THC Science

Sodium sulphite
anhydrous	hydrate
Names
	IUPAC name Sodium sulfite
	Other names Hypo clear (photography); E221;
Identifiers
CAS Number	7757-83-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:86477 ;
ChemSpider	22845 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.929
EC Number	231-821-4;
E number	E221 (preservatives)
PubChem CID	24437;
RTECS number	WE2150000;
UNII	VTK01UQK3G ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2044260 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2Na.H2O3S/c;;1-4(2)3/h;;(H2,1,2,3)/q2+1;/p-2 Key: GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/2Na.H2O3S/c;;1-4(2)3/h;;(H2,1,2,3)/q2+1;/p-2 Key: GEHJYWRUCIMESM-NUQVWONBAK;
	SMILES [O-]S(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+];
Properties
Chemical formula	Na2SO3
Molar mass	126.043 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Odor	Odorless
Density	2.633 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 1.561 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
Melting point	33.4 °C (92.1 °F; 306.5 K) (dehydration of heptahydrate); 500 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point	Decomposes
Solubility in water	27.0 g/100 mL water (20 °C)
Solubility	Soluble in glycerol ; Insoluble in ammonia, chlorine
log P	−4
Acidity (pKa)	~9 (heptahydrate)
Refractive index (nD)	1.565
Structure
Crystal structure	Hexagonal (anhydrous); Monoclinic (heptahydrate)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 1200
Related compounds
Other anions	Sodium selenite
Other cations	Potassium sulfite
Related compounds	Sodium bisulfite; Sodium metabisulfite; Sodium sulfate
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Sodium sulfite (sodium sulphite) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na₂ SO₃. A white, water-soluble solid, it is used commercially as an antioxidant and preservative. It is also suitable for the softening of lignin in the pulping and refining processes of wood and lignocellulosic materials.^[1] A heptahydrate is also known but it is less useful because of its greater susceptibility toward oxidation by air.^[2]

Preparation[edit]

Sodium sulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of sodium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide. When conducted in warm water, Na₂SO₃ initially precipitates as a white solid. With more SO₂, the solid dissolves to give the disulfite, which crystallizes upon cooling.^[2]

{\ce {SO2 + 2 NaOH -> Na2SO3 + H2O}}

Sodium sulfite is made industrially by treating sulfur dioxide with a solution of sodium carbonate.^[3] The overall reaction is:

{\ce {SO2 + Na2CO3 -> Na2SO3 + CO2}}

Uses[edit]

Sodium sulfite is primarily used in the pulp and paper industry.^[4] It has been also applied in the thermomechanical conversion of wood to fibres (defibration) for producing medium density fibreboards (MDF).^[5]

As an oxygen scavenger agent, it is used to treat water being fed to steam boilers to avoid corrosion problems,^[6] in the photographic industry, it protects developer solutions from oxidation and (as hypo clear solution) to wash fixer (sodium thiosulfate) from film and photo-paper emulsions.

As a reducing agent it is used in the textile industry as a bleaching, desulfurizing, and dechlorinating agent (e.g. in swimming pools). Its reducing properties are exploited in its use as a preservative to prevent dried fruit from discoloring, and for preserving meats.

It is used as a reagent in sulfonation and sulfomethylation agent. It is used in the production of sodium thiosulfate.

The Wellman–Lord process utilizes sodium sulfite for flue gas desulfurization.

Reactions[edit]

Sodium sulfite is primarily used as a mild reducing agent. The heptahydrate crystals effloresce in warm dry air. Heptahydrate crystals also oxidize in air to form sodium sulfate. The anhydrous form is more resistant to oxidation by air.^[7]

Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO₃, is mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions.

Structure[edit]

According to X-ray crystallography sodium sulfite heptahydrate features pyramidal SO₃^2- centers. The S-O distances are 1.50 and the O-S-O angles are near 106º.^[8]

References[edit]

^ "High Yield Pulp Production by Modified Sulfite Process" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ ^a ^b Johnstone, H. F. (1946). "Sulfites and Pyrosulfites of the Alkali Metals". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 2. pp. 162–167. doi:10.1002/9780470132333.ch49. ISBN 9780470132333.
^ Weil, Edward D.; Sandler, Stanley R. (1999). "Sulfur Compounds". In Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I. (ed.). Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 1937. ISBN 978-0471419617.
^ Barberá, José Jiménez; Metzger, Adolf; Wolf, Manfred (2000). "Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionitesl Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_477. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ "DE19958756A1 - Production of light-colored medium-density fibreboard (MDF) from old fibreboard comprises treatment with sodium sulfite, conversion into pulp and feeding into the blow-line of an MDF plant". Google Patents. 1999-12-07. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "Pre-boiler and Boiler Corrosion Control | GE Water". Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
^ Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed. monograph 8451
^ Larsson, Lars Olof; Kierkegaard, Peder; Lindberg, Bengt; Holme, Tord; Lindberg, Alf A.; Craig, J. Cymerman (1969). "The Crystal Structure of Sodium Sulphite. A Refinement Allowing for the Effect of Crystal Twinning". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 23: 2253–2260. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-2253.

