The White House travel office controversy, often referred to as Travelgate,^[1] was the first major scandal of the Clinton administration. It began in May 1993, when seven longtime employees of the White House Travel Office were fired, after a brief involvement by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The White House said the action was due to financial improprieties in the office operation. Critics said the actions were done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and that the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted. Heavy media attention forced the White House to reinstate most of the employees in other jobs and remove the Clinton associates from the travel role.

Investigations by the FBI and the Justice Department, the White House itself, the General Accounting Office, the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, and the Whitewater Independent Counsel all took place over the subsequent years. Travel Office Director Billy Dale was charged with embezzlement but found not guilty at trial in 1995. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton gradually came under scrutiny for allegedly having played a central role in the firings and making false statements about her role in it.

In 1998 Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr exonerated President Bill Clinton of any involvement in the matter. In 2000 Independent Counsel Robert Ray issued his final report on Travelgate, stating that Hillary Clinton had made factually false statements but saying there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her.

Initial White House actions

The White House Travel Office dates back to the Andrew Jackson administration and serves to handle travel arrangements for the White House press corps, with costs billed to the participating news organizations.^[2] By the time of the start of the Clinton administration, it was quartered in the Old Executive Office Building, had seven employees, and a yearly budget of $7 million.^[2] Staffers serve at the pleasure of the president;^[3][4] however, in practice, the staffers were career employees who in some cases had worked in the Travel Office since the 1960s and 1970s through both Democratic and Republican administrations.^[5] Travel Office Director Billy Ray Dale had been in that position since 1982,^[2] serving through most of the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, and had started in the Travel Office in 1961.^[5] To handle the frequent last-minute arrangements and other specialized requirements of the press, Dale did not conduct competitive bidding for travel services,^[6] but relied upon a charter company called Airline of the Americas.^[2]

According to the White House, in early 1993 the incoming Clinton administration looked at an audit by KPMG Peat Marwick which discovered that Dale kept an off-book ledger, had $18,000 of unaccounted-for checks, and generally chaotic office records.^[7] White House Chief of Staff Mack McLarty and the White House counsels thus decided to fire the Travel Office staff and reorganize it.^[7] The actual terminations were done on May 19, 1993 by White House director of administration David Watkins.^[2] There was also a feeling among the White House and its supporters that the Travel Office had never been investigated by the media due to its close relationship with press corps members^[6][8] and the plush accommodations it afforded them.^[9] (Congress would later discover that in October 1988 a whistleblower within the Travel Office had alleged financial improprieties; the Reagan White House counsel looked into it but took no action.^[8][10])

Republicans and other critics saw the events differently. They alleged that friends of President Bill Clinton, including his third cousin^[2] Catherine Cornelius, had sought the firings in order to get the business for themselves.^[4] Dale and his staff had been replaced with Little Rock, Arkansas-based World Wide Travel, a company with a substantial reputation in the industry^[6] but with several ties to the Clintons.^[2] In addition, Hollywood producer and Inauguration chairman Harry Thomason, a friend of both Clintons, and his business partner, Darnell Martens, were looking to get their air charter company, TRM, the White House business in place of Airline of the Americas.^[9][2]

Attention initially focused on the role of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, since on May 12, 1993, a week before the firings, associate White House counsel William Kennedy had requested that the FBI look into possible improprieties in the Travel Office operation.^[11] FBI agents went there and, although initially reluctant,^[2] authorized a preliminary investigation.^[11] Deputy White House Counsel Vince Foster became worried about the firings about to take place and ordered the KPMG Peat Marwick review.^[2] When that came back with its reports of irregularities, Watkins went ahead with the terminations on May 19.^[2]

Investigations

The travel office affair became the first major ethics controversy of the Clinton administration.^[12] Criticism from political opponents and especially the news media became intense;^[9] the White House was later described as having been "paralyzed for a week".^[13] Within three days of the firings, World Wide Travel voluntarily withdrew from the White House travel operation and were replaced on a temporary basis by American Express Travel Services.^[14] (Later, after a competitive bid, American Express received the permanent role to book press charters.^[2])

Various investigations took place. The role of these White House staff in pressuring the FBI to launch an investigation had been heavily criticized; on May 28, 1993 the FBI issued a report saying it had done nothing wrong in its contacts with the White House.^[5] (This conclusion was reiterated by a March 1994 report by the Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility.^[5])

