History of the Beatles
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The Quarrymen In Hamburg At the Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania North American releases "More popular than Jesus" In Bangor In India Break-up The Beatles Anthology Timeline

The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 who became one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed bands in the history of popular music.^[1] During their years of international stardom, the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). Although their initial musical style was rooted in 1950s rock and roll and skiffle, the group later worked with different musical genres, ranging from Tin Pan Alley to psychedelic rock. Their clothes, style and statements made them trend-setters, while their growing social awareness saw their influence extend into the social and cultural revolutions of the 1960s.

With an early five-piece line-up of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe (bass) and Pete Best (drums), The Beatles built their reputation in Liverpool and Hamburg clubs over a three-year period from 1960. Sutcliffe left the group in 1961, and Best was replaced by Starr the following year. Moulded into a professional outfit by music store owner Brian Epstein after he offered to act as the group's manager, and with their musical potential enhanced by the hands-on creativity of producer George Martin, The Beatles achieved UK mainstream success in late 1962 with the single "Love Me Do". Gaining worldwide popularity over the course of the next year, they reinforced their success with extensive touring until 1966, then retreated to the recording studio until their breakup in 1970. Each then found success in an independent musical career. McCartney and Starr remain active; Lennon was shot and killed in 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in 2001.

During their studio years, The Beatles produced what critics consider some of their finest material including the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), widely regarded as a masterpiece. In 2003 Rolling Stone magazine selected Sgt. Pepper as the greatest album of all time, with three other Beatles albums also in the top ten. Nearly four decades after their breakup, The Beatles' music continues to be popular, and September 2009 saw the release of a newly remastered discography as well as the video game The Beatles: Rock Band.^[2]

According to the RIAA certifications, The Beatles have sold more albums in the US than any other artist.^[3] They are credited with 6 Diamond albums, as well as 24 Multi-Platinum albums, 39 Platinum albums and 45 Gold albums.^[4][5] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the all-time top-selling Hot 100 artists to celebrate the chart's fiftieth anniversary, with The Beatles at number one.^[6] The Beatles were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most important and influential people.^[7]

History

Note: albums discussed are the band's studio releases. For other releases, including the US albums compiled by Capitol Records, see The Beatles Discography

Formation and early years (1957–1962)

Aged sixteen, singer and guitarist John Lennon formed the skiffle group The Quarrymen with some Liverpool schoolfriends in March 1957.^[8] Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a guitarist after he and Lennon met that July.^[9] When McCartney in turn invited George Harrison to watch the group the following February, the fourteen-year-old joined as lead guitarist.^[10][11] By 1960 Lennon's schoolfriends had left the group, he had begun studies at the Liverpool College of Art and the three guitarists were playing rock and roll whenever they could get a drummer.^[12] Joining on bass in January, Lennon's fellow student Stuart Sutcliffe suggested changing the band name to "The Beetles" as a tribute to Buddy Holly and The Crickets, and they became "The Beatals" for the first few months of the year.^[13][14] After trying other names including "Johnny and the Moondogs", "Long John and The Beetles" and "The Silver Beatles", the band finally became "The Beatles" in August.^[15] The lack of a permanent drummer posed a problem when the group's unofficial manager, Allan Williams, arranged a resident band booking for them in Hamburg, Germany.^[16] Before the end of August they auditioned and hired drummer Pete Best,^[17] and the five-piece band left for Hamburg four days later, contracted to fairground showman Bruno Koschmider for a 48-night residency. "Hamburg in those days did not have rock'n'roll music clubs. It had strip clubs," says biographer Philip Norman.

Bruno had the idea of bringing in rock groups to play in various clubs. They had this formula. It was a huge nonstop show, hour after hour, with a lot of people lurching in and the other lot lurching out. And the bands would play all the time to catch the passing traffic. In an American red-light district, they would call it nonstop striptease. Many of the bands that played in Hamburg were from Liverpool...It was an accident. Bruno went to London to look for bands. But he happened to meet a Liverpool entrepreneur in Soho, who was down in London by pure chance, and he arranged to send some bands over.^[18]

Harrison, only seventeen in August 1960, obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age.^[19] Initially placing The Beatles at the Indra Club, Koschmider moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October after the Indra was closed down because of complaints about the noise.^[20] When they violated their contract by performing at the rival Top Ten Club, Koschmider reported the underage Harrison to the authorities, leading to his deportation in November.^[21][22] McCartney and Best were arrested for arson a week later when they set fire to a condom hung on a nail in their room; they too were deported.^[23] Lennon returned to Liverpool in mid-December, while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg with his new German fiancée, Astrid Kirchherr, for another month. Kirchherr took the first professional photos of the group and cut Sutcliffe's hair in the German "exi" (existentialist) style of the time, a look later adopted by the other Beatles.^[24][25]

During the next two years, the group were resident for further periods in Hamburg. Sutcliffe decided to leave the band in early 1961 and resume his art studies in Germany, so McCartney took up bass.^[25][26][27] German producer Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four-piece to act as Tony Sheridan's backing band on a series of recordings.^[28] Credited to "Tony Sheridan and The Beat Brothers", the single "My Bonnie", recorded in June and released four months later, reached number 32 in the Musikmarkt chart.^[29][30] The Beatles were also becoming more popular back home in Liverpool. During one of the band's frequent appearances there at The Cavern Club, they encountered Brian Epstein, a local record store owner and music columnist.^[31] When the band appointed Epstein manager in January 1962, Kaempfert agreed to release them from the German record contract. After Decca Records rejected the band with the comment "Guitar groups are on the way out, Mr. Epstein", producer George Martin signed the group to EMI's Parlophone label.^[32][31][33] News of a tragedy greeted them on their return to Hamburg in April.^[34] Meeting them at the airport, a stricken Kirchherr told them of Sutcliffe's death from a brain haemorrhage.^[35]

The band had its first recording session under Martin's direction at Abbey Road Studios in London in June 1962. Martin complained to Epstein about Best's drumming and suggested the band use a session drummer in the studio.^[36][37] Instead, Best was replaced by Ringo Starr. Starr, who left Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to join The Beatles, had already performed with them occasionally when Best was ill.^[38][39] Martin still hired session drummer Andy White for one session,^[40] and White played on "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You". Released in October, "Love Me Do" gave the group their first UK top twenty hit, peaking at number seventeen on the chart.^[41] After a November studio session that yielded what would be their second single, "Please Please Me", they made their TV debut with a live performance on the regional news programme People and Places.^[42]

The band concluded their last Hamburg stint in December 1962.^[18] By now it had become the pattern that all four members contributed vocals, although Starr's restricted range meant he sang lead only rarely.^[43] As the band became more successful, Lennon and McCartney received attention for their songwriting and became more dominant in the group, reducing Harrison's opportunities as lead vocalist.^[44] Epstein, sensing The Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional attitude to performing. Lennon recalled the manager saying, "Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change—stop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking."^[45] Lennon said, "We used to dress how we liked, on and off stage. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality ... it was a choice of making it or still eating chicken on stage."^[45]

Beatlemania and touring years (1963–1966)

UK popularity, Please Please Me and With The Beatles

In the wake of the moderate success of "Love Me Do", "Please Please Me" met with a more emphatic reception, reaching number two in the UK singles chart after its January 1963 release. Martin originally intended to record the band's debut LP live at The Cavern Club. Finding it had "the acoustic ambience of an oil tank",^[46] he elected to create a "live" album in one session at Abbey Road Studios. Ten songs exemplifying the band's current repertoire were recorded for Please Please Me, accompanied on the album by the four tracks already released on the two singles.^[46] Recalling how the band "rushed to deliver a debut album, bashing out Please Please Me in a day", an Allmusic reviewer comments, "Decades after its release, the album still sounds fresh, precisely because of its intense origins."^[47] Lennon said little thought went into composition at the time; he and McCartney were "just writing songs à la Everly Brothers, à la Buddy Holly, pop songs with no more thought of them than that—to create a sound. And the words were almost irrelevant."^[48]

