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'''Tribute mining''' is an arrangement by which a person, partnership or company works a mine or part of a mine, under a '''tribute agreement''' with the titleholder of that mine, and either pays to or receives from the titleholder a proportion of the production of the mine or of the value of the production. Miners working in this way are known as '''tribute miners''' or '''tributers''', and the mine is said to be worked 'on tribute'. The arrangement differs from conventional contracting and employment, both in its nature and its origins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Leslie |first=W. D. |last2=Holland |first2=A. J. Holland |title=Tribute Agreements |url=https://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUMPLawB/1982/3.pdf |journal=AMPLA Bulletin |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=10, 11 |via=austlii.edu.au}}</ref> |
'''Tribute mining''' is an arrangement by which a person, partnership or company works a mine or part of a mine, under a '''tribute agreement''' with the titleholder of that mine, and either pays to or receives from the titleholder a proportion of the production of the mine or of the value of the production. Miners working in this way are known as '''tribute miners''' or '''tributers''', and the mine is said to be worked 'on tribute'. The arrangement differs from conventional contracting and employment, both in its nature and its origins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Leslie |first=W. D. |last2=Holland |first2=A. J. Holland |title=Tribute Agreements |url=https://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUMPLawB/1982/3.pdf |journal=AMPLA Bulletin |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=10, 11 |via=austlii.edu.au}}</ref> |
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A tributer is distinguished, from both an independent contractor and employee, in that the tributer takes over the running of the mine, or an agreed part of it, and is remunerated in a specific manner. The origins of tribute mining lie in the [[Stannary|Stannaries]] of [[Cornwall]] and [[Devon]], and the [[Stannary law|Stannary laws]].<ref name=":0" /> |
A tributer is distinguished, from both an independent contractor and employee, in that the tributer takes over the running of the mine, or an agreed part of it, and is remunerated in a specific manner. The origins of tribute mining lie in the [[Stannary|Stannaries]] of [[Cornwall]] and [[Devon]], and the [[Stannary law|Stannary laws]].<ref name=":0" /> [[John Taylor (mining engineer)|John Taylor (1779-1863)]], a [[Mining engineering|mining engineer]], left a detailed description of how tribute mining was practiced, in the tin and copper mines of Cornwall and Devon during the 19th Century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Transactions of the Geological Society, 1st series, vol. 2/On the Economy of the Mines of Cornwall and Devon - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Geological_Society,_1st_series,_vol._2/On_the_Economy_of_the_Mines_of_Cornwall_and_Devon |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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The practice of tribute mining spread to other countries. In English-speaking [[Settler colonialism|settler colonial]] societies, the spread of the practice was enhanced by the widespread emigration of [[Cornish diaspora|Cornish]] miners and mine managers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1850-12-21 |title=CORNISH SETTLEMENT. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12923517 |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1909-07-10 |title=MINING ON TRIBUTE |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article109111768 |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=[[Kadina and Wallaroo Times]] |pages=4}}</ref> Cornish influence also led to tribute mining spreading to mines in other countries, including to the [[Alten Copper Mines]], in Arctic Norway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alten Mines of Norway - The Cornish in the Arctic |url=https://www.cousinjacksworld.com/destinations/cornish-alten/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cousin Jacks World |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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Advantages of tribute mining are that it is a form of [[profit sharing]], encouraging [[productivity]], and that the rights and obligations of the parties are subject to a specific written agreement that is enforceable. A potential disadvantage is that the tribute miners share the risk of the mining venture, such as downside variability of [[ore grade]] and the actual hours of work and other costs incurred during mining. A tributer needed skills, other than purely mining skills, to assess the likely value of production in the ground to be worked, under the tribute agreement, and to strike an appropriate deal on the share of production that is appropriate to the costs and effort of the mining work. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1862-07-15 |title=THE TRIBUTE SYSTEM. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article265388321 |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=Tarrangower Times and Maldon District Advertiser |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1909-05-17 |title=LABOR IN CORNISH MINES. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45071303 |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=[[Barrier Miner]] |pages=2}}</ref> Tributers may or may not have had to fund, in part or in full, processing of the ore, mining tools, mine timber, explosives, drills, candles and other consumables necessary for mining, or the tribute agreement may make such items the responsibility of the titleholder of the mine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1910-01-08 |title=LABOUR NEWS. NEW TRIBUTE AGREEMENT. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10826008 |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=[[Argus (Melbourne)]] |pages=23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1894-02-17 |title=Mining on Tribute. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20713653 |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=[[The Queenslander]] |pages=304}}</ref> Mining [[Trade union|trade unions]] generally opposed tribute mining, preferring payments to miners to be in the form of [[Hourly wage|hourly wages]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1904-04-23 |title=TRIBUTE MINING. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71035553 |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=Worker |pages=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Story: McLagan, Angus |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4m23/mclagan-angus |website=Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In Australia, tribute agreements fall within the jurisdiction of [[Warden's court|Warden's courts]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=1937-09-15 |title=Were Tributers Out Of Bounds? |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83304294 |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=Daily News |pages=5}}</ref> which date from the period of the [[Australian gold rushes]]. The arrangement commonly arose when the |