On July 3, 1993, the White House issued its own "strikingly self-critical" 80-page report on the firings.^[15] Co-written by McLarty, it criticized five White House officials, included McLarty himself, Watkins, Kennedy, Cornelius, and another, for dismissing the Travel Office members improperly, for appearing to pressure the FBI into its involvement, and for allowed Clintons friends to become involved in a matter they had a business stake in.^[15] However the White House said no illegal actions had occurred, and no officials would be terminated; this did not satisfy Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, who called for an independent investigation.^[15] As Chief of Staff McLarty personally apologized to the fired Travel Office employees — some of whom had all their personal documents and travel photographs related to years of service thrown out during the firing process^[10] — and said they would be given other jobs^[15] (which five of them were;^[16] Dale and his assistant director retired.^[2]) The White House report also contained the initial indications of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton's involvement in the firings, saying that she had taken an interest in Travel Office mismanagement and had been informed two days in advance that the firings would take place.^[15] There was no indication of involvement from President Clinton himself, although he had earlier taken broad public responsibility for what had happened.^[15]

The travel office controversy was later judged to have been a factor in Vince Foster's depression and July 20, 1993 suicide;^[2] in his torn-up suicide note, he wrote "No one in The White House, to my knowledge, violated any law or standard of conduct, including any action in the travel office. There was no intent to benefit any individual or specific group. [...] The press is covering up the illegal benefits they received from the travel staff". Special prosecutor Robert B. Fiske tangentially investigated travel office events during the first half of 1994, as part of investigating the circumstances surrounding Foster's death.^[5]

In July 1993, Congress had requested the non-partisan General Accounting Office investigate the firings; on May 2, 1994 the GAO concluded that the White House did have legal authority to terminate the Travel Office employees without cause, because they served at the pleasure of the president.^[5] However it concluded that Cornelius, Thomason, and Martens, who all had potential business interests involved, had possibly influenced the decision.^[5] Moreover, the GAO report indicated that First Lady Hillary Clinton played a larger role than previously thought before the firings, with Watkins saying she had urged "that action be taken to get 'our people' into the travel office."^[13] The First Lady, who had given a written statement to the inquiry, said she did "not recall this conversation with the same level of detail as Mr. Watkins."^[13]

In August 1994, Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr took over from Fiske in investigating Whitewater, Foster, and indirectly the travel office matter.^[5] On July 22, 1995, Hillary Clinton gave a deposition under oath to the Independent Counsel that touched on travel office questions;^[17] she denied having had a role in the firings, but was unable to recall many specifics of conversations with Foster and Watkins.^[17]

In late 1994, following the 1994 Congressional elections which switched Congress from Democratic to Republican control, the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, chaired by Pennsylvania Republican William Clinger, launched an investigation into the White House Travel Office firings.^[5] In October 1995, the committee began hearings on the matter;^[5] Clinger soon accused the White House of withholding pertinent documents^[18] and sought subpoenas to compel witnesses to appear.^[19]

Not all investigations were by governmental bodies. Clinton-hating magazine The American Spectator latched onto Travelgate, as it would other Clinton scandals real and imagined, trumpeting it as "a story about influence-peddling and sleazy deal-making...in the Clinton White House";^[20] publisher R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. would claim that the magazine's early Travelgate stories provided useful material to the congressional investigations.^[21] In general, the likes of Travelgate allowed opinion magazines and political debate television shows to attract subscribers and viewers.^[20]

Prosecution and acquittal of Billy Dale

Meanwhile, former Travel Office Director Billy Dale was indicted by a federal grand jury on December 7, 1994 on two counts of embezzlement and criminal conversion, charged with during the period between 1988 and 1991^[2] wrongfully depositing into his own bank account $68,000 in checks from media organizations traveling with the president.^[22] He faced up to 20 years in prison if convicted.^[23] Dale's attorneys conceded that funds had been co-mingled, but stated that Dale had not stolen anything but rather used the monies for the substantial tips and off-the-book payments that the job required, especially in foreign countries, and that anything left over was used as a discount against future trips.^[2]

At the 13-day trial in October and November 1995,^[24] prominent journalists such as ABC News' Sam Donaldson and The Los Angeles Times' Jack Nelson testified as character witnesses on Dale's behalf.^[6] The jury deliberated less than two hours^[24] before acquitting him of both charges on November 16, 1995.^[5]

New charges regarding Hillary Clinton

On January 5, 1996, a new development thrust the matter again to the forefront. A two year-old memo from White House director of administration David Watkins surfaced that identified First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton as the motivating force behind the firings, with the additional involvement of Vince Foster and Harry Thomason.^[25] "Foster regularly informed me that the First Lady was concerned and desired action. The action desired was the firing of the Travel Office staff."^[26] Written in fall 1993, apparently intended for McLarty, the Watkins memo also said "we both know that there would be hell to pay" if "we failed to take swift and decisive action in conformity with the First Lady's wishes."^[25] This memo contradicted the First Lady's previous statements in the GAO investigation, that she had played no role in the firings and had not consulted with Thomason beforehand; the White House also found it difficult to explain why the memo was so late in surfacing when all the previous investigations had requested all relevant materials.^[26] House committee chair Clinger charged a cover-up was taking place and vowed to pursue new material.^[25]

