南京市
Nánjīng Shì

Abbreviation: 宁 (pinyin: Níng)
Origin of Name	南 nán - South 京 jīng - Capital Together - Southern Capital
Administration Type	Sub-provincial city, Provincial capital
CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary	Luo Zhijun
Mayor	Jiang Hongkun
Area	6598 km²
Population (2006)  - Residents  - Total  - Density	6,400,000 8,020,000 970.00/km²
Elevation	15 m / 50 ft
GDP (2006)  - per capita	¥277.4 billion ¥34,580
City tree	Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara)
City flower	Méi (Prunus mume)
County-level divisions	13
Township-level divisions	129
Postal Code	210000 - 211300
Area Code	25
License Plate Prefix	苏A
Official website: City of Nanjing

Nanjing^ⓘ (Chinese: 南京; Romanizations: Nánjīng (Pinyin), Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), Nanking (Postal map spelling)) is the capital of China's Jiangsu Province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. Nanjing has served as the capital of China during several historical periods, and is listed as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. In addition, the Republic of China, which controls Taiwan and neighbouring islands, claims it as its de jure capital.

Located in the downstream Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has always been one of China's most important cities. Apart from having been the capital of China for six dynasties and of the Republic of China, Nanjing has also served as a national hub of education, research, transportation and tourism throughout history. It is also the second largest commercial center in the East China region, behind only Shanghai.

Geography and climate

Nanjing, with a total area of 6,598 km², is situated in the largest economic zone of China, the Yangtze River Delta, which is part of the downstream Yangtze River drainage basin. Yangtze River flows past the west side of Nanjing City Proper, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 km from Shanghai, 1200 km from Beijing, and 1400 km from Chongqing.

Nanjing has a temperate climate, and is under the influence of East Asia Monsoon. Seasons are distinct in Nanjing, with usually hot summers and plenty of precipitation throughout the year. Along with Wuhan and Chongqing, Nanjing is often referred to as one of the "Three Furnaces" along the Yangtze River, due to the historically high temperature in summer. The average annual temperature is 15.7ºC, with the highest recorded temperature being 43ºC (July 13, 1934) and the lowest -16.9ºC (Jan 6, 1955). On average it precipitates 117 days out of a year and the average annual precipitation is 1106.5 mm. From mid-June to end of July is the Meiyu season, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain and dampness. According to the city government's website, the best weather of the year occurs from September to December.

Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves take 40% of those of Jiangsu province; its reserves of Strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses ample water resources, both from the Yangtze River and ground water, and it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

Surrounded by the Yangtze river and mountains, Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery. Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the center of the city and easily accessible to the public, while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and host various historical and cultural sites. Once, when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan, Liu Bei visited what is now Nanjing and was impressed by Nanjing's geographic position. He suggested Sun Quan to move his headquarters there, and Sun Quan did so, renaming the city from Moling (秣陵) to Jianye (建業).^[1]

History

Nanjing is one of the earliest established cities in the southern China area. According to the legend, Fu Chai, the Lord of the State of Wu, founded the first city, Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, The State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the city of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirt of the present day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the northwestern part of the present day Nanjing. Since then, the city has experienced numerous destructions and reconstructions.

Nanjing first became a capital in 229 AD, where Sun Quan of the Wu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms Period relocated its capital to Jianye (建邺), a city he extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. After the invasion of the Five Hu, the nobles and wealthies of Jin Dynasty escaped across the Yangtze River and established Nanjing as the capital, which was then called Jiankang. Since then Jiankang remained as the capital of Southern China during the North-South Division period, until Sui Dynasty reunified China and destroyed the entire city, turning it into farmland.

The city was reconstructed during the late Tang Dynasty. It was again named capital (then known as Jinling) during the short-lived Southern Tang Kingdom (937 – 975) (who renamed it Xidu), who succeeded the Wu Kingdom. ^[2]Jiankang's industry burgeoned and thrived during Song Dynasty, although it was constantly under threat from the northern foreign invasion. The Mongolians, after taking over China, further consolidated the city's status as a hub of the textile industry.

After successfully emerging as the winner during the warlords division period at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, established the city again as the capital of China in 1368, for the first time adopting the modern name, Nanjing, for the city. He constructed what was the largest city in the world during that time, and it took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present day city wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time, and it is the longest surviving city wall in the world.

It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. ^[3]

During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江宁) and served as the seat of government for the Liangjiang Viceroy. Nanjing was the capital of the Taiping Kingdom in the mid-19th century, being renamed as Tianjing (天京) (lit. Heaven's Capital). As Qing general Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, massive slaughtering occurred in the city with over 100,000 committing suicide or fighting to the death.

Modern Time

The Xinhai Revolution led the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president, and Nanjing was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Dynasty still controlled the northern provinces, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the emperor's abdication. Yuan demanded the capital be at Beijing (closer to his power base).

