modern history
[edit]Preliminary archaeological excavations took place in 1933, during which two large trenches were cut across the north side of the main rampart.[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c Historic England 2007.
- ^ Historic England.
- ^ a b c d e Holman 2005, p. 24.
- ^ "Bigbury Camp". Kent Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dyer 2001, p. 117.
- ^ Gould 1862, pp. 272–273.
- ^ Dyer 1981, 1992, p. 25.
- ^ Holman 2005, p. 29.
- ^ Jessup 1934, p. 295.
References
[edit]- Dyer, James (1992) [1981]. Hillforts of England and Wales. Shire Archaeology. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0180-0. OCLC 30029478.
- Dyer, James (2001). Discovering Prehistoric England: A gazetteer of prehistoric sites. Discovering. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0507-5. OCLC 51109530.
- Historic England. "Bigberry camp (1005169)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- Historic England (2007). "Bigbury Camp (464710)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- Gould, Nathaniel (1862). The Journal of the British Archaeological Association. London, UK: British Archaeological Association. OCLC 220833991.
- Holman, David (2005). "Iron Age Coinage and Settlement in East Kent". Britannia. 36. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 1–54. doi:10.3815/000000005784016892. ISSN 0068-113X. JSTOR 30030479. OCLC 4669501400.
- Jessup, R. F. (July 1934). "Trial Excavations at Bigberry Camp, Harbledown, Kent". The Antiquaries Journal. 14 (3): 295–297. doi:10.1017/S000358150003821X. ISSN 0003-5815. OCLC 4814493515.
Further reading
[edit]- Jessup, R. F. (April 1938). "Objects from Bigberry Camp, Harbledown, Kent". The Antiquaries Journal. 18 (2): 174–176. doi:10.1017/S0003581500094488. ISSN 0003-5815. OCLC 4814496672.
- Thompson, F. H. (September 1983). "Excavations at Bigberry, near Canterbury 1978–80". The Antiquaries Journal. 63 (2): 237–278. doi:10.1017/S0003581500066518.