Released in March 1963, the album reached number one on the British chart. This began a run during which eleven of The Beatles' twelve studio albums released in the UK through 1970 hit number one. The band's third single, "From Me to You", came out in April and was also a chart-topping hit. It began an almost unbroken run of seventeen British number one singles for the band, including all but one of those released over the next six years. On its release in August, the band's fourth single, "She Loves You", achieved the fastest sales of any record in the UK up to that time, selling three-quarters of a million copies in under four weeks.^[49] It became their first single to sell a million copies, and remained the biggest-selling record in the UK until 1978 when it was topped by "Mull of Kintyre", performed by McCartney and his post-Beatles band Wings.^[50]

Please Please Me held its number one position for thirty weeks, only to be displaced by With The Beatles which itself commanded the top of the chart for twenty-one weeks. Making much greater use of studio production techniques than its "live" predecessor, the album was recorded in stages from July to October. With The Beatles is described by the same Allmusic reviewer as "a sequel of the highest order—one that betters the original by developing its own tone and adding depth."^[51][52] In a reversal of what had until then been standard practice, the album was released in November ahead of the impending single "I Want to Hold Your Hand", with the song excluded in order to maximize the single's sales.^[52] With The Beatles caught the attention of Times music critic William Mann, who went as far as to suggest that Lennon and McCartney were "the outstanding English composers of 1963".^[53] The newspaper published a series of Mann's articles giving his detailed analysis of The Beatles' music, lending it respectability.^[54] With The Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies, a figure previously achieved only by the 1950 South Pacific soundtrack.^[55]

The Beatles' iconic "drop-T" logo, based on an impromptu sketch by instrument retailer and designer Ivor Arbiter, also made its debut in 1963. The logo was first used on the front of Starr's bass drum, which Epstein and Starr purchased from Arbiter's London shop.^[56][57] The band toured the UK four times during the year: a four-week tour that began in February preceded three-week tours in March and May and a six-week tour that began in November. As their popularity spread, a frenzied adulation of the group took hold, dubbed "Beatlemania". Although not billed as tour leaders, they overshadowed other acts including Tommy Roe, Chris Montez and Roy Orbison, US artists who had established great popularity in the UK.^[58] Performances everywhere, both on tour and at many one-off shows across the UK throughout the year, were greeted with riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans.^[59] Police found it necessary to use high-pressure water hoses to control the crowds, and there were debates in Parliament concerning the thousands of police officers putting themselves at risk to protect the group.^[60]

The British Invasion

"I Want to Hold Your Hand"

Sample of the single "I Want to Hold Your Hand" (1963) which cemented the band's international success when it achieved enormous US popularity a few weeks before their February 1964 US debut

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Beatles releases in the United States were initially delayed for nearly a year when Capitol Records, EMI's American subsidiary, declined to issue either "Please Please Me" or "From Me to You".^[61] Negotiations with independent US labels led to the release of some singles, but issues with royalties and derision of the Beatle haircut posed further obstacles to commercial success.^[62][63] Once Capitol did start to issue the material, rather than releasing the LPs in their original configuration, they compiled distinct US albums from an assortment of the band's recordings, and issued songs of their own choice as singles.^[64] American chart success came suddenly after a news broadcast about Beatlemania in the UK triggered great demand, leading Capitol to rush-release "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in December 1963.^[65] The band's US debut was already scheduled to take place a few weeks later.

When The Beatles left the UK on 7 February 1964, an estimated four thousand fans gathered at London Heathrow Airport, waving and screaming as the aircraft took off.^[66] "I Want to Hold Your Hand" had sold 2.6 million copies in the US over the previous two weeks, but the group were still nervous about how they would be received.^[67] At New York's John F. Kennedy Airport they were greeted by another vociferous crowd, estimated at about three thousand people.^[68] They gave their first live US television performance two days later on The Ed Sullivan Show, watched by approximately 74 million viewers—over 40 percent of the American population.^[69][70] The next morning one newspaper wrote that The Beatles "could not carry a tune across the Atlantic",^[71] but a day later their first US concert saw Beatlemania erupt at Washington Coliseum.^[72] Back in New York the following day, they met with another strong reception at Carnegie Hall. The band appeared on the weekly Ed Sullivan Show a second time, before returning to the UK on 22 February.^[73] During the week of 4 April, The Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, including the top five.^[74] That same week, a third American LP joined the two already in circulation; all three reached the first or second spot on the U.S. album chart. The band's popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music, and a number of other UK acts subsequently made their own American debuts, successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the British Invasion.^[75]

The Beatles toured internationally in June. Staging thirty-two concerts during a nineteen-day tour taking in Denmark, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand, they were given an ardent reception at all venues.^[76][77] In August they returned to the United States, building on February's short visit with a thirty-concert tour of twenty-three cities.^[78] Generating intense interest once again, the month-long tour attracted between ten and twenty thousand fans to each thirty-minute performance in cities from San Francisco to New York. However, their music could hardly be heard.^[78] On-stage amplification at the time was modest compared to modern-day equipment, and the band's small Vox amplifiers struggled to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans. Forced to accept that neither they nor their audiences could hear the details of their performance, the band grew increasingly bored with the routine of concert touring.^[79]

At the end of the August tour they were introduced to Bob Dylan in New York at the instigation of journalist Al Aronowitz. Biographer Jonathan Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting, before which the musicians' respective fanbases were "perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds": Dylan's core audience of "college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings, a dawning political and social idealism, and a mildly bohemian style" contrasted with The Beatles' core audience of "veritable 'teenyboppers'—kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialized popular culture of television, radio, pop records, fan magazines, and teen fashion. They were seen as idolaters, not idealists." Within six months of the meeting, "Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan's nasal drone, brittle strum, and introspective vocal persona." Within a year, Dylan would "proceed, with the help of a five-piece group and a Fender Stratocaster electric guitar, to shake the monkey of folk authenticity permanently off his back"; "the distinction between the folk and rock audiences would have nearly evaporated"; and The Beatles' audience would be "showing signs of growing up".^[80]

A Hard Day's Night, Beatles for Sale, Help! and Rubber Soul

Capitol Records' lack of interest throughout 1963 had not gone unnoticed, and a competitor, United Artists Records, encouraged United Artists' film division to offer The Beatles a motion picture contract in the hope that it would lead to a record deal.^[81] The band's first film, A Hard Day's Night, premiered in London and New York in July and August 1964, respectively, and was an international success.^[82] Directed by Richard Lester, the film had the group's involvement for six weeks as they played themselves in a mock-documentary of the Beatles phenomenon.^[83] According to Allmusic, the accompanying soundtrack album, A Hard Day's Night, "found the Beatles truly coming into their own as a band. All of the disparate influences on their first two albums had coalesced into a bright, joyous, original sound, filled with ringing guitars."^[84] That "ringing guitar" sound was primarily the product of Harrison's 12-string electric Rickenbacker , a prototype given him by the manufacturer, which made its debut on the record. The sound Harrison created with the instrument aroused the interest of Roger McGuinn, who obtained one himself, formed The Byrds, and used it to craft what would become his band's trademark sound.^[85]

Beatles for Sale, the band's fourth studio album, saw the beginnings of what would become a substantial conflict between commercialism and creativity.^[86] Recorded between August and October 1964, the album had been intended to continue the format established by A Hard Day's Night which, unlike the band's first two LPs, had contained no cover versions.^[86] Acknowledging the challenge to songwriting constant international touring now posed, Lennon admitted, "Material's becoming a hell of a problem", and six covers were eventually included.^[86] Released in early December, the album's eight self-penned numbers nevertheless stood out, demonstrating the growing maturity of the material produced by the Lennon-McCartney partnership.^[86]

Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen Elizabeth II appointed the four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) after Prime Minister Harold Wilson nominated them for the award.^[87] In protest—at that time the honour was primarily bestowed upon military veterans and civic leaders—some conservative MBE recipients returned their own insignia.^[88] The Beatles' second film, Help!, released in July, has been described as "mainly a relentless spoof of Bond".^[89] Both the band and reviewers had mixed feelings about it. McCartney said, "Help! was great but it wasn't our film—we were sort of guest stars. It was fun, but basically, as an idea for a film, it was a bit wrong."^[89] The accompanying soundtrack, the band's fifth studio album, again contained a mix of original material and covers, but with more emphasis than before on Lennon as lead singer and songwriter.^[90] Help! saw the band making increased use of vocal overdubs and incorporating classical instruments into their arrangements, notably the string quartet on "Yesterday".^[91] Composed by McCartney, "Yesterday" would inspire the most recorded cover versions of any song ever written.^[92] The LP's closing track, "Dizzy Miss Lizzy", became the last cover the band would include on an album. With the exception of Let It Be's brief rendition of the traditional Liverpool folk song "Maggie Mae", all of their subsequent albums would contain only self-penned material.^[93]

In August, The Beatles' third US visit opened with the first major stadium concert in history when they performed before a crowd of 55,600 at Shea Stadium, New York.^[94] A further nine successful concerts followed in other US cities. Towards the end of the tour the group were introduced to Elvis Presley, a fundamental musical influence on the band from their earliest days, who invited them to his home.^[95] Presley and the band set up guitars in his living room, jammed together, discussed the music business and exchanged anecdotes.^[96] September saw the launch of an American Saturday morning cartoon series featuring the Beatles and echoing A Hard Day's Night's slapstick antics. Two songs were played in each half-hour show, lip-synched by the band members' cartoon counterparts, while voice artists Paul Frees and Lance Percival supplied the characters' regular speaking voices. Original episodes appeared for the next two years, and reruns aired through 1969. ^[97]

"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)"

Sample of "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" from Rubber Soul (1965). The use of a sitar on this song saw the band "beginning to expand the conventional instrumental parameters of the rock group".^[98]

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Rubber Soul, released in early December, was hailed by critics as another major leap forward in the maturity and complexity of the band's music.^[99] After Help!'s foray into the world of classical music with flutes and strings, Rubber Soul's introduction of a sitar on "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of rock music. The album also saw Lennon and McCartney's collaborative songwriting increasingly supplemented by distinct compositions from each of them (though they continued to share official credit), and themes beginning to move beyond romance with "Nowhere Man".^[99] In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine's "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" ranked Rubber Soul at number five,^[100] and the album is today described by Allmusic as "one of the classic folk rock records".^[98] According to both Lennon and McCartney, however, it was "just another album".^[101] Recording engineer Norman Smith saw clear signs of growing conflict within the group during the Rubber Soul sessions; Smith later said that "the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious" and "as far as Paul was concerned, George could do no right."^[102]

Controversy, studio years and breakup (1966–1970)

Events leading up to final tour

In June 1966, Yesterday and Today—one of the compilation albums created by Capitol Records for the US market—caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the smiling Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic dolls. A popular, though apocryphal, story was that this was meant as a response to the way Capitol had "butchered" their albums.^[103] Thousands of copies of the album had a new cover pasted over the original; an uncensored copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction.^[104] During a tour of the Philippines the month after the Yesterday and Today furore, The Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady, Imelda Marcos, who had expected the group to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace.^[105] When presented with the invitation, Epstein politely declined on behalf of the group, as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations.^[106] The group soon found that the Marcos regime was unaccustomed to accepting "no" for an answer. The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty.^[107]

Almost as soon as they arrived back in the UK, they faced a wave of antipathy from US religious and social conservatives over a comment made by Lennon earlier in the year. In a March interview with British reporter Maureen Cleave,^[108] Lennon had offered his opinion that Christianity was dying and that The Beatles were "more popular than Jesus now".^[109][110] When US teenage fan magazine Datebook quoted his comment five months later in August, on the eve of the group's final US tour, a backlash developed in the American South's "Bible belt"^[111] and South Africa banned airplay of Beatles records in a prohibition that would last until 1971.^[112] Epstein publicly criticised Datebook, saying they had taken Lennon's words out of context,^[113] and at a press conference Lennon pointed out, "If I'd said television was more popular than Jesus, I might have got away with it." Lennon said he had only been referring to how other people saw The Beatles, but "if you want me to apologise, if that will make you happy, then okay, I'm sorry."^[113]

Revolver and Sgt. Pepper

"Eleanor Rigby"

Sample of "Eleanor Rigby" from Revolver (1966). The album contains a mix of genres including psychedelic rock; this song features prominent use of classical strings as part of a musical style described as "a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song".

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Rubber Soul had marked a major leap forward; Revolver, released in August 1966 a week before the band's final tour, marked a quantum leap.^[114] An album "woven with motifs of circularity, reversal, and inversion", Revolver demonstrated significant songwriting maturity and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to psychedelic rock.^[114] Abandoning the group photograph that had become the norm, its cover—designed by Klaus Voorman, known by the band from their Hamburg days and by now bassist with Manfred Mann—was a "stark, arty, black-and-white collage that caricatured the Beatles in a pen-and-ink style beholden to Aubrey Beardsley."^[114]

One track, "Eleanor Rigby", made use of an octet, with violins, violas and cellos prominent throughout, and has been described as "a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song."^[115] Revolver also saw Harrison developing as a songwriter, and three of his compositions earned a place on the album. Lennon meanwhile drew from Timothy Leary's book The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead for the lyrics of "Tomorrow Never Knows", a song whose creation also involved eight tape decks distributed about the building, each manned by an engineer or one of the band, who randomly varied the movement of a tape loop while Martin created a composite recording by sampling the incoming data.^[116] In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time would rank Revolver at number three.^[100] The month it was released, The Beatles performed their final commercial concert.^[117] Staged at Candlestick Park, San Francisco at the close of the 1966 US tour, the performance marked the end of a four-year period dominated by touring and concerts including nearly sixty US appearances and over one thousand four hundred internationally.^[118] Moving into the phase of their career that would later be known as their studio years, they began recording in earnest.

"Strawberry Fields Forever"

Sample of "Strawberry Fields Forever" (1967), recorded during the Sgt. Pepper sessions. After hearing this psychedelic rock song, Beach Boys' leader Brian Wilson abandoned all attempts to compete with the band.

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Freed from the burden of touring, the band's creativity and desire to experiment increased as they recorded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). Emerick recalled, "The Beatles insisted that everything on Sgt. Pepper had to be different. We had microphones right down in the bells of brass instruments and headphones turned into microphones attached to violins. We used giant primitive oscillators to vary the speed of instruments and vocals and we had tapes chopped to pieces and stuck together upside down and the wrong way round."^[119] Parts of "A Day in the Life" required a forty-piece orchestra.^[119] Sgt. Pepper was released in June following February's double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane" recorded during the same sessions. Nearly seven hundred hours of studio time had been devoted to the album. The elaborate musical complexity of the result, created using only four-track recording technology, astounded contemporary artists seeking to outdo The Beatles.^[120] After hearing "Strawberry Fields Forever", Beach Boys' leader Brian Wilson abandoned all attempts to compete with the band.^[121][122] Sgt. Pepper received great critical acclaim and was widely regarded as a masterpiece;^[123]

a rich, sustained, and overflowing work of collaborative genius whose bold ambition and startling originality dramatically enlarged the possibilities and raised the expectations of what the experience of listening to popular music on record could be. On the basis of this perception, Sgt. Pepper became the catalyst for an explosion of mass enthusiasm for album-formatted rock that would revolutionize both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963.^[123]

In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ranked Sgt. Pepper at number one.^[100] Within a month of its release the band performed "All You Need Is Love" to TV viewers worldwide on Our World, the first live global television link.^[124] Within another two months the group were to suffer a loss that threw their career into turmoil. After being introduced to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, they travelled to Bangor for his Transcendental Meditation retreat. During the retreat, Epstein's assistant Peter Brown called to tell them Epstein had died.^[125] The coroner ruled Epstein's death an accidental overdose, but the press speculated it was a suicide at least in part because of a rumour that a suicide note was discovered among Epstein's possessions.^[126] Lennon said that Epstein's death marked the beginning of the end for the group: "I knew that we were in trouble then ... I thought, We've fuckin' had it now."^[127] Epstein had been in a fragile emotional state due to issues surrounding his personal life, and stress related to his business relationship with The Beatles, as his management contract with them was due to expire in October 1967.^[128] He worried that The Beatles might not renew his contract based on their discontent with his handling of business matters, including Seltaeb, the company that handled Beatles merchandising rights in the United States.^[126] Epstein's death left the group disoriented and fearful about the future.^[129] Lennon said later, "I didn't have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music and I was scared."^[129]

