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'''''Oppenheimer''''' is a 2023 [[Epic film|epic]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Christopher Nolan]]. Based on the 2005 biography ''[[American Prometheus]]''<!-- Do not add subtitle without consensus at talk page--> by [[Kai Bird]] and [[Martin J. Sherwin]], the film chronicles the life of [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], a theoretical physicist who was pivotal in developing the first [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]] as part of the [[Manhattan Project]], and thereby ushering in the [[Atomic Age]]. [[Cillian Murphy]] stars as the titular character, with [[Emily Blunt]] as Oppenheimer's wife, [[Katherine Oppenheimer|Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer]], [[Matt Damon]] as [[Leslie Groves|General Leslie Groves]], Oppenheimer's military handler, and [[Robert Downey Jr.]] as [[Lewis Strauss]], a senior member of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]]. Other members of the supporting cast include [[Florence Pugh]], [[Josh Hartnett]], [[Casey Affleck]], [[Rami Malek]], and [[Kenneth Branagh]].
'''''Oppenheimer''''' is a 2023 [[Epic film|epic]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Christopher Nolan]]. Based on the 2005 biography ''[[American Prometheus]]''<!-- Do not add subtitle without consensus at talk page--> by [[Kai Bird]] and [[Martin J. Sherwin]], the film chronicles the life of [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], a theoretical physicist who was pivotal in developing the first [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]] as part of the [[Manhattan Project]], and thereby ushering in the [[Atomic Age]]. [[Cillian Murphy]] stars as the titular character, with [[Emily Blunt]] as Oppenheimer's wife, [[Katherine Oppenheimer|Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer]], [[Matt Damon]] as [[Leslie Groves|General Leslie Groves]], Oppenheimer's military handler, and [[Robert Downey Jr.]] as [[Lewis Strauss]], a senior member of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]]. Other members of the supporting cast include [[Florence Pugh]], [[Josh Hartnett]], [[Casey Affleck]], [[Rami Malek]], and [[Kenneth Branagh]].


The project was announced in September 2021 after [[Universal Pictures]] won a bidding war for Nolan's screenplay. Murphy signed on to portray Oppenheimer in October, with others in the main cast joining between November 2021 and April 2022. Pre-production was underway by January 2022, with filming taking place from February to May. ''Oppenheimer'' was filmed in a combination of [[IMAX]] 65mm and 65mm large-format film—including, for the first time, sections in IMAX [[black-and-white]] [[analog photography]]. As with his previous works, Nolan utilized extensive practical effects and minimal [[computer-generated imagery]].
The project was announced in September 2021 after [[Universal Pictures]] won a bidding war for Nolan's screenplay. Murphy signed on to portray Oppenheimer in October, with others in the main cast joining between November 2021 and April 2022. Pre-production was underway by January 2022, with filming taking place from February to May. ''Oppenheimer'' was filmed in a combination of [[IMAX]] 65mm and 65mm large-format film—including, for the first time, sections in IMAX [[black-and-white]] [[analog photography]]. Like his previous works, Nolan utilised extensive practical effects and minimal [[computer-generated imagery]].


''Oppenheimer'' premiered at [[Grand Rex|Le Grand Rex]] in Paris on July 11, 2023, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on July 21, 2023, by Universal Pictures. Released opposite [[Barbie (film)|''Barbie'']], the contrast became known as [[Barbenheimer]]. It is Nolan's first film not to be distributed by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] domestically or internationally since ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000), as well as his first to receive an [[R-rating (Motion Picture Association)|R rating]] since ''[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]'' (2002). The film received critical acclaim, with particular praise for its cast, screenplay, and visuals.
''Oppenheimer'' premiered at [[Grand Rex|Le Grand Rex]] in Paris on July 11, 2023, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on July 21, 2023, by Universal Pictures. Released opposite [[Barbie (film)|''Barbie'']], the contrast became known as [[Barbenheimer]]. It is Nolan's first film not to be distributed by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] domestically or internationally since ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000), as well as his first to receive an [[R-rating (Motion Picture Association)|R rating]] since ''[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]'' (2002). The film received critical acclaim, with particular praise for Nolan's direction, screenplay, cast performances and visuals.


