THC Science

A naked short sale, (or naked shorting), is a controversial form of selling shares of securities short. It is viewed by critics as a device to depress stock prices.

However, the extent to which this practice takes place has been widely exaggerated, and allegations of naked short-selling have historically been used as a scapegoat by pump-and-dump scam operators wishing to shift blame for the inevitable decline in manipulated stocks.

Allegations concerning naked short-selling have long swirled around the capital markets, and were the subject of a cover story in Forbes magazine on February 8, 1988. At that time, stock promoters involved in the Creative Securities and Haas Securities stock swindles were alleging that their firms' shares -- subsequently found to have been a subject of pump and dump fraud -- were pushed down by naked short-sellers. In fact, these stocks collapsed after the stock fraud ended, and no naked shorting was proven.

In an ordinary short sale, stocks are borrowed and then sold, with the aim of profiting when a stock price declines. In a "naked" short sale, the short-seller does not borrow or arrange to borrow the securities in time for settlement (in the major United States capital markets, settlement typically takes place three days after the transaction).

Advantages for the market of naked short selling

In criminal stock fraud operations, retail investors are encouraged by either a stock promoter or bucket shop to buy a stock pushing it's value far beyond its true value. This is also called pump and dump. If naked shorting were allowed by SEC rules, other brokerages would step in and naked short the stock bringing it back to true value. In essence, SEC rules against naked shorting allows criminal stock fraud operations to exist and make large profits.

By making naked shorts illegal, volume of trading is reduced resulting in higher spreads and illiquidity. Also, present naked shorting rules allow brokerages to make large profits doing "bona-fide market making" while stock markets are falling. Since retail investors are not allowed to do naked shorting, this presents an unfairness or uneven playing field.

Disadvantages for the market of naked short selling

Naked Short Selling causes a drop in share price. Companies who are doing a stock offering will have to issue more shares to raise the same amount of cash. Critics of the practice also charge that naked short-selling could theoretically result in trading in fictitious shares. However, regulators have found no evidence of that actually taking place.

Controversy

Critics charge that naked short selling can threaten the stability of stock prices because stocks can be sold without having to first acquire them from existing owners. In practice, true naked shorts cannot be maintained by public investors since they must either have the shares borrowed for them by their brokers in advance or promptly deliver the physical shares. Therefore, true naked shorts are typically done by broker-dealers and market makers who are able to maintain such naked short positions in secrecy via simple electronic journaling or book-keeping, intra-firm, to customers who bought and who simply need to see share figures on their statements to feel assured.

This is a practice of questionable legality, but so are the methods that are used to fight naked short-selling, which are also used to fight less controversial forms of short-selling. These include the buyer requesting physical delivery of share certificates. Even in the rare instance such share certificate delivery is sought by the shareholder, the broker-dealer or market maker can always belatedly buy the needed shares on the open market, and deliver those. That can artifically inflate share prices via what is known as a "short squeeze." Such manipulative methods are frequently illegal, and are used by scam artists to artificially elevate share prices. Investors who buy shares that have been inflated in that manner can be hurt when the shares, as they invariably do, decline. However, short squeezes allow pump-and-dump scam artists to dump their shares on innocent investors.

Some companies, mainly thinly traded small cap operations, have fought back against alleged naked shorting by suing short-sellers and the Depository Trust Clearing Corporation. However, these suits have almost invariably been tossed out of court before trial.

In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission enacted Regulation SHO to prohibit Naked Short Selling. Regulation SHO was enacted under concerted pressure from opponents of naked short-selling, which include many stock manipulators and scam artists. Critics of Regulation SHO say that it reduced the ability of the free market to counteract pump and dump stock frauds.

Regulation SHO put in place a warning system against the risk of stock price instability by publicly identifying securities where short positions composed more than 10,000 shares and more than 0.5% of the Total Shares Outstanding for 5 consecutive settlement days or more. Critics charge that this system encourage "short squeezes" aimed at artificially inflating share prices.

Despite the enactment of Regulation SHO, opponents of naked short sales have continued their campaign against naked short-selling, and have been accused of seeking to attribute ordinary price fluctuations to naked short-selling.