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⚫ | In Australia, tribute agreements fall within the jurisdiction of [[Warden's court|Warden's courts]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=1937-09-15 |title=Were Tributers Out Of Bounds? |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83304294 |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=Daily News |pages=5}}</ref> which date from the period of the [[Australian gold rushes]]. Tribute agreements were defined and regulated under mining legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of Western Australia |date=31 December 1920 |title=No. 50 of 1920. An ACT to amend the Mining Act, 1904. |url=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_13294.pdf/$FILE/Mining%20Act%20Amendment%20Act%201920%20-%20%5B00-00-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement |website=legislation.wa.gov.au}}</ref> The arrangement commonly arose when the titleholder (in Australia, almost always a lessee) of a mine ceased working the mine, but agreed to let another party work the mine, usually on a smaller scale than previously.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bertola |first=Patrick |date=1993 |title=Tributers and Gold Mining in Boulder,1918-1934 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27509197 |journal=Labour History |issue=65 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.2307/27509197 |issn=0023-6942}}</ref> Usually, tribute miners would be former employees of a hitherto closed or partially-closed mine, with some existing knowledge of its ore body and its likely extent and [[strike and dip]]. However, sometimes specific areas of a working mine were given over to particular miners, who had been selected by management, to work on tribute in a mutually-beneficial arrangement. Tribute mining may be applied to any kind of mine but, in Australia, is especially pertinent to [[Underground hard-rock mining|hard-rock mining]], particularly [[gold mining|gold mines]] but also mines for non-ferrous metallic minerals such as copper,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-16 |title=Moonta Mines History {{!}} Discover Moonta |url=https://discovermoonta.com.au/moonta-mines-history/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> tin,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1913-05-24 |title=ARDLETHAN TINFIELDS. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240050532 |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)]] |pages=15}}</ref> and silver-lead-zinc ores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1924-03-22 |title=MINING |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article217621557 |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=[[Daily Mail (Brisbane)]] |pages=12}}</ref> In [[Western Australia]], tributers had an industry organisation to represent their interests, the Prospectors and Tributers Association.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1920-08-17 |title=PROSPECTORS AND TRIBUTERS |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34198896 |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=[[Western Argus]] |pages=1}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In [[Zimbabwe]], tribute agreements became a mechanism for involving local [[Artisanal Miner|artisanal miners]] in the production of [[chromite]] from mines owned by transnational companies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mujere |first=Joseph |date=2023-04-01 |title=Chromite Mining Cooperatives, Tribute Mining Contracts, and Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe, 1985–2021 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/5246?lang=de |journal=International Development Policy {{!}} Revue internationale de politique de développement |language=en |issue=15 |doi=10.4000/poldev.5246 |issn=1663-9375}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In [[Zimbabwe]], tribute agreements became a mechanism for involving local [[Artisanal Miner|artisanal miners]] in the production of [[chromite]] from mines owned by transnational companies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mujere |first=Joseph |date=2023-04-01 |title=Chromite Mining Cooperatives, Tribute Mining Contracts, and Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe, 1985–2021 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/5246?lang=de |journal=International Development Policy {{!}} Revue internationale de politique de développement |language=en |issue=15 |doi=10.4000/poldev.5246 |issn=1663-9375|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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== External links == |
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* [[wikisource:Transactions_of_the_Geological_Society,_1st_series,_vol._2/On_the_Economy_of_the_Mines_of_Cornwall_and_Devon|On the Economy of the Mines of Cornwall and Devon]] - Transactions of the Geological Society, John Taylor (1779-1863) |
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* [https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_13294.pdf/$FILE/Mining%20Act%20Amendment%20Act%201920%20-%20%5B00-00-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement An example of legislation covering Tribute Agreements (No. 50 of 1920. An ACT to amend the Mining Act, 1904, Western Australia, 31 Dec 1920)] |
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[[Category:Mining]] |
[[Category:Mining]] |
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[[Category:Mining law and governance]] |
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{{uncategorised|date=May 2024}} |
Latest revision as of 04:24, 13 May 2024