==Plot==
==Plot==

Revision as of 07:57, 21 July 2023

Oppenheimer
J. Robert Oppenheimer in a hat and suit stands in front of the nuclear bomb.
Theatrical release poster
Directed byChristopher Nolan
Screenplay byChristopher Nolan
Based on
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyHoyte van Hoytema
Edited byJennifer Lame
Music byLudwig Göransson
Production
companies
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release dates
  • July 11, 2023 (2023-07-11) (Le Grand Rex)
  • July 21, 2023 (2023-07-21) (United States and United Kingdom)
Running time
180 minutes[1]
Countries
  • United States
  • United Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget$100 million[2]

Oppenheimer is a 2023 epic biographical thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan. Based on the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, the film chronicles the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist who was pivotal in developing the first nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project, and thereby ushering in the Atomic Age. Cillian Murphy stars as the titular character, with Emily Blunt as Oppenheimer's wife, Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer, Matt Damon as General Leslie Groves, Oppenheimer's military handler, and Robert Downey Jr. as Lewis Strauss, a senior member of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Other members of the supporting cast include Florence Pugh, Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, Rami Malek, and Kenneth Branagh.

The project was announced in September 2021 after Universal Pictures won a bidding war for Nolan's screenplay. Murphy signed on to portray Oppenheimer in October, with others in the main cast joining between November 2021 and April 2022. Pre-production was underway by January 2022, with filming taking place from February to May. Oppenheimer was filmed in a combination of IMAX 65mm and 65mm large-format film—including, for the first time, sections in IMAX black-and-white analog photography. Like his previous works, Nolan utilised extensive practical effects and minimal computer-generated imagery.

Oppenheimer premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on July 11, 2023, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on July 21, 2023, by Universal Pictures. Released opposite Barbie, the contrast became known as Barbenheimer. It is Nolan's first film not to be distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures domestically or internationally since Memento (2000), as well as his first to receive an R rating since Insomnia (2002). The film received critical acclaim, with particular praise for Nolan's direction, screenplay, cast performances and visuals.

Plot

Young J. Robert Oppenheimer is a brilliant student but struggles with mathematics in the eyes of his professor, which contributes to his anxiety. After completing his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Göttingen in Germany, he returns to the United States, driven by the absence of research on quantum physics. He starts teaching at the University of California at Berkeley, while also dedicating time to the California Institute of Technology. Along the way, he encounters significant figures like Jean Tatlock, with whom he has an on-and-off romantic relationship; Ernest Lawrence, the 1939 Nobel Prize winner who emphasizes the importance of practical applications; and Katherine Puening, whom he later marries. At one point, he and Albert Einstein discuss the far-reaching implications of nuclear weapons and the heavy burden of knowledge they bear.

Leslie Groves approaches Oppenheimer and requests his involvement in the development of the atomic bomb, but only after Oppenheimer assures them of having no sympathies for communism. Consequently, Oppenheimer assembles a team of scientists to work together and create the atomic bomb, aiming to use it as a means to save the world despite the concerns about the potential global repercussions. On the day of the Trinity test, there is an inherent uncertainty regarding the possibility of triggering a chain reaction that could lead to catastrophic consequences and potentially end the world. However, the test is a success.

Tatlock is found dead presumably by suicide. As World War II rages on, US president Harry S. Truman makes the decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Devastated by the immense destruction caused by these bombings, Oppenheimer meets with Truman in his office, who is disgusted by Oppenheimer's emotional state and perceives it as weakness. In their meeting, he absolves Oppenheimer of all responsibility for the bombings, but Oppenheimer holds himself accountable.

In the following years, Oppenheimer becomes a vocal advocate against further nuclear development, especially the creation of the hydrogen bomb. However, his stance becomes a point of contention in the tense climate of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Oppenheimer's perceived left-wing ties and association with Tatlock, who is linked to communist sympathies, draw suspicion from government officials. Lewis Strauss, a powerful figure with staunch anti-communist views and a grudge against Oppenheimer, seizes the opportunity to exploit these allegations. Oppenheimer's security clearance is revoked, and the revelation of his affair with Tatlock and the suspicion of his ties to communism lead to his fall from grace, effectively silencing his influence in matters of atomic energy and national security. The trial hurts Strauss' reputation as well, as he is denied a cabinet position by the Senate.