These developments, following Hillary Clinton's prior disputed statements about her cattle futures dealings and Whitewater, led to a famous exchange in which high-profile New York Times columnist William Safire wrote that many Americans were coming to the "sad realization that our First Lady—a woman of undoubted talents who was a role model for many in her generation—is a congenital liar," followed by White House Press Secretary Mike McCurry saying that "the President, if he were not the President, would have delivered a more forceful response to that—on the bridge of Mr. Safire's nose."^[27][28]

As a result of the discovery of the Watkins memo, and based upon a suggestion from the Office of Independent Counsel, on March 20, 1996 Attorney General Janet Reno requested that Whitewater Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr expand his inquiry to specifically include the Travel Office affair, in particular allegations that White House employees had lied about Hillary Clinton's role in the firings,^[6] and that David Watkins or Hillary Clinton had made false statements in previous testimony to the GAO, Congress, or the Independent Counsel.^[29]

The Congressional investigation continued; on March 21, 1996, Hillary Clinton submitted a deposition under oath to the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, again acknowledging concern about irregularities in the travel office but denying a direct role in the firings and expressing a lack of recollection to a number of questions.^[17]

A battle of wills took place between the legislative and executive branches. On May 9, 1996, President Clinton refused to turn over additional documents related to the matter, claiming executive privilege.^[30] House committee chair Clinger threatened a contempt of Congress resolution against the president, and the White House partially backed down on May 30, surrendering 1,000 of the 3,000 documents the committee asked for.^[31]

Meanwhile, the seven dismissed employees were back in the picture. In March 1996 the House voted 350-43 to reimburse them for all of their legal expenses;^[32] In September 1996, Democratic Senator Harry Reid led an unsuccessful attempt to block this measure.^[33] In May 1996, the seven filed a $35 million lawsuit against Harry Thomason and Darnell Martens, alleging unlawful interference with their employment and emotional distress.^[34]

On June 5, 1996, Clinger announced that the committee's investigations had discovered that the White House had requested access to Billy Dale's FBI background check report seven months after the terminations, in what Clinger said was an improper effort to justify the firings.^[35] It was rapidly discovered that the White House had additionally gotten improper access to hundreds of other FBI background reports, many on former White House employees in Republican administrations; thus was born the Filegate controversy.

The Senator Al D'Amato-chaired Senate Special Whitewater Committee, which had begun the previous year, issued its findings in a majority report on June 18, 1996;^[36] it did not investigate Travelgate directly, but did say that "[Hillary] Clinton, upon learning of [Vince] Foster's death, at least realized its connection to [the] Travelgate scandal, and perhaps to the Whitewater matter, and dispatched her trusted lieutenants to contain any potential embarrassment or political damage." ^[37] Minority Democratic members of the Committee derided these findings as "a legislative travesty," "a witch hunt," and "a political game."^[36]

The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued its majority report on September 18, 1996, in which it accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed the committee's efforts to investigate the Travelgate scandal.^[3] It portrayed Bill Clinton as being heavily involved in the Travel Office affair,^[3] more than any other investigation. The report's chapter titles themselves were lurid: "The White House Stonewalled All Investigations into the White House Travel Office Firings and Related Matters", "The White House Initiated a Full-Scale Campaign of Misinformation in the Aftermath of the Travel Office Firings and President Clinton Led the Misinformation Campaign from the First Days of the Travelgate Debacle", "Foster's Death Shattered a White House Just Recovering from an Abysmal First 6 Months of Administration", and so forth.^[38] Democratic members of the Committee walked out in protest over the report, with ranking member Henry Waxman calling it "an embarrassment to you [Chairman Clinger], this committee and this Congress" and "a crassly partisan smear campaign against President Clinton, Mrs. Clinton and this administration."^[3] The following month Clinger forwarded the report, along with one on Filegate, to the Independent Counsel, suggesting that the testimony of several witnesses be looked for possible perjury or obstruction of justice.^[6] Democrats said all this was politically motivated in an attempt to influence the 1996 presidential election^[6] (in which Clinton was re-elected by a solid margin).