Tribute mining is an arrangement by which a person, partnership or company works a mine or part of a mine, under a tribute agreement with the titleholder of that mine, and either pays to or receives from the titleholder a proportion of the production of the mine or of the value of the production. Miners working in this way are known as tribute miners or tributers, and the mine is said to be worked 'on tribute'. The arrangement differs from conventional contracting and employment, both in its nature and its origins.[1]
A tributer is distinguished, from both an independent contractor and employee, in that the tributer takes over the running of the mine, or an agreed part of it, and is remunerated in a specific manner. The origins of tribute mining lie in the Stannaries of Cornwall and Devon, and the Stannary laws.[1] John Taylor (1779-1863), a mining engineer, left a detailed description of how tribute mining was practiced, in the tin and copper mines of Cornwall and Devon during the 19th Century.[2]
The practice of tribute mining spread to other countries. In English-speaking settler colonial societies, the spread of the practice was enhanced by the widespread emigration of Cornish miners and mine managers.[3][4] Cornish influence also led to tribute mining spreading to mines in other countries, including to the Alten Copper Mines, in Arctic Norway.[5]
Advantages of tribute mining are that it is a form of profit sharing, encouraging productivity, and that the rights and obligations of the parties are subject to a specific written agreement that is enforceable. A potential disadvantage is that the tribute miners share the risk of the mining venture, such as downside variability of ore grade and the actual hours of work and other costs incurred during mining. A tributer needed skills, other than purely mining skills, to assess the likely value of production in the ground to be worked, under the tribute agreement, and to strike an appropriate deal on the share of production that is appropriate to the costs and effort of the mining work. [2][6][7][8] Tributers may or may not have had to fund, in part or in full, processing of the ore, mining tools, mine timber, explosives, drills, candles and other consumables necessary for mining, or the tribute agreement may make such items the responsibility of the titleholder of the mine.[9][10] Mining trade unions generally opposed tribute mining, preferring payments to miners to be in the form of hourly wages.[11][12]
In Australia, tribute agreements fall within the jurisdiction of Warden's courts,[13] which date from the period of the Australian gold rushes. Tribute agreements were defined and regulated under mining legislation.[14] The arrangement commonly arose when the titleholder (in Australia, almost always a lessee) of a mine ceased working the mine, but agreed to let another party work the mine, usually on a smaller scale than previously.[15] Usually, tribute miners would be former employees of a hitherto closed or partially-closed mine, with some existing knowledge of its ore body and its likely extent and strike and dip. However, sometimes specific areas of a working mine were given over to particular miners, who had been selected by management, to work on tribute in a mutually-beneficial arrangement. Tribute mining may be applied to any kind of mine but, in Australia, is especially pertinent to hard-rock mining, particularly gold mines but also mines for non-ferrous metallic minerals such as copper,[15][6] tin,[16] and silver-lead-zinc ores.[17] In Western Australia, tributers had an industry organisation to represent their interests, the Prospectors and Tributers Association.[18]
In Zimbabwe, tribute agreements became a mechanism for involving local artisanal miners in the production of chromite from mines owned by transnational companies.[19]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Leslie, W. D.; Holland, A. J. Holland. "Tribute Agreements" (PDF). AMPLA Bulletin. 1 (1): 10, 11 – via austlii.edu.au.
- ^ a b "Transactions of the Geological Society, 1st series, vol. 2/On the Economy of the Mines of Cornwall and Devon - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "CORNISH SETTLEMENT". Sydney Morning Herald. 1850-12-21. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "MINING ON TRIBUTE". Kadina and Wallaroo Times. 1909-07-10. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "Alten Mines of Norway - The Cornish in the Arctic". Cousin Jacks World. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ a b "Moonta Mines History | Discover Moonta". 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "THE TRIBUTE SYSTEM". Tarrangower Times and Maldon District Advertiser. 1862-07-15. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "LABOR IN CORNISH MINES". Barrier Miner. 1909-05-17. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "LABOUR NEWS. NEW TRIBUTE AGREEMENT". Argus (Melbourne). 1910-01-08. p. 23. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "Mining on Tribute". The Queenslander. 1894-02-17. p. 304. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "TRIBUTE MINING". Worker. 1904-04-23. p. 12. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "Story: McLagan, Angus". Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ^ "Were Tributers Out Of Bounds?". Daily News. 1937-09-15. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of Western Australia (31 December 1920). "No. 50 of 1920. An ACT to amend the Mining Act, 1904" (PDF). legislation.wa.gov.au.
- ^ a b Bertola, Patrick (1993). "Tributers and Gold Mining in Boulder,1918-1934". Labour History (65): 54–74. doi:10.2307/27509197. ISSN 0023-6942.
- ^ "ARDLETHAN TINFIELDS". Daily Telegraph (Sydney). 1913-05-24. p. 15. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "MINING". Daily Mail (Brisbane). 1924-03-22. p. 12. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "PROSPECTORS AND TRIBUTERS". Western Argus. 1920-08-17. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
- ^ Mujere, Joseph (2023-04-01). "Chromite Mining Cooperatives, Tribute Mining Contracts, and Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe, 1985–2021". International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement (15). doi:10.4000/poldev.5246. ISSN 1663-9375.
External links
[edit]- On the Economy of the Mines of Cornwall and Devon - Transactions of the Geological Society, John Taylor (1779-1863)
- An example of legislation covering Tribute Agreements (No. 50 of 1920. An ACT to amend the Mining Act, 1904, Western Australia, 31 Dec 1920)