Cast

Actor Cillian Murphy at Peaky Blinder Premiere Birmingham. World Premiere of Peaky Blinders Season 2.
Portrait of J. Robert Oppenheimer, first director of Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Cillian Murphy (L) plays J. Robert Oppenheimer (R)

Production

Development

Following the publication of the 2005 biography American Prometheus written by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, director Sam Mendes had been interested in adapting the book into a film. However, the project never materialized and the authors grew pessimistic about the prospects of the book being adapted to the screen. By 2015, J. David Wargo, who owned the film rights to the book, went through various scripts with the intent of a film adaptation. Wargo would later fly to Hollywood and meet James Woods, who had also set up a meeting with Charles Roven, who had previously worked as a producer on various films of Christopher Nolan.[42] In 2019, towards the end of production on Nolan's film Tenet (2020), star Robert Pattinson gave the director a book containing Oppenheimer's speeches as a wrap gift. He had felt that as Tenet's main idea was "What if you could un-invent an awful technology? What if the toothpaste could be put back in the tube?", making the film would have been a logical extension and had also been fascinated with the idea of exploring the historical reality of the situation rather than employing it as an analogy in a science fiction context.[43][44]

In December 2020, Warner Bros. Pictures announced plans to give its 2021 films simultaneous releases in theaters and on HBO Max, citing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry. Nolan, who had partnered with the studio on each one of his films starting with Insomnia (2002), was outraged with the decision as he had been a proponent of film theaters.[45] In January 2021, media reports mentioned the possibility that Nolan's next film could be the first not to be financed or distributed by Warner Bros.[46] By mid-2021, the filmmaker had already left Warner Bros. and had been meeting with other studios to develop his new project.[44] Nolan had previously supported the studio's decision to give Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) a simultaneous release, stating that he perceived that situation to have been handled properly, but said he had been excluded from any discussions regarding the postponed release of Tenet.[47][48]

In September 2021, it was announced that Nolan would write and direct a biographical film set during World War II about J. Robert Oppenheimer, creator of the atomic bomb, with Cillian Murphy in negotiations to star.[49] The director would eventually read American Prometheus later that year, and decided to base his screenplay around the book, while also considering Oppenheimer to be the most important historical figure due to his role in the creation of the atomic bomb.[42][50] Nolan approached multiple studios for the project, including Sony Pictures, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Apple Studios due to his strained relationship with Warner Bros.[51][52] According to insiders, Paramount was out of the selection early on in the wake of the replacement of CEO and Chairman Jim Gianopulos with Brian Robbins, an advocate for increased streaming service releases.[52] Nolan had connections to Donna Langley, the chairman and chief content officer of the NBCUniversal studio group, who agreed with the filmmaker's stance on the motion picture industry. As such, Universal agreed to finance and distribute the film, with production set to begin in the first quarter of 2022.[53] The studio also agreed to Nolan's stipulations, which included a production budget of $100 million, an equal marketing budget, an exclusive theatrical window ranging from 90–120 days, twenty percent of the film's first-dollar gross, and a three-week period before and after the film's release in which Universal could not release another new film.[52][44]

Christopher Nolan at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.
Writer, director, and producer Christopher Nolan

Writing

Oppenheimer is the first script written by Christopher Nolan in the first person, as he wanted the narrative to be conveyed from Oppenheimer's perspective and described the "texture" of the film being "how the personal interacts with the historic and the geopolitical".[54][50] The story's framing device had spanned from Oppenheimer's security-clearance hearing in 1954 to Strauss's Senate confirmation hearing in 1959 to become President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of Commerce.[55] He had also deliberately chosen to alternate between scenes in color and black-and-white, explaining that he wanted the film to be conveyed from both an objective and subjective perspective.[56] Elaborating upon the dichotomy of color and black-and-white, he elaborated that the majority of the film would be the color timeline of Oppenheimer's subjective experiences, while a "more objective view of his story from a different character’s point of view" would be present in the black-and-white timeline.[57] Desiring to make the film as subjective as possible, the production team decided to visualize Oppenheimer's conceptions of the quantum world and waves of energy.[58] He had begun by trying to find the "thread that connected the quantum realm, the vibration of energy, and Oppenheimer's own personal journey" and had sought to portray the difficulties in his life, particular in regards to his sexual life.[43] As such, Nolan wanted to candidly portray his affair with Jean Tatlock. He had also wanted to explore Tatlock's influence on his life, as she was a Communist, as Nolan had known that it would have "enormous ramifications for his [Oppenheimer's] later life and his ultimate fate".[59] Nolan also sought to explore the relationship between Admiral Lewis Strauss, former chair of the Atomic Energy Commission during the Manhattan Project, and Oppenheimer. He had been inspired by the relationship between Mozart and Antonio Salieri in the film Amadeus (1984).[55] Another critical moment of the film was the meeting in which President Harry S. Truman called him a "crybaby". Nolan had desired to convey the scene from Oppenheimer's perspective and had felt that it was a "massive moment of disillusion, a huge turning point [for Oppenheimer] in his approach to trying to deal with the consequences of what he’d been involved with" while also underscoring that it is a "huge shift in perception about the reality of Oppenheimer's perception".[50]