Magical Mystery Tour, Yellow Submarine and White Album

The Beatles received their first major negative UK press in early 1968 when there were disparaging reviews of the Magical Mystery Tour film.^[130] It fared so dismally that it was withheld from the US at the time, although its soundtrack album, Magical Mystery Tour (1967), set a new US record in its first three weeks for highest initial sales of any Capitol album.^[131] Combining songs from the film with the band's recent singles, Magical Mystery Tour had made an earlier and partial UK appearance in the form of a six-track extended play disc (EP) because the band wanted it to be received as a film soundtrack rather than "the next Beatles album after Sgt. Pepper".^[132] Allmusic says of the US Magical Mystery Tour, now adopted in the worldwide discography, "The psychedelic sound is very much in the vein of Sgt. Pepper, and even spacier in parts (especially the sound collages of 'I Am the Walrus')", calling the band's five 1967 singles present on the album "huge, glorious, and innovative".^[133]

A cartoon version of the band appeared in the animated film Yellow Submarine, released in 1968 with little involvement from the group beyond a cameo in the closing scene. The film was well received for its innovative visual style and humour in addition to its music. In contrast with previous soundtrack albums, however, Yellow Submarine (1969) contained only four new songs, along with a fifth previously released on Revolver, a sixth from Magical Mystery Tour, and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin. Because of the small number of new songs, Allmusic suggest the album might be "inessential" but for Harrison's "It's All Too Much", "the jewel of the new songs... resplendent in swirling Mellotron, larger-than-life percussion, and tidal waves of feedback guitar... a virtuoso excursion into otherwise hazy psychedelia".^[134]

"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"

Sample of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" from The Beatles (1968). A rock ballad amongst songs of a variety of other genres on the album.

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"Helter Skelter"

Sample of "Helter Skelter" from The Beatles (1968). The complexity and diversity of the album's music ranges from the musique concrète composition "Revolution 9" to the "roaring proto-metal" of this song.

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Creative inspiration for The Beatles (1968), popularly known as The White Album, came from an unexpected quarter when, having relied on Epstein's guiding presence since the start of their success, the group turned to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi as their guru.^[135] At his ashram in Rishikesh, India, a three-month "Guide Course" became one of their most creative periods, yielding a large number of songs including most of the thirty recorded for the album.^[136] Starr left after ten days, likening it to Butlins, and McCartney eventually grew bored with the procedure and departed a month later.^[137] For Lennon and Harrison, creativity turned to questioning when Yanni Alexis Mardas, the electronics technician dubbed Magic Alex, expressed the view that the Maharishi was attempting to manipulate the group.^[135] After Mardas alleged that the Maharishi had made sexual advances to women attendees, Lennon was persuaded and left abruptly, taking the unconvinced Harrison and the remainder of the group's entourage with him.^[137] In his anger Lennon wrote a song called "Maharishi" to make his opinion known, but later modified it to avoid a legal suit, resulting in "Sexy Sadie".^[135] McCartney said, "We made a mistake. We thought there was more to him than there was."^[135]

During recording sessions for the album, divisions and dissent started to drive the group apart, and Starr quit the band for a period, leaving McCartney to perform drums on several tracks.^[138] Lennon's new preoccupation with Yoko Ono contributed to tension within the band and he lost interest in co-writing with McCartney.^[139] Flouting the group's well-established understanding that they would not take partners into the studio, Lennon insisted on bringing Ono, anyway disliked by Harrison, to all White Album sessions.^[140] Increasingly contemptuous of McCartney's creative input, he began to identify the latter's compositions as "granny music", dismissing "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" as "granny shit".^[141] Recalling the White Album sessions, Lennon gave a curiously foreshortened summing-up of the band's history from that point on, saying, "It's like if you took each track off it and made it all mine and all Paul's... just me and a backing group, Paul and a backing group, and I enjoyed it. We broke up then."^[142] McCartney too recalled that the White Album sessions marked the start of the breakup, saying, "Up to that point, the world was a problem, but we weren't" which had always been "the best thing about The Beatles".^[143] The White Album became the band's first Apple Records album release from Apple Corps, newly formed by the group on their return from India to create a tax-effective company structure as Epstein had been planning to do.^[144] It attracted more than two million advance orders, selling nearly four million copies in the US in little over a month, and its tracks dominated the playlists of US radio stations.^[145] Despite its popularity and commercial success, it did not receive flattering reviews at the time:

The critical response... ranged from mixed to flat. In marked contrast to Sgt. Pepper, which had helped to establish an entire genre of literate rock criticism, the White Album inspired no critical writing of any note. Even the most sympathetic reviewers... clearly didn't know what to make of this shapeless outpouring of songs. Newsweek's Hubert Saal, citing the high proportion of parodies, accused the group of getting their tongues caught in their cheeks.^[145]

Allmusic calls it a "sprawling" album on which each song "is an entity to itself... This makes for a frustratingly scattershot record or a singularly gripping musical experience, depending on your view... Clearly, the Beatles' two main songwriting forces were no longer on the same page, but neither were George and Ringo"; yet "Lennon turns in two of his best ballads", McCartney's songs are "stunning", Harrison is seen to have become "a songwriter who deserved wider exposure" and Starr's composition is "a delight".^[146]

Abbey Road, Let It Be and breakup

Although Let It Be (1970) was the band's final album release, most of it was recorded before Abbey Road (1969). Initially titled Get Back, Let It Be originated from an idea Martin attributes to McCartney: to prepare new material and "perform it before a live audience for the very first time—on record and on film. In other words make a live album of new material, which no one had ever done before."^[147] Martin said the project, begun in January 1969, was "not at all a happy recording experience. It was a time when relations between the Beatles were at their lowest ebb."^[147] Unable to produce any real commitment to attending studio sessions or agree on a film location, after rejecting a boat at sea, the Tunisian desert and the Colosseum, the band's final live performance was eventually filmed on the rooftop of the Apple building at 3 Savile Row, London, on 30 January 1969.^[147]

The Get Back project was put aside, later to be mixed and orchestrated as Let It Be by the American producer Phil Spector after he produced Lennon's pre-breakup solo single "Instant Karma!". Conflict arose within the band regarding the appointment of a financial adviser, the need for which had become evident without Epstein to manage business affairs. Lennon favoured Allen Klein, who had negotiated contracts for The Rolling Stones and other UK bands during the British Invasion, but McCartney's choice was John Eastman.^[148] Agreement could not be reached, so both were appointed, but further conflict ensued and financial opportunities were lost.^[148]

"I Want You (She's So Heavy)"

Sample of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" from Abbey Road (1969). The completion of this song on 20 August 1969 marked the last time all four Beatles were together in the same studio.

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Abbey Road was recorded in sessions between February and August 1969. Martin was surprised when McCartney contacted him and asked him to produce another album, as the Get Back sessions had been "a miserable experience" and he had "thought it was the end of the road for all of us... they were becoming unpleasant people—to themselves as well as to other people."^[149] Lennon rejected Martin's proposed format of "a continuously moving piece of music", and wanted his own and McCartney's songs to occupy separate sides of the album.^[149] The eventual format, with individually composed songs on the first side and the second largely comprising a medley, was McCartney's suggested compromise.^[149] The completion of the track "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" on 20 August was the last time all four Beatles were together in the same studio. Lennon announced his departure to the rest of the group on 20 September, but agreed that no public announcement would be made until a number of legal matters were resolved.