In 1927, the Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-Shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928.

In 1937, the Japanese army invaded and occupied Nanjing, which was then the capital of China. It is recognized that an often systematic, brutal Nanking massacre was carried out by the Japanese army in the city. The total death tolls could not be confirmed, since no official records were kept, and are often contested, but most estimates put the number of dead more than 320,000. Unlike the holocaust which happened around the same time, this event is not well known in other parts of world. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985.

A Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Nanjing Nationalist Government" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang's government in Chongqing, and after World War II, the KMT relocated its central government to Nanjing. On April 23, 1949, The People's Liberation Army conquered Nanjing, officially ending the Republic of China's rule in the mainland. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing was initially a province-level municipality, but very soon became, and today remains, the provincial capital of Jiangsu.

Until 2002, the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as textbooks published in Taiwan, referred to Nanjing as the capital of the ROC.

Government and administrative division

The full name of the government of Nanjing is "People's Government of Nanjing City". The city is under the one-party ruling of CPC, with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the Mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary.

Nanjing is currently consisted of 13 county-level divisions, of which 11 are districts and 2 are counties. The districts are the urban area of Nanjing while the counties are the rural area governed by the city.

Districts and Counties

Nanjing is divided in to different districts and counties for manipulating purpose. The districts listed below are 11 urbanal districts and 2 counties:

Districts:

• Xuanwu District (玄武區)
• Baixia District (白下區)
• Qinhuai District (秦淮區)
• Jianye District (建邺區)
• Gulou District (鼓楼區)
• Xiaguan District (下关區)
• Pukou District (浦口區)
• Luhe District (六合區) (Formerly Luhe County)
• Qixia District (栖霞區)
• Yuhuatai District (雨花台區)
• Jiangning District (江宁區) (Formerly Jiangning County)

Counties:

• Lishui County (溧水县)
• Gaochun County (高淳县)

The current partition of districts of Nanjing might be changing in the future. There was hearsay that Lishui County will be designated as a new urbanal district in the recent future.

Demographics

According to the Fifth China Census, the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 6.24 million in 2000. The statistic in 2004 estimated the total population to be 6.40 million, while the number of city residents is 5.836 million. The birth rate is 7.73‰ and the death rate is 5.44‰. 47,429 couples married in 2004, while 7036 pairs divorced. Among the newly-wed, 10,473 people are remarried. Urban areas include 1.65 million people. (2004 estimate)

As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56%), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) are Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76% to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups are Man (2311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities reside in Jianye District, comprising 9.13% of the district's population.

In 2003 the sex ratio of the city population is 106.49 males to 100 females.

In 2004 the city's GDP is RMB 191 million (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita is RMB 33,050, a 15% increase from 2003. The urban resident's disposable income is RMB 11,601; while the rural resident's net income is RMB 5,333. Urban unemployment rate is 4.03%, lower than the national average (4.2%).

Economy

Early development

Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has become an industrial center for textile and mint due to its strategic geographic location and convenient transportation. During Ming Dynasty Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and even the world. It led in textile, mint, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in the Far East region.

Into the first half of the twentieth century, Nanjing has gradually shifted from a production hub into a heavy consumption city, mainly because of the rapid expansion of wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China. A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted, attracting merchants all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, the revenue generated by food and entertainment industry in the city has exceeded the sum of the output of manufacturing and agriculture industry. One third of the city population worked in the service industry, while prostitution, drugs and gambling also thrived.

In 1950s, the CPC invested heavily in Nanjing to build a series of state-owned heavy industries, as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization. Electrical, mechanical, chemical and steel factories were established successively, converting Nanjing into a heavy industry production center of East China. Over-enthusiastic in building a “world-class” industrial city, leaders of Nanjing also made many disastrous mistakes during the development, such as spending hundreds of millions of Yuan to mine for non-existent coal, resulting in the negative economic growth in the late 60s.

Today

The current industry of the city basically inherited the characteristics of the 60s of last century, with electronics, cars, petrochemical, iron and steel, and power as the "Five Pillar Industries". Some representative big state-owned firms are Panda Electronics, Jincheng Motors and Nanjing Steel. The tertiary industry also regained prominence, counting for 44% of the GDP of the city. The city is also vying for foreign investment against neighboring cities in Yangtze River Delta, and so far a number of famous multinational firms, such as Fiat, Iveco, A.O. Smith and Sharp, have established their lines there. After China's entry into WTO, Nanjing has received increasing attention from foreign investors, and on average, two new foreign firms establish offices in the city everyday.

The city government is further improving the investing desirability of the city by building large industrial parks, which now totals to five: Gaoxin, Xingang, Huagong and Jiangning. Despite the effort, Nanjing is still falling behind other neighboring cities such as Wuxi, Suzhou and Hangzhou, which have an edge in attracting foreign investment and local innovation. In addition, the traditional state-owned enterprises find themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms, and hence are either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization. This resulted in large number of layoff workers who are technically not unemployed but effectively jobless.