Nolan had first been aware of Oppenheimer after hearing the lyric "How can I save my little boy from Oppenheimer’s deadly toy?" from the song "Russians" (1985) by Sting.[55] Additionally, he was also inspired by his fears of nuclear holocaust throughout his childhood, as he had lived during the era of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the anti-nuclear protests in RAF Greenham Common. He had also opined that "while our relationship with that [nuclear] fear has ebbed and flowed with time, the threat itself never actually went away", and felt the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused a resurgence of nuclear anxiety.[43] Emily Blunt had described the script as being "emotional" and resembling that of a thriller film. She had also commented that she felt Nolan had "Trojan-Horsed a biopic into a thriller".[60]

I think of any character I've dealt with, Oppenheimer is by far the most ambiguous and paradoxical. Which, given that I've made three Batman films, is saying a lot.

— Christopher Nolan, Total Film[60]

Casting

Oppenheimer marks the sixth collaboration between Nolan and Murphy, and the first starring Murphy as the lead. To prepare for the role, the actor did what he summarized as "an awful lot of reading" on Oppenheimer's life.[61][3] Nolan had called Murphy one day requesting him to play the part, and Murphy had enthusiastically accepted his offer and was excited to play a lead role in a Nolan film. Afterwards, Nolan flew to Dublin to meet with Murphy, who had read the script in his hotel room by September 2020.[62]

The casting process was so secretive that some of the actors did not know which role they were going to play until they signed on.[29] Robert Downey Jr., Matt Damon, and Emily Blunt took pay cuts to work on the film, earning $4 million each in lieu of their usual $10–20 million salaries.[63] Nolan cast writer-director Benny Safdie in the film after asking Paul Thomas Anderson about his experiences directing Safdie in Licorice Pizza (2021).[64] Downey Jr. considered Oppenheimer "the best film" he ever appeared in.[65]

Filming

Filming took place at the University of California, Berkeley in May 2022.

Pre-production was underway by January 2022 in New Mexico, where a two-day casting call took place in Santa Fe and Los Alamos for people to audition to play local residents, military personnel and scientists.[66][67] Another casting call was held in February.[68] Filming began in late February 2022,[13] with Hoyte van Hoytema serving as cinematographer. Gary Oldman said he would be on set for a day in May for "one scene, a page and a half".[38] Nolan's eldest daughter, Flora, had also filmed a scene in which she played a young woman in an explosion as part of a vision from Oppenheimer. His intention of including the scene was to convey that "the point is that if you create the ultimate destructive power, it will also destroy those who are near and dear to you" and felt that doing so was the best way of expressing it.[43]

The film used a combination of IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large-format film.[3] It is also the first film to shoot sections on IMAX black-and-white photographic film.[69] In the second week of April, filming took place at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.[70] Filming also occurred in California,[19] primarily around the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.[71] The production team had filmed scenes in Belen, New Mexico, with Murphy climbing a 100-foot steel tower, a replica of the original site used in the Trinity Project, in rough weather.[44] Filming wrapped in May 2022.[72]

Filming involved the use of real explosives to recreate the Trinity nuclear test, forgoing the use of computer-generated graphics.[73] A special set was created with gasoline, propane, aluminum powder, and magnesium being used.[43] While using miniatures for the practical effect, the film's special effects supervisor Scott R. Fisher referred to them as "big-atures", as the team tried to make the models as large as possible. A 1940s-style town was also built from scratch for the film.[74] Scenes had also been filmed in Oppenheimer's original cabin, which had been restored. Kai Bird had also been on-set and had been impressed watching Murphy's performance as Oppenheimer during filming.[75]