Abbey Road received mixed reviews, although the medley met with general acclaim.^[150] The album occupied the number one position on the UK chart for more than four months, selling four million copies internationally in around half that time.^[150] Allmusic considers the "tightly constructed" album "a fitting swan song for the group, echoing some of the faux-conceptual forms of Sgt. Pepper, but featuring stronger compositions and more rock-oriented ensemble work" as well as "some of the greatest harmonies to be heard on any rock record (especially on 'Because') and "furious guitar-heavy rock".^[151] Ian MacDonald criticised the content as "erratic and often hollow", noting, "Had it not been for McCartney's input as designer of the Long Medley… Abbey Road would lack the semblance of unity and coherence that makes it appear better than it is."^[152] Martin singled out Abbey Road as his personal favourite of all the band's albums; Lennon said it was "competent" but had "no life in it", calling "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" "more of Paul's granny music".^[153][154]

The final new song, Harrison's "I Me Mine", was recorded on 3 January 1970 and released on Let It Be. It was recorded without Lennon, who was in Denmark at the time.^[155] To complete the Let It Be album, Klein gave the Get Back session tapes to Spector in March 1970, resulting in a Wall of Sound production that McCartney disagreed with.^[156] McCartney was deeply dissatisfied with Spector's addition of fifty musicians to "The Long and Winding Road", and attempted to halt the release of Spector's version, but was unable to do so.^[156] He gave this as one of the three reasons he left the group.^[156] McCartney publicly announced his departure on 10 April 1970, a week before releasing his first solo album, McCartney. Pre-release copies of McCartney's album included a press release with a self-written interview, explaining the end of his involvement with The Beatles and his hopes for the future.^[157]

On 8 May 1970, the Spector-produced Let It Be was released. The documentary film of the same name, which would go on to win the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score, followed on 20 May.^[158] The Sunday Telegraph called it "a very bad film and a touching one ... about the breaking apart of this reassuring, geometrically perfect, once apparently ageless family of siblings."^[159] More than one reviewer commented that some of the Let It Be tracks sounded better in the film than on the album.^[159] Allmusic say the album is "The only Beatles album to occasion negative, even hostile reviews", but is "on the whole underrated... McCartney in particular offers several gems: the gospel-ish 'Let It Be', which has some of his best lyrics; 'Get Back', one of his hardest rockers; and the melodic 'The Long and Winding Road', ruined by Spector's heavy-handed overdubs."^[160] McCartney filed a suit for the dissolution of The Beatles on 31 December 1970.^[161] Legal disputes continued long after the band's breakup, and the dissolution of the partnership finally took effect in 1975.^[162][163]

Post-breakup (1970–present)

1970s

Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970, and further albums followed from each—sometimes with the involvement of one or more of the others—as their individual careers developed. Starr's "Ringo" (1973) was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four, albeit on separate songs. With Starr's collaboration, but not that of Lennon or McCartney, Harrison staged The Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971 with sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974 (later bootlegged as A Toot and a Snore in '74), Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again.^[164]

In the wake of the 1975 expiration of The Beatles' contract with EMI-Capitol, the American Capitol label, rushing to cash in on its vast Beatles holdings and freed from the group's creative control, released five LPs: Rock 'n' Roll Music (a compilation of their more up-tempo numbers) The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl (containing previously unreleased portions of two shows at the Hollywood Bowl during their 1964 and 1965 US tours), Love Songs (a compilation of their slower numbers) Rarities (a compilation of tracks that either had never been released in the US or had gone out of print) and Reel Music (a compilation of songs from their films). There was also a non-Capitol-EMI release entitled Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962, a compilation of recordings made during the group's Hamburg residency, taped on a basic recording machine with one microphone.^[165][166] Of all these post-breakup LPs, only the Hollywood Bowl LP had the approval of the group members. Upon the American release of the original British CDs in 1986, Capitol deleted the post-breakup American compilation LPs from its catalogue.^[167]

1980s

Lennon was shot and killed on 8 December 1980, in New York City. In a personal tribute Harrison wrote new lyrics for "All Those Years Ago", a song about his time with The Beatles recorded the month before Lennon's death. With McCartney and his wife Linda contributing backing vocals, and Starr on drums, the song was overdubbed with the new lyrics before being released as a single in May 1981.^[168] McCartney's own tribute, "Here Today", appeared on his Tug of War album in April 1982.

The Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, their first year of eligibility.^[169] Harrison and Starr attended the ceremony along with Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, and his two sons, Julian and Sean. McCartney declined to attend, issuing a press release saying, "After 20 years, the Beatles still have some business differences which I had hoped would have been settled by now. Unfortunately, they haven't been, so I would feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with them at a fake reunion."^[170][171] The following year, EMI-Capitol settled a decade-long lawsuit by The Beatles concerning royalties, clearing the way to commercially package previously unreleased material and thereby leading to the Live at the BBC album and the Anthology project.^[172][173]

1990s

In 1994 McCartney, Harrison and Starr reunited for the Anthology project, the culmination of a work begun in the late 1960s by Neil Aspinall.^[174] Initially The Beatles' road manager, and then their personal assistant, Aspinall began to gather material for a documentary after he became director of Apple Corps in 1968.^[174] The Long and Winding Road, as Aspinall provisionally titled his Beatles history, was shelved, but as executive producer for the Anthology project Aspinall was able to complete his work.^[174] Documenting the history of The Beatles in the band's own words, the project saw the issue of previously unreleased Beatles recordings, and McCartney, Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to two demo songs recorded by Lennon in the late 1970s.^[175] During 1995 and 1996 the project yielded a five-part television series, an eight-volume video set, three two-CD box sets and two singles.^[174] The CD box sets featured artwork by Voorman, known by The Beatles since their Hamburg days and creator of the Revolver album cover in 1966. The releases were commercially successful and the television series was viewed by an estimated 400 million people worldwide.^[174]

In 1999 Harrison survived a knife attack when Michael Abram broke into his home and attempted to kill him. Harrison was seriously injured in the attack, which occurred at night, but his wife, Olivia Harrison, fought Abram and managed to quell him by repeatedly striking him over the head with a fireplace poker and a lamp. Abram was charged with attempted murder, but was found not guilty on grounds of insanity.^[176]

2000s

1, a compilation album of virtually every Beatles number one British and American hit, was released on 13 November 2000. Its reception surpassed all critical and commercial expectations. It broke a considerable number of sales and chart records. It sold 3.6 million units in its first week and more than 12 million in three weeks worldwide,^[177] reaching number one in over 35 countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom. It became the fastest-selling album of all time and the highest-selling of 2000 and of the decade so far.^[177]

Harrison died from lung cancer on 29 November 2001.^[178][179] McCartney and Starr were among the musicians at the Concert for George, a tribute concert organized by Olivia Harrison and Eric Clapton, which took place at the Royal Albert Hall on the first anniversary of Harrison's death. As well as songs composed by Harrison for The Beatles and during his later career, the concert included a celebration of Indian classical music, which had influenced The Beatles' music after Harrison developed his interest in the genre. The Indian music was led by Ravi Shankar, the sitar player Harrison and Starr had performed with at The Concert for Bangladesh in 1971. ^[180]

Between 2004 and 2006, Martin and his son Giles Martin remixed 130 original Beatles recordings to create "a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period" as a soundtrack for Cirque du Soleil's theatrical production Love.^[181] The soundtrack was released as the album Love in 2006. McCartney and Starr gave their thoughts on the show in a 2007 interview on Larry King Live.^[182] and Beatle widows Yoko Ono and Olivia Harrison appeared with McCartney and Starr in Las Vegas for the one-year anniversary of Love. Also in 2007, reports circulated that McCartney was hoping to complete "Now and Then", a third Lennon track worked on during the Anthology sessions, which would be credited as a "Lennon/McCartney composition" by writing new verses, and reworked by laying down a new drum track recorded by Starr and utilising archival recordings of Harrison's guitar work.^[183]