Transportation

Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As most other China cities, public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens. Therefore see also Transport in Nanjing.

Land

As a regional hub, Nanjing is well-connected by over 60 state and provincial highways to all parts of China. Express highways such as Hu-Ning, Ning-He, Ning-Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities fast and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 kilometers of highway, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 km per hundred square km; the total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 km per hundred square km. As for the railway system, the Tianjin-Pukou, Shanghai-Nanjing and Nanjing-Wuhu Trunk Railways meet in Nanjing, which has become an important hub of railways linking north, east and central China. Passenger rail service in Nanjing is provided mainly by Nanjing Railway Station, while both Nanjing West Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station serve minor roles.

Public transportation

The city also boasts an efficient network of public transportation. The bus network, which is currently run by four companies (Nanjing Gongjiao, Zhongbei, Argos and Xincheng), provides more than 170 routes to all parts of the city and suburban areas. The city's first mass transit line, Metro Line No.1, started service on May 15, 2005, and Metro Line No. 2 will begin construction in November 2005. The city is planning to complete a 433-kilometer long Metro and light-rail system by 2050. The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate the intra-city transportation and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion.

Air

Nanjing's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. The airport is ranked 15th among 126 civil airports in China in terms of yearly passenger transport, and 10th for yearly cargo transport. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand and Singapore. The airport is connected by a 29-km highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various inter-city highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities.

Water

Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China, yearly throughput reaching 66 million tons in 2003. The port area is 98 kilometres in full length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Nanjing is also the biggest container port along Yangtze River; in March 2004, the one million container-capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region.

Culture and art

Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural center attracting intellectuals from all over the country. In the Tang and Song dynasties, Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past; during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the city was the official imperial examination center for the Jiangnan region, again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived.

Today, with long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a “city of culture” and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China.

Art

Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing; they include: Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute, Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company and so on.

Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu, China's oldest stage art. It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre, and puppet theatre.

Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions.

Festivals

Many traditional festivals and customs were being observed in the old times, which include climbing City Wall on January 16, bathing in Qing Xi on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others (the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar). Almost none of them, however, is still celebrated by modern Nanjingese.

Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Hill, the largest Plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom & Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.

Libraries

Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 7 million volumes of printed materials and is the 3rd largest library in China, after National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to the citizens. Nanjing University Library, owned by Nanjing University, with a collection of 4.2 million volumes, is also one of the leading university libraries in China.

Museums

Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China, among which include Nanjing Museum, City Museum of Nanjing, Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Nanjing Customs Museum and Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum. Nanjing Museum, formerly known as National Central Museum under the KMT ruling, is the first modern museum and remains as one of leading museums in China.

Night life

Traditionally Nanjing's nightlife was mostly centered around Fuzi Miao area along the Qinhuai River, where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrived, and boating at night on the river was a main attraction of the city. The area was also famous (or infamous) for the high concentration of upper-class prostitutes, many of them patronized by high-ranking government officials and wealthy businessmen. The prostitution was banned after CPC took over Nanjing.

In recent years, several commercial streets have been developed by the city and the night life has become more diverse: there are mega-shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road, and the newly-opened "Nanjing 1912" district hosts a wide variety of pastime facilities ranging from traditional restaurants to western pubs.

Theatre

Most of Nanjing's major theatres are multi-purposed, used as convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres on different occasions. The major theatres include People's Convention Hall and Nanjing Arts and Culture Center.

Most of the city's cinemas are not well maintained due to lack of revenue and rampant movie piracy^{[citation needed]}. Yet a new cinema, Nanjing Shangying-Warner Cinema Complex, was opened in 2004, as the first modern cinema complex in Nanjing and an effort to encourage more moviegoers.

Tourism

As a popular tourist destination, Nanjing is often cited as having a unique charm: with vast number of cultural sites and pleasant natural surroundings perfectly blending together, the ancient city enchants millions of tourists with a memorable experience.

Buildings and monuments

Ancient period

• Beiji Ge
• Chaotian Palace (museum and Kunqu opera house)
• Fuzi Miao (Temple of Confucius) and Qinhuai River
• Gu Lou
• Jiangnan Gongyuan
• Jiming Temple
• Jinghai Temple
• Linggu Temple
• Ming Dynasty Palace Site
• Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and its surrounding complex
• Nanjing Ming City Wall and Zhonghua Gate
• Qixia Temple
• South Tang Mausoleums
• Stone City
• The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing
• Yuejiang Lou

Republic of China period (1912-1949)

Because it was destined as the national Capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain which are open to tourists.