[1] "High Yield Pulp Production by Modified Sulfite Process" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-19.

[IS-2] Johnstone, H. F. (1946). "Sulfites and Pyrosulfites of the Alkali Metals". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 2. pp. 162–167. doi:10.1002/9780470132333.ch49. ISBN 9780470132333.

[Kirk-Othmer-3] Weil, Edward D.; Sandler, Stanley R. (1999). "Sulfur Compounds". In Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I. (ed.). Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 1937. ISBN 978-0471419617.

[4] Barberá, José Jiménez; Metzger, Adolf; Wolf, Manfred (2000). "Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionitesl Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_477. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[5] "DE19958756A1 - Production of light-colored medium-density fibreboard (MDF) from old fibreboard comprises treatment with sodium sulfite, conversion into pulp and feeding into the blow-line of an MDF plant". Google Patents. 1999-12-07. Retrieved 2022-03-01.

[6] "Pre-boiler and Boiler Corrosion Control | GE Water". Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2016-03-14.

[merck-7] Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed. monograph 8451

[8] Larsson, Lars Olof; Kierkegaard, Peder; Lindberg, Bengt; Holme, Tord; Lindberg, Alf A.; Craig, J. Cymerman (1969). "The Crystal Structure of Sodium Sulphite. A Refinement Allowing for the Effect of Crystal Twinning". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 23: 2253–2260. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-2253.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | verifiedrevid = 476993033
 | Name = Sodium sulphite
-| ImageFile = sodium sulfite.png
+| ImageFile = Na2SO3.svg
 | ImageName = Sodium sulfite
-| ImageFile1 = Sodium-sulfite-xtal-3x3x3-c-3D-bs-17.png
 | ImageFileL1 = Sodium sulfite.jpg
 | ImageCaptionL1 = anhydrous
@@ Line 12: / Line 11: @@
 | ImageCaptionR1 = hydrate
 | IUPACName = Sodium sulfite
-| OtherNames = Hypo clear (photography)<br>E221
+| OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list|Hypo clear (photography)|E221}}
 |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
@@ Line 71: / Line 70: @@
  }}
 }}
-'''Sodium sulfite''' ('''sodium sulphite''') is the [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] [[sodium|Na<sub>2</sub>]][[Sulfite|SO<sub>3</sub>]]. A white, water-soluble solid, it is used commercially as an antioxidant and preservative.  A heptahydrate is also known but it is less useful because of its greater susceptibility toward oxidation by air.<ref name=IS/>
+'''Sodium sulfite''' ('''sodium sulphite''') is the [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] [[sodium|Na<sub>2</sub>]][[Sulfite|SO<sub>3</sub>]]. A white, water-soluble solid, it is used commercially as an antioxidant and preservative. It is also suitable for the softening of [[lignin]] in the pulping and refining processes of [[wood]] and [[Lignocellulosic biomass|lignocellulosic materials]].<ref>{{cite web| title= High Yield Pulp Production by Modified Sulfite Process| url=https://ippta.co/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/IPPTA-VII1-39-42-High-Yield-Pulp-Production.pdf | access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref> A heptahydrate is also known but it is less useful because of its greater susceptibility toward oxidation by air.<ref name=IS/>
 ==Preparation==
+[[image:Sodium-sulfite-xtal-3x3x3-c-3D-bs-17.png|Structure of anhydrous sodium sulfite|left|thumb]]
-Sodium sulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of [[sodium hydroxide]] with [[sulfur dioxide]].  When conducted in warm water, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> initially precipitates as a white solid.  With more SO<sub>2</sub>, the solid dissolves to give the disulfite, which crystallizes upon cooling.<ref name=IS>{{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470132333.ch49|isbn=9780470132333|chapter=Sulfites and Pyrosulfites of the Alkali Metals|series=Inorganic Syntheses|year=1946|last1=Johnstone|first1=H. F.|title=Inorganic Syntheses|pages=162–167|volume=2}}</ref>
+Sodium sulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of [[sodium hydroxide]] with [[sulfur dioxide]].  When conducted in warm water, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> initially precipitates as a white solid.  With more SO<sub>2</sub>, the solid dissolves to give the [[Na2S2O5|disulfite]], which crystallizes upon cooling.<ref name=IS>{{cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470132333.ch49|isbn=9780470132333|chapter=Sulfites and Pyrosulfites of the Alkali Metals|year=1946|last1=Johnstone|first1=H. F.|title=Inorganic Syntheses|pages=162–167|volume=2}}</ref>
 :<chem>SO2  +  2 NaOH  ->  Na2SO3  +  H2O</chem>
-Sodium sulfite is made industrially by treating sulfur dioxide with a solution of sodium carbonate.<ref Name="Kirk-Othmer">{{cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Edward D. |last2=Sandler |first2=Stanley R. |editor1-first= Jacqueline I. |editor1-last= Kroschwitz |title=Kirk-Othmer Concise Encylclopedia of Chemical Technology |edition=4th |year=1999 |publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0471419617|page=1937 |chapter=Sulfur Compounds}}</ref> The overall reaction is:
+Sodium sulfite is made industrially by treating sulfur dioxide with a solution of sodium carbonate.<ref Name="Kirk-Othmer">{{cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Edward D. |last2=Sandler |first2=Stanley R. |editor1-first= Jacqueline I. |editor1-last= Kroschwitz |title=Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |edition=4th |year=1999 |publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0471419617|page=1937 |chapter=Sulfur Compounds}}</ref> The overall reaction is:
 :<chem>SO2  +   Na2CO3  ->  Na2SO3  +  CO2</chem>
-==Applications==
+==Uses==
 Sodium sulfite is primarily used in the [[pulp and paper industry]].<ref>{{Ullmann|doi=10.1002/14356007.a25_477|isbn=3527306730|title=Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionitesl Chemistry|year=2000|last1=Barberá|first1=José Jiménez|last2=Metzger|first2=Adolf|last3=Wolf|first3=Manfred}}</ref> It has been also applied in the thermomechanical conversion of wood to fibres (''defibration'') for producing medium density fibreboards (MDF).<ref>{{cite web | title=DE19958756A1 - Production of light-colored medium-density fibreboard (MDF) from old fibreboard comprises treatment with sodium sulfite, conversion into pulp and feeding into the blow-line of an MDF plant | website=Google Patents | date=1999-12-07 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/DE19958756A1/en | access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>
-As an oxygen scavenger agent, it is used to treat water being fed to steam boilers to avoid corrosion problems,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gewater.com/handbook/boiler_water_systems/ch_11_preboiler.jsp | title=Pre-boiler and Boiler Corrosion Control &#124; GE Water}}</ref> in the photographic industry, it protects developer solutions from oxidation and (as hypo clear solution) to wash fixer ([[sodium thiosulfate]]) from film and photo-paper emulsions.
+As an oxygen scavenger agent, it is used to treat water being fed to steam boilers to avoid corrosion problems,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gewater.com/handbook/boiler_water_systems/ch_11_preboiler.jsp | title=Pre-boiler and Boiler Corrosion Control &#124; GE Water | access-date=2016-03-14 | archive-date=2017-10-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062229/https://www.gewater.com/handbook/boiler_water_systems/ch_11_preboiler.jsp | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the photographic industry, it protects developer solutions from oxidation and (as hypo clear solution) to wash fixer ([[sodium thiosulfate]]) from film and photo-paper emulsions.
 As a reducing agent it is used in the textile industry as a bleaching, desulfurizing, and dechlorinating agent (e.g. in swimming pools).  Its reducing properties are exploited in its use as a [[preservative]] to prevent [[dried fruit]] from discoloring, and for preserving meats.
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 It is used as a reagent in sulfonation and sulfomethylation agent. It is used in the production of [[sodium thiosulfate]].
-The [[Wellman–Lord process]] utilizes Sodium sulfite for [[Flue Gas Desulfurization]]
+The [[Wellman–Lord process]] utilizes sodium sulfite for [[flue gas desulfurization]].
 ==Reactions==
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 Sodium sulfite is primarily used as a mild reducing agent.  The heptahydrate crystals [[efflorescence|effloresce]] in warm dry air.  Heptahydrate crystals also oxidize in air to form sodium sulfate. The anhydrous form is more resistant to oxidation by air.<ref name="merck">Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed. monograph 8451</ref>
-[[Sodium bisulfite]],  NaHSO3, is mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions.
+[[Sodium bisulfite]],  NaHSO<sub>3</sub>, is mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions.
 ==Structure==
-According to [[X-ray crystallography]] sodium sulfite heptahydrate features pyramidal SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> centers.  The S-O distances are 1.50 and the O-S-O angles are near 106º. <ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-2253|title=The Crystal Structure of Sodium Sulphite. A Refinement Allowing for the Effect of Crystal Twinning|year=1969|last1=Larsson|first1=Lars Olof|last2=Kierkegaard|first2=Peder|last3=Lindberg|first3=Bengt|last4=Holme|first4=Tord|last5=Lindberg|first5=Alf A.|last6=Craig|first6=J. Cymerman|journal=Acta Chemica Scandinavica|volume=23|pages=2253–2260}}</ref>
+According to [[X-ray crystallography]] sodium sulfite heptahydrate features pyramidal SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> centers.  The S-O distances are 1.50 and the O-S-O angles are near 106º.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-2253|title=The Crystal Structure of Sodium Sulphite. A Refinement Allowing for the Effect of Crystal Twinning|year=1969|last1=Larsson|first1=Lars Olof|last2=Kierkegaard|first2=Peder|last3=Lindberg|first3=Bengt|last4=Holme|first4=Tord|last5=Lindberg|first5=Alf A.|last6=Craig|first6=J. Cymerman|journal=Acta Chemica Scandinavica|volume=23|pages=2253–2260|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 ==References==

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Latest revision as of 02:01, 29 March 2024

Preparation[edit]

Uses[edit]

Reactions[edit]

Structure[edit]

References[edit]

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