Lawyers for The Beatles sued on 21 March 2008 to prevent the distribution of unreleased recordings purportedly made during Starr's first performance with the group in 1962. The dispute between Apple Corps Ltd. and Fuego Entertainment Inc. of Miami Lakes stemmed from recordings apparently made during a performance at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany.^[184] In November 2008, McCartney discussed his hope that "Carnival of Light", a 14-minute experimental recording The Beatles made at Abbey Road Studios in 1967, would receive an official release.^[185] McCartney headlined a charity concert on 4 April 2009 at Radio City Music Hall for the David Lynch Foundation with special guest performers including Starr.^[186] Harrison's Hollywood Walk of Fame star dedication in Los Angeles on 14 April 2009 saw Harrison's widow, Olivia, and his son, Dhani, joined by Tom Petty, Jeff Lynne, Eric Idle, Jim Keltner, McCartney, and Joe Walsh.^[187] The Beatles: Rock Band, a music video game in the style of the Rock Band series and based solely on The Beatles, was released on 9 September 2009.^[2] On the same day, remastered CDs of the twelve original albums (from Please Please Me to Abbey Road) plus Magical Mystery Tour and Past Masters were issued. Stereo versions were made available both individually and as a box set, while a second collection contained all mono titles along with the original stereo mixes of Help! and Rubber Soul.^[188]

Musical style and evolution

In Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever, Schinder and Schwartz sum up The Beatles' musical evolution in these words:

In their initial incarnation as cheerful, wisecracking moptops, the Fab Four revolutionized the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts. Their initial impact would have been enough to establish the Beatles as one of their era's most influential cultural forces, but they didn't stop there. Although their initial style was a highly original, irresistibly catchy synthesis of early American rock and roll and R&B, the Beatles spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers, consistently staking out new musical territory on each release. The band's increasingly sophisticated experimentation encompassed a variety of genres, including folk-rock, country, psychedelia, and baroque pop, without sacrificing the effortless mass appeal of their early work.^[189]

In his book The Beatles as Musicians, Walter Everett points out Lennon and McCartney's contrasting motivations and approaches to composition, saying, "McCartney may be said to have constantly developed—as a means to entertain—a focused musical talent with an ear for counterpoint and other aspects of craft in the demonstration of a universally agreed-upon common language that he did much to enrich. Conversely, Lennon's mature music is best appreciated as the daring product of a largely unconscious, searching but undisciplined artistic sensibility."^[190] Ian MacDonald's comparison of the two composers in Revolution in the Head describes McCartney as "a natural melodist — a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony". His melody lines are characterised as primarily "vertical", employing wide, consonant intervals which express his "extrovert energy and optimism". Conversely, Lennon's "sedentary, ironic personality" is reflected in a "horizontal" approach featuring minimal, dissonant intervals and repetitive melodies which rely on their harmonic accompaniment for interest: "Basically a realist, he instinctively kept his melodies close to the rhythms and cadences of speech, colouring his lyrics with bluesy tone and harmony rather than creating tunes that made striking shapes of their own."^[191] MacDonald praises Harrison's lead guitar work for the role his "characterful lines and textural colourings" play in supporting Lennon and McCartney's parts, and describes Starr as "the father of modern pop/rock drumming… His faintly behind-the-beat style subtly propelled The Beatles, his tunings brought the bottom end into recorded drum sound, and his distinctly eccentric fills remain among the most memorable in pop music."^[192]

Influences

The band's earliest influences include Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Chuck Berry, an artist whose songs they covered more often than any other in performances throughout their career.^[193] During their co-residency with Little Richard at the Star Club in Hamburg from April to May 1962, friendships were formed and the singer gave advice regarding techniques for performing his songs.^[194] Of Presley, Lennon said, "Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadn't been Elvis, there would not have been The Beatles".^[195] Other early influences include Buddy Holly, Eddie Cochran, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison.^[196] The Beatles continued to absorb influences long after their initial success, often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries, including Bob Dylan, Frank Zappa (Freak Out!), the Byrds, and the Beach Boys, whose album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney.^[197][198] Martin stated that "Without Pet Sounds, Sgt. Pepper wouldn't have happened... Pepper was an attempt to equal Pet Sounds."^[199]

Genres

Originating as a skiffle group,^[200] the band soon evolved to embrace 1950s rock and roll.^[201] As rock and roll faded and Tin Pan Alley's influence resurfaced in the 1960s, the band's repertoire expanded to include pop.^[201] Demonstrating other styles explored by the group, Lennon said of the 1964 album Beatles for Sale, "You could call our new one a Beatles country-and-western LP",^[202] while Allmusic cite The Beatles as a major influence on The Byrds and the folk rock movement, calling the 1965 Rubber Soul "one of the classic folk-rock records".^[98] Beginning with the use of a string quartet in the 1965 romantic ballad "Yesterday", they started to incorporate elements of classical music into their songs. As Gould points out however, "it was obviously not the first romantic ballad the Beatles ever recorded ... Neither was 'Yesterday' even remotely the first pop record to make prominent use of strings—although it was the first Beatles recording to do so ... 'Yesterday' did not represent some sort of a compositional quantum leap on the part of the Beatles; it was rather that the more traditional sound of strings allowed for a fresh appreciation of their talent as composers by listeners who were otherwise allergic to the din of drums and electric guitars."^[203] Nor can Beatles songs featuring strings be grouped into a single musical genre. Gould says that "The significant musical difference between 'Eleanor Rigby' and 'She's Leaving Home' involves the fact that whereas the earlier track was a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song, 'She's Leaving Home' is cast in the mold of a sentimental Victorian ballad, its words and music filled with the clichés of musical melodrama."^[204]

The band's stylistic range began to include psychedelic rock in 1966 with "Rain", described by Martin Strong in The Great Rock Discography as "the first overtly psychedelic Beatles record",^[205] and later followed by "Tomorrow Never Knows", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "I Am the Walrus". The influence of Indian classical music was also evident in the band's raga rock numbers such as "Love You To" (1966) and "Within You Without You" (1967), the intent of which was, according to Gould, "to replicate the raga form in miniature".^[206] In his own summary of the band's musical evolution, writer and pianist Michael Campbell identifies innovation as its most striking feature, concluding, "'A Day in the Life' encapsulates the art and achievement of the Beatles as well as any single track can. It highlights key features of their music: the sound imagination, the persistence of tuneful melody, and the close coordination between words and music. It represents a new category of song—more sophisticated than pop, more accessible and down to earth than pop, and uniquely innovative. There literally had never before been a song—classical or vernacular—that had blended so many disparate elements so imaginatively."^[207] Bruce Ellis Benson agrees, saying in his The Improvisation of Musical Dialogue: A Phenomenology of Music, "Composers may be able to conceive new rhythms and chord progressions, but these are usually improvisations upon current rhythms and chord progressions. The Beatles ... give us a wonderful example of how such far-ranging influences as Celtic music, rhythm and blues, and country and western could be put together in a new way."^[208]

In The Songwriting Secrets of The Beatles, Dominic Pedler too draws attention to the way The Beatles combined genres, but emphasizes the effect it had on their musical evolution, saying, "One of the greatest of The Beatles' achievements was the songwriting juggling act they managed for most of their career. Far from moving sequentially from one genre to another (as is sometimes conveniently suggested) the group maintained in parallel their mastery of the traditional, catchy chart hit while simultaneously forging rock and dabbling with a wide range of peripheral influences from Country to vaudeville. One of these threads was their take on folk music, which would form such essential groundwork for their later collisions with Indian music and philosophy."^[209] As the relationship of the band waned, their individual influences became more apparent. The minimalistic cover artwork for The Beatles (1968) contrasted with the complexity and diversity of the album's music, which encompassed Lennon's musique concrète composition "Revolution 9" from the influence of Yoko Ono, Starr's country song "Don't Pass Me By", Harrison's rock ballad "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and the "roaring proto-metal" of McCartney's "Helter Skelter".^[210]