Independent Counsel findings

Almost two years passed. Independent Counsel Starr continued his investigation. Starr wanted access to notes that Vince Foster's attorney took in a conversation with Foster about the Travel Office affair shortly before Foster's suicide, but on June 25, 1998, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 against Starr in Swidler & Berlin v. United States, stating that attorney-client privilege extends beyond the grave.^[39] In September 1998 Independent Counsel Starr released the famous Starr Report, concerning offenses that may have been committed by President Clinton as part of the Lewinsky scandal. It did not mention Travelgate.^[6]

On November 19, 1998, Starr testified before the House Judiciary Committee in connection with the Impeachment of Bill Clinton over charges related to the Lewinsky scandal. Here, for the first time, Starr exonerated President Clinton of complicity in the Travel Office matter, saying that while investigations were not complete, "the president was not involved in our ... investigation."^[40] (Starr also chose this occasion to clear President Clinton in the Filegate matter, and to say he had not committed impeachable wrongdoing in the Whitewater matter; Democrats on the committee immediately criticized Starr for withholding all these findings until after the 1998 Congressional elections.^[41])

Starr explicitly did not exonerate Hillary Clinton, however; her case remain unsettled. More time passed. By 2000, she was a candidate for United States Senator from New York, and Starr had been replaced as Independent Counsel by prosecutor Robert Ray, who once worked for Rudy Giuliani, Clinton's then-opponent in the Senate race.^[42] Regardless, Ray vowed his investigation would have "no untoward effect on the political process."^[42]

On June 23, 2000, the suspense ended, when Ray submitted the final Independent Counsel report on the Travel Office affair under seal to the judicial panel in charge of the investigation, and publicly announced that he would seek no criminal charges against Hillary Clinton.^[43] However, Ray said that she had, contrary to her statements, "ultimately influenced" the decision to fire the employees.^[43] However, "the evidence was insufficient to prove to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt that any of Mrs. Clinton's statements and testimony regarding her involvement in the travel office firings were knowingly false," and thus prosecution was declined.^[43] White House press secretary Joe Lockhart was critical of Ray's statement: "By inappropriately characterizing the results of a legally sealed report through innuendo, the Office of Independent Counsel has further politicized an investigation that has dragged on far too long."^[43]

Ray's full 243-page report^[44] was unsealed and made public on October 18, 2000, three weeks before the Senatorial election. It confirmed that neither Hillary Clinton nor David Watkins would be indicted.^[44] It included some new detail, including an somewhat unsubstantiated claim from a friend of Watkins saying that the First Lady had told Watkins to "fire the sons of bitches."^[45] Ray cited eight separate conversations between the First Lady and senior staff and concluded: "Mrs. Clinton’s input into the process was significant, if not the significant factor influencing the pace of events in the Travel Office firings and the ultimate decision to fire the employees." Moreover, Ray determined Hillary Clinton had given "factually false" testimony^[46] when questioned by the GAO, the Independent Counsel, and Congress^[44] about the travel office firings, but reiterated that "the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt" that she knew her statements were false or understood that they may have prompted the firings.^[46]

Immediate reactions to the report differed. David Kendall, Hillary Clinton's lawyer, said that Ray's words were "highly unfair and misleading"^[46] and that Ray's conclusions were inconsistent, that evidence regarding her innocence had been buried in the document, and that the report confirmed that her fears about financial improprieties in the Travel Office were warranted.^[47] On the other hand, in a FoxNews broadcast, George Washington University professor Jonathan Turley said, “It essentially says that she satisfies all of the components of an indictment and is ultimately safe from trial simply by the discretion of the prosecutor. That’s pretty damning.”^[48] New York Times columnist Safire updated his description of Hillary Clinton to "habitual prevaricator", saying "the evidence that she has been lying all along is damning" and comparing her dark side to that of Richard Nixon, in whose White House he had once worked.^[49]

Regardless, after 7½ years, Travelgate was finally over.

Legacy

Opinions would differ over the legacy of the affair. Some agreed with Safire, who had said that Hillary Clinton was "a vindictive power player who used the FBI to ruin the lives of people standing in the way of juicy patronage."^[8] Commentator Barbara Olsen would entitle her highly unflattering 1999 book Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton in reference to Clinton's Travelgate phrase. However, the various investigations and conclusions had little effect on Hillary Clinton's career, as she won the 2000 election to the Senate, won re-election in 2006, and became a presidential candidate for 2008.

Bill Clinton later described the allegations and investigation as "a fraud",^[50] while in her 2003 autobiography Hillary Clinton gave short shrift to the matter, never mentioning Billy Dale by name and saying that "'Travelgate' ... was perhaps worthy of a two- or three-week life span; instead, in a partisan political climate, it became the first manifestation of an obsession for investigation that persisted into the next millennium."^[7]

References

External links

• White House - Travel Office Operations - GAO Report GAO/GGD-94-132. May 2, 1994.
• House Report 104-849 - INVESTIGATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE TRAVEL OFFICE FIRINGS AND RELATED MATTERS Filed September 26, 1996.
• Ray, Robert (2000-06-22). "Final Report of the Independent Counsel of Matters Related to the White House Travel office". Department of Justice, Independent Counsel. Retrieved 2007-03-28.