• Catholic Church at Shigu Road (112 Shigu Road)
• Central Hotel (237 E. Zhongshan Road)
• Central Stadium (present day Nanjing Physical Education Institute)
• China Bank of Communications Nanjing Branch (1 E. Zhongshan Road)
• Dahua Theatre (67 S. Zhongshan Road)
• Former Central Government Building Group along N. Zhongshan Road
• Former Foreign Embassies in Gu Lou Area
• Huiwen Institute Bell Tower (196 Zhongshan Road)
• Jiangsu Art Gallery (Former National Art Gallery)
• Lizhi She (307 E. Zhongshan Road)
• Macklin Hospital (321 Zhongshan Road, present day Gu Lou Hospital)
• Nanjing Museum Complex
• Officials Residence Cluster along Yihe Road
• Presidential Palace, Nanjing
• Purple Mountain Observatory
• St. Paul's Church (396 S. Taiping Road)
• The Complex of Former Academia Sinica (39 E. Beijing Road)
• The Complex of Former Central University
• The Complex of Former Jinling University
• Yangzi Hotel (2 Baoshan Road)
• Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and its surrounding area

Contemporary

• Jinling Hotel On Zhongshan (19th) Avenue
• Jiangsu TV Tower
• Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
• River-crossing Victory Monument
• Nanjing Harbor on Latitude 8th Street

Museums and galleries

See Culture and Art above.

Parks and gardens

• Bailu Zhou Park (White Aigret Islet Park)
• Baima Park (White Horse Park)
• Hongshan Zoological Park
• Jiuhua Hill
• Mochou Lake
• Purple Mountain Scenic Area
• Qingliang Hill
• Qixia Hill
• Xiuqiu Park
• Xu Garden
• Xuanwu Lake
• Ulong Tan Park (Black Dragon Pond)
• Yanzi Ji
• Yuhua Tai
• Zhan Garden
• Zhenzhu Spring Park (Pearl Spring Park)
• Zheng He Park
• Zhongshan Botanical Garden
• Yue Ya (Crescent) Lake

Markets and shopping areas

• Fuzi Miao
• Hunan Road
• Xinjiekou

Other places of interests

• Tangshan Hot Spring
• Jiangxin Islet
• Yangshan Tomb Stone
• Yangtze River Crossing Nanjing, tallest electricity pylons built of concrete.

Education

Nanjing has been the educational center in southern China for more than 1700 years. Presently, it boasts of some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region, which are listed as follows:

National

• Nanjing University (南京大学) (originated in 258, modern incarnation founded 1902)
• Southeast University (东南大学) (National Central University 国立中央大学, founded in 1902)
• Hohai University (河海大学)
• Nanjing Agricultural University (南京农业大学)
• China Pharmaceutical University (中国药科大学)
• Nanjing University of Science & Technology (南京理工大学)
• Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (南京航空航天大学)

Public

• Nanjing University of Technology (南京工业大学)
• Nanjing Forestry University (南京林业大学)
• Nanjing Medical University (南京医科大学)
• Nanjing Normal University (南京师范大学)
• Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(南京中医药大学)
• Nanjing University of Finance & Economics (南京财经大学)
• Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (南京邮电大学)
• Nanjing Institute of Meteorology (南京气象学院)
• Nanjing Institute of Physical Education (南京体育学院)
• Nanjing Arts Institute (南京艺术学院)
• Nanjing Audit University (南京审计学院)
• Nanjing Xiaozhuang College (南京晓庄学院)
• Jinling Institute of Technology (金陵科技学院)

Private

• Sanjiang College (三江学院)

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

High Schools

• Nanjing Foreign Language School (南京外国语学校)
• Affiliated High School of Nanjing Normal University (南京师范大学附属中学)
• Jinling High School (金陵中学)
• Zhonghua High School (中华中学)

Sister cities

Nanjing currently has 16 sister cities (areas), namely:

• Alsace, France
• Barranquilla, Colombia
• Bloemfontein, South Africa
• Eindhoven, Netherlands
• Florence, Italy
• Hauts-de-Seine, France
• Houston, Texas, U.S.
• Leipzig, Germany
• Limassol, Cyprus
• London, Ontario, Canada
• Malacca Town, Malaysia (2001)
• Mexicali, Mexico
• Nagoya, Japan
• Perth, Australia
• St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
• Daejeon, South Korea

See also

• Treaty of Nanjing
• Nanjing Massacre or "The Rape of Nanking"
• Jiangnan
• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population

Reference

• Jiang, Zanchu (1995). Nanjing shi hua. Nanjing: Nanjing chu ban she. ISBN 7-80614-159-6.

External links

• Nanjing official site (Government of Nanjing)
• Nanjing city guide with open directory (Jiangsu Network)
• Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
• Nanking (the film)
• Template:Wikitravel
• Nanjing travel guide
• Nanjing at Night by Dennis David
• Pictures of Nanjing and information

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