Contribution of George Martin

George Martin's close involvement with The Beatles in his role as producer earned him the moniker "the fifth Beatle".^[211] He realized the significance of the band's sessions in the recording studio in between other demands on their time, later saying, "Coming into the studio was a refuge for them. It was the time and place when nobody could get at them. The strange hours for their sessions were really necessary because of the frenetic life they were forced into. Recording was important but it had to be squeezed in between everything else."^[212] As he worked with the band, Martin brought his classical musical training to bear.^[213] They were initially unenthusiastic when he suggested adding a string quartet accompaniment to "Yesterday", but the result was a revelation to them.^[214] Martin began to use the sessions to act as their music teacher and this, coupled with his willingness to experiment with suggestions they started to make such as adding "something baroque", enabled their creativity to develop in new directions.^[214] As well as scoring orchestral arrangements for Beatles recordings, Martin was frequently numbered among the performers, playing instruments including piano, organ and brass.^[215]

Looking back on the making of Sgt. Pepper, Martin said, "'Sergeant Pepper' itself didn't appear until halfway through making the album. It was Paul's song, just an ordinary rock number and not particularly brilliant as songs go ... Paul said, 'Why don't we make the album as though the Pepper band really existed, as though Sergeant Pepper was making the record? We'll dub in effects and things.' I loved the idea, and from that moment on it was as though Pepper had a life of its own." Recalling how strongly the song contrasted with Lennon's compositions, Martin spoke too of his own stabilizing influence:

Compared with Paul's songs, all of which seemed to keep in some sort of touch with reality, John's had a psychedelic, almost mystical quality ... John's imagery is one of the best things about his work—"tangerine trees", "marmalade skies", "cellophane flowers" ... I always saw him as an aural Salvador Dalí, rather than some drug-ridden record artist. On the other hand, I would be stupid to pretend that drugs didn't figure quite heavily in The Beatles' lives at that time. At the same time they knew that I, in my schoolmasterly role, didn't approve ... Not only was I not into it myself, I couldn't see the need for it; and there's no doubt that, if I too had been on dope, Pepper would never have been the album it was.^[216]

In his own recollections, Harrison echoed Martin's description of his stabilizing role, saying, "I think we just grew through those years together, him as the straight man and us as the loonies; but he was always there for us to interpret our madness—we used to be slightly avant-garde on certain days of the week, and he would be there as the anchor person, to communicate that through the engineers and on to the tape."^[217]

In the studio

The Beatles took innovative approaches to the use of technology, treating the studio as an instrument in itself and working closely with recording engineers, urging experimentation and regularly demanding, "Just try it […] it might just sound good."^[218] At the same time they constantly sought ways to put chance occurrences to creative use, examples being accidental guitar feedback, a resonating glass bottle or a tape loaded the wrong way round so that it played backwards, and incorporated the resulting sounds into their music.^[219] The Beatles' desire to create new sounds on every new recording, combined with Martin's arranging abilities and the studio expertise of EMI staff engineers such as Norman Smith, Ken Townsend and Geoff Emerick, all played significant parts in the innovative sounds of the albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967).^[219] Along with studio tricks such as sound effects, unconventional microphone placements, tape loops, double tracking and vari-speed recording, The Beatles began to augment their recordings with instruments that were unconventional for rock music at the time. These included string and brass ensembles as well as Indian instruments such as the sitar in "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" and the swarmandel in "Strawberry Fields Forever".^[220] They also used early electronic instruments such as the Mellotron, with which McCartney supplied the flute voices on the intro to "Strawberry Fields Forever",^[221] and the clavioline, an electronic keyboard that created the unusual oboe-like sound on "Baby, You're a Rich Man".^[222]

Legacy

Influence on popular culture

The Beatles' influence on popular culture was—and remains—immense. Former Rolling Stone associate editor Robert Greenfield said, "People are still looking at Picasso. People are still looking at artists who broke through the constraints of their time period to come up with something that was unique and original. In the form that they worked in, in the form of popular music, no one will ever be more revolutionary, more creative and more distinctive than The Beatles were."^[2] From the 1920s, the United States had dominated popular entertainment culture throughout the world, with the show business and superstars of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley and Hollywood and the music of Memphis, Tennessee.^[223] Known as the "Birthplace of the Blues",^[224] the city of Memphis had led a musical evolution from blues in the 1920s, through rock and roll in the 1950s to, in the early 1960s, soul.^[225] British bands in the 1960s, among them The Beatles, aspired to emulate the sounds of Memphis musicians including Elvis Presley—without whom, according to Lennon, "there would not have been The Beatles".^[195]

The Beatles, triggering the British Invasion, became a major new influence in the United States and internationally, establishing the popularity of British bands and inspiring the music of other bands worldwide^[226] — including those subsequently formed in Memphis.^[227] The Beatles redefined the album as something more than just a small number of hits padded out with "filler" tracks,^[228] and they were the originators in the United Kingdom of the now common practice of releasing video clips to accompany singles. They became the first entertainment act to stage a large stadium concert when they opened their 1965 North American tour at Shea Stadium. A large number of artists have acknowledged The Beatles as a musical influence or have had chart successes with covers of Beatles songs.^[229] The band also affected attitudes to fashion worldwide when in the 1960s there was widespread imitation of their haircuts and clothing. The arrival of The Beatles is seen in radio as a touchstone in music signalling an end to the rock-and-roll era of the 1950s. Program Directors like Rick Sklar of WABC in New York went as far as forbidding DJs from playing any "pre-Beatles" music.^[230]

Recreational drug use

During their periods of Hamburg residency between 1960 and 1962, The Beatles used Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all-night performances.^[231] Bob Dylan introduced them to cannabis during a 1964 visit to New York.^[232] In April 1965, Lennon and Harrison's dentist spiked their coffee with LSD while they were his guests for dinner.^[233] The two later experimented with the drug voluntarily, joined by Starr on one occasion.^[234] McCartney was reluctant to try it, but eventually did so in 1966, and was the first Beatle to talk about it in the press, saying in June 1967 that he had taken it four times.^[235] Later in 1967, all four Beatles and Epstein added their names to a petition published as a full-page advertisement in The Times calling for the legalisation of cannabis, the release of all imprisoned because of possession, and research into the drug's medical uses. The published petition had been signed by sixty-five people including "one Nobel laureate, two Members of Parliament, a dozen prominent physicians and clergymen, numerous writers and artists, and the four celebrated MBEs who, along with their manager Brian Epstein, had put up the money for the ad."^[236]

Awards and recognition

In 1965, Queen Elizabeth II appointed the four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). ^[87] The Beatles film Let It Be (1970) won the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score.^[158] The Beatles have received seven Grammy Awards^[237] and 15 Ivor Novello Awards.^[238] They have been awarded six Diamond albums, as well as 24 Multi-Platinum albums, 39 Platinum albums and 45 Gold albums.^[4][5] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the all-time top-selling Hot 100 artists to celebrate the chart's fiftieth anniversary, with The Beatles at number one.^[6] In 2009, the Recording Industry Association of America certified that The Beatles have sold more albums in the US than any other artist.^[3] The Beatles were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people.^[7]

Discography

Song catalogue

In 1963 Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr agreed to assign their song publishing rights to Northern Songs, a company created by music publisher Dick James.^[239] Administered by his company Dick James Music, Northern Songs went public in 1965 with Lennon and McCartney each holding 15% of the company's shares and James and the company's chairman, Charles Silver, holding a controlling 37.5%. After a failed attempt by Lennon and McCartney to buy the company, James and Silver sold Northern Songs in 1969 to British TV company Associated TeleVision (ATV), from which Lennon and McCartney received stock.^[240] Briefly owned by Australian business magnate Robert Holmes à Court, ATV Music was sold in 1985 to Michael Jackson for a reported $47 million (trumping a joint bid by McCartney and Yoko Ono), giving him control over the publishing rights to more than 200 songs composed by Lennon and McCartney.^[241]