Post-production

During post-production, editing was completed by Jennifer Lame, who previously edited Tenet.[3] Visual effects were handled by DNEG, marking their eighth collaboration with Nolan. Andrew Jackson was the visual effects supervisor.[76]

The film received an R-rating from the Motion Picture Association for "some sexuality, nudity, and language", making it Nolan's first film to receive that rating since Insomnia (2002).[77]

Music

Main article: Oppenheimer (soundtrack)

Ludwig Göransson composed the score for the film, after doing so for Nolan's previous film, Tenet.[3] Göransson's score was featured in a trailer for the film on May 8, 2023.[78] It was also featured in the Universal Pictures exclusive five-minute Opening Look on July 13.[79][80]

Release

See also: Barbenheimer

Oppenheimer had the world premiere at Le Grand Rex in Paris, France on July 11, 2023,[81] followed by the British premiere at Odeon Luxe Leicester Square in London, England, United Kingdom on July 13,[82] and is set to have an American premiere at AMC Loews Lincoln Square in New York City on July 17.[83] Both London and New York premieres were affected by the ongoing SAG-AFTRA strike, as some actors left the London premiere early,[82] and Universal Pictures canceled the red carpet event for the New York premiere.[83] It was released theatrically on July 21, 2023 by Universal Pictures.[3][84][85] In addition to standard cinemas, it will be also released in various film formats including IMAX 70 mm (30 prints), standard 70 mm (113 prints) and 35 mm (around 80 prints).[86]

The film was released on the same day as Barbie, a fantasy comedy film directed by Greta Gerwig, part of Mattel's Barbie fashion dolls and media franchise, and distributed by Warner Bros. Due to the tonal and genre contrast between the two films, many social media users have taken to making memes about how the two films represent different audiences,[87] and how they should be viewed as a double feature.[88] The trend has been dubbed "Barbenheimer".[89] In an interview with La Vanguardia, Cillian Murphy endorsed the phenomenon, saying "My advice would be for people to go see both, on the same day. If they are good films, then that's cinema's gain."[90][91]

Marketing

The film's teaser trailer was released on July 28, 2022, featuring a live countdown to 5:29 AM (MST) on July 16, 2023, the 78th anniversary of the first detonation of an atomic weapon; it premiered in screenings of Nope before being posted online on Universal's social media profiles.[92] Empire commented that it is exemplary of Nolan's style: "heady, brooding stuff with a real sense of weight".[93] In May 2023, an official trailer debuted during preview screenings of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. It was subsequently released to the public on May 8, 2023, alongside a theatrical release poster.[94]

Reception

Box office

In the United States and Canada, Oppenheimer will be released alongside Barbie, and is projected to gross $45–50 million from 3,600 theaters in its opening weekend.[95] The week of their releases, AMC Theatres announced that over 40,000 AMC Stubs members had already pre-booked tickets to both films on the same day.[96]

In 2021, Variety speculated, based on estimates from sources at rival studios, that the film would need to gross around $350 million worldwide to be profitable.[97]

Critical response

First reviews of Oppenheimer praised the screenplay, the performances of the cast, with particular praise for Cillian Murphy's and Robert Downey Jr.'s performances, along with the visuals, but some criticized the writing of the female characters. They indicated that the film is "a remarkable achievement, and it's sure to go down as one of the best films of 2023."[98] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 219 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The website's consensus reads: "Oppenheimer marks another engrossing achievement from Christopher Nolan that benefits from Murphy's tour-de-force performance and stunning visuals."[99] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 90 out of 100, based on 60 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[100]

Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times awarded Oppenheimer a perfect four out of four stars, describing it as "magnificent" and "one of the best films of the 21st century."[101]

Accolades

Oppenheimer received nominations for Best Thriller, Best Drama TV Spot (for a Feature Film), Best Sound Editing in a TV Spot (for a Feature Film), and Best Thriller TV Spot (for a Feature Film); and won Best Drama, Best Summer 2023 Blockbuster Trailer, and Best Sound Editing at the 2023 Golden Trailer Awards.[102][103] It became a runner-up for Most Anticipated Film at the 6th Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Film Awards.[104]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Keegan, Rebecca (July 14, 2023). ""This Can't Be Safe. It's Got to Have Bite": Christopher Nolan and Cast Unleash Oppenheimer". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
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External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oppenheimer_(film)&diff=prev&oldid=1166396304

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