Jackson and Sony merged their music publishing businesses in 1995,^[241] becoming joint owners of most of the Lennon-McCartney songs recorded by The Beatles, although Lennon's estate and McCartney still receive their respective shares of the royalties. Despite his ownership of most of the Lennon-McCartney publishing, Jackson recorded just one Lennon-McCartney composition, "Come Together", which was featured in his film Moonwalker (1988) and album HIStory (1995).^[242] Although the Jackson-Sony catalogue includes most of The Beatles' greatest hits, some of their earliest songs were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before Lennon and McCartney signed with James. McCartney acquired the publishing rights to "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You" from Ardmore in the 1980s.^[243] Harrison and Starr allowed their songwriting contracts with Northern Songs to lapse in 1968, signing with Apple Publishing instead. Harrison created Harrisongs, which still owns the rights to his post-1967 songs such as "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Something", while Starr's Startling Music holds the rights to his own post-1967 songs recorded by The Beatles, "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden".^[244]

Studio albums

• Please Please Me (1963)
• With The Beatles (1963)
• A Hard Day's Night (1964)
• Beatles for Sale (1964)
• Help! (1965)
• Rubber Soul (1965)
• Revolver (1966)
• Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)
• Magical Mystery Tour (1967)
• The Beatles ("The White Album") (1968)
• Yellow Submarine (1969)
• Abbey Road (1969)
• Let It Be (1970)

CD releases

In 1987, EMI released all of The Beatles' studio albums on CD worldwide, and Apple Corps decided to standardise The Beatles catalogue throughout the world, choosing to release the twelve original studio albums as released in the United Kingdom, as well as the Magical Mystery Tour US album, which had been released as a shorter Double EP in the UK.^[245] All the remaining Beatles material from the singles and EPs from 1962–1970 which had not been issued on the original British studio albums were gathered on the Past Masters double album compilation:

• Past Masters, Volume One (1988)
• Past Masters, Volume Two (1988)

The US album configurations from 1964–65 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006 (The Capitol Albums Volume 1 and Volume 2 respectively); these included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of their original 1960s releases in the United States.^[246][247]

2009 CD remasters

On 9 September 2009, The Beatles' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years.^[248] Stereo editions of all twelve original UK studio albums, along with Magical Mystery Tour and a combined two-CD set of Past Masters, were released on compact disc both individually and as a box set. A second collection included all mono tracks.^[249] In Mojo magazine's review, Danny Eccleston writes, "Ever since The Beatles first emerged on CD in 1987, there have been complaints about the sound", saying that the original vinyl has had significant advantages over the CDs in clarity and dynamism. "Compare Paperback Writer/Rain on crackly 45, with its weedy Past Masters CD version, and the case is closed." Prior to the release of the 2009 remasters, Abbey Road Studios had invited Mojo reviewers to hear a sample of the four-year work's achievement, telling the magazine, "You're in for a shock." In his release-day review of the full product, Eccleston reported that "brilliantly, that's still how it feels a month later."^[250] For a limited time after the release date, a brief documentary was included on each CD album.^[251]

Digital music licensing

The Beatles are one of the few major artists whose recorded catalogue is not available through online music services such as iTunes and Napster.^[252] Apple Corps' dispute with Apple, Inc. (the owners of iTunes) over the use of the name "Apple" has played a particular part in this, although in November 2008 McCartney said the main obstacle was that EMI, in their negotiations with Apple Corps, "want something we're not prepared to give them."^[253] In March 2009, The Guardian reported that, "the prospect of an independent, Beatles-specific digital music store" has been raised by Dhani Harrison, quoted by the newspaper as recently saying, "We're losing money every day... So what do you do? You have to have your own delivery system, or you have to do a good deal with [Apple, Inc. CEO] Steve Jobs... [He] says that a download is worth 99 cents, and we disagree."^[254]

See also

Template:The Beatles portal

• The Beatles' line-ups
• The Beatles' instrumentation
• List of best-selling music artists
• List of artists who have covered the Beatles
• Lists of solo albums by The Beatles
• Abbey Road on the River – largest Beatles festival in the United States
• The Beatles: Rock Band – video game

Notes

References

• The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-2684-6.
• Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002). The Love You Make: An insider's story of The Beatles. New York: New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-20735-7.
• Emerick, Geoff; Massey, Howard (2006). Here, There and Everywhere: My life recording the music of The Beatles. New York: Gotham. ISBN 978-1-59240-179-6.
• Guest, Lynton (2006). The Trials of Michael Jackson. Glamorgan, Wales: Aureus. ISBN 978-1-899750-40-5.
• Gould, Jonathan (2008). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6.
• Harry, Bill (2000a). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9.
• Harry, Bill (2000b). The John Lennon Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7355-0404-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
• Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0716-1.
• Harry, Bill (2003). The George Harrison Encyclopedia. Virgin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-7535-0822-2.
• Ingham, Chris (2006). The Rough Guide to The Beatles. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-720-5.
• Jovanovic, Rob (2004). Big Star: The Story of Rock's Forgotten Band. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-00-714908-7.
• Lennon, Cynthia (2006). John. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-92091-6.
• Lewisohn, Mark (1996). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 978-1-85152-975-9.
• MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (2nd Revised Edition). Pimlico. ISBN 1-8441-3828-3.
• Miles, Barry (1998). Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-7493-8658-0.
• Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary—Volume 1: The Beatles Years. London: Omnibus. ISBN 0711983089.
• O'Brien, Ray (2001). The Beatles early venues in and around Merseyside. There are places I'll remember. Vol. 1. Wallasey, Merseyside: Ray O'Brien. ISBN 978-0-9544473-0-4.
• Pawlowski, Gareth L. (1990). How They Became The Beatles: A definitive history of the early years, 1960-1964. London: McDonald. ISBN 978-0-356-19052-5.
• Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of The Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6.
• Sandford, Christopher (2006). McCartney. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0786716142.
• Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-80352-6.

Further reading

• Astley, John (2006). Why Don't We Do It In The Road? The Beatles Phenomenon. The Company of Writers. ISBN 0-9551834-7-2.
• Bramwell, Tony; Kingsland, Rosemary (2006). Magical mystery tours: my life with the Beatles. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-33044-6.
• Braun, Michael (1964). Love Me Do: The Beatles' Progress (1995 Reprint ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-002278-3.
• Carr, Roy; Tyler, Tony (1975). The Beatles: An illustrated record. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-52045-1.
• Cross, Craig (2005). The Beatles: day-by-day, song-by-song, record-by-record. New York: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-34663-4.
• Davies, Hunter (1968). The Beatles: the authorised biography. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0434176044.
• Dimery, Martin (2002). Being John Lennon: Days in the life of Sgt. Pepper's Only Dart Board Band. London: PopTomes. ISBN 0-946719-43-8.
• Harry, Bill (1985). The Book Of Beatle Lists. Poole, Dorset: Javelin. ISBN 0-7137-1521-9.
• Kirchherr, Astrid (1999). Hamburg Days. Guildford, Surrey: Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-0-904351-73-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Chronicles The Beatles early years spent performing at Hamburg's Kaiserkeller, Top Ten Club, and the Star Club, 1960-1962. With Foreword by George Harrison and Afterword by Paul McCartney.
• Lewisohn, Mark (2004). The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The official story of the Abbey Road years 1962-1970. London: EMI Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-681-03189-0.
• Mansfield, Ken (2007). The White Book. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-59555-101-6.
• Martin, George; Pearson, William (1994). Summer of love: The making of Sgt. Pepper. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-60398-2.
• Norman, Philip (1997). Shout!: The Beatles in their generation. New York: MJF Books. ISBN 1-56731-087-7.
• Porter, Alan J (2003). Before They Were Beatles: The Early Years 1956–1960. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris. ISBN 1-4134-3056-2.
• Ryan, Kevin; Kehew, Brian (2006). Recording The Beatles. Houston: Curvebender Publishing. ISBN 0-9785200-0-9.
• Schaffner, Nicholas (1977). The Beatles Forever. Harrisburg, PA: Cameron House. ISBN 0-8117-0225-1.
• Trynka, Paul (2004). The Beatles: 10 Years That Shook The World. London: Dorling Kindersley/Mojo. ISBN 0-7566-0670-5.
• Turner, Steve (2005). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-084409-4. Discusses the inspiration for or interprets every Beatles song.

External links

Template:Wikipedia-Books

• Official website

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