Criticism

Critics of naked shorting have emphatically asserted that the practice constitutes a major scandal on the stock market, and that "hundreds if not thousands of companies"have been victimized by the practice. Some critics have contended that there is a "massive stock counterfeiting" conspiracy, with one vocal critical, Overstock Inc. chief executive officer Patrick Byrne, maintainingthat there is a "Sith Lord" behind naked shorting machinations -- a claim that has been met by widespread derision.

However, critics of naked short-selling have failed to produce evidence in support of their arguments. That and the "Sith Lord" and "stock counterfeiting" claims, have hurt the credibility of the anti-naked-shorting movement.

Counter criticism

In 2003, the SEC implemented a new rule to ban the practice. The ruling was designed to protect vulnerable stocks to aggressive short-selling. However, opponents of this rule have been arguing that "if naked-shorting had not taken place during the micro-cap crime wave of the 1990s, such stocks would have climbed even higher before they crashed". [1]

Critics of naked shorting are themselves frequently the subjects of harsh criticism, with skeptics pointing out a near total absence of evidence that the practice even exists. Indeed, the entire subject was pretty well laid to rest at a November 2005 forum on naked short-selling conducted by the North American Securities Administrators Association, in which regulators testifiedthat has been little or no evidence of extensive naked short selling,

James Brigagliano, assistant director of market regulation at the SEC, said, "While there may be instances of abusive short selling, 99% of all trades in dollar value settle on time without incident." Brigagliano said the SEC conducted examination at 45 broker/dealers and asked the markets to look into the trading of securities in which large amounts of "fails to deliver" have been registered.

Cameron Funkhouser, NASD's senior vice president of market regulations, told the forum that NASD had found no evidence of rampant naked short selling. He also noted that although a number of companies have in the past alleged their shares have been manipulated through the listing of their stocks on foreign stock exchanges, he had found no evidence of such activity. "We took (these allegations) very seriously," Funkhouser said. "We have seen not one instance of naked short selling or any abusive short activity" through foreign exchanges."

Despite the overwhelming evidence that "naked shorting" is a nonissue that is a drain on regulatory resources, opponents of naked short-selling continue to press their campaign.

External links

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+A '''naked short sale''', (or ''naked shorting''), is a controversial form of [[Short selling|selling shares of securities short]]. It is viewed by critics as a device to depress [[stock price]]s.
-'''A '''naked short sale''', (or ''naked shorting''), is the practice of creating a sales transaction, debiting the buyer's account, and then failing to deliver the product (the share).''' Generally an illegal practice, it is legal in some limited instances: for market makers, and in some hedge transactions. But it is generally accepted that taking a customer's money, and not delivering the product, is simple fraud.
+However, the extent to which this practice takes place has been widely exaggerated, and allegations of naked short-selling have historically been used as a scapegoat by pump-and-dump scam operators wishing to shift blame for the inevitable decline in manipulated stocks.
-The practice is often confused with legal short selling, which is unfortunately due to the nomenclature. Most now refer to naked short selling as the SEC and the industry does, which is "Failing to Deliver".
+Allegations concerning naked short-selling have long swirled around the [[capital markets]], and were the subject of a cover story in Forbes magazine on February 8, 1988. At that time, [[stock promoters]] involved in the Creative Securities and [http://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/34-42181.htm Haas Securities]  stock swindles were alleging that their firms' shares -- subsequently found to have been a subject of [[pump and dump]] fraud -- were pushed down by naked short-sellers. In fact, these stocks collapsed after the stock fraud ended, and no naked shorting was proven.
-In a legal short sale, the short seller borrows a share of stock, then sells it, in the hopes of buying it back at a lower price when it is returned to the lender. In this legal short sale, the buyer of the shorted share receives a real share, albeit one which was borrowed. This is a legal and acceptable way to bet on a price decline.
+In an ordinary short sale, stocks are borrowed and then sold, with the aim of profiting when a stock price declines. In a "naked" short sale, the short-seller does not borrow or arrange to borrow the securities in time for [[Settlement (finance)|settlement]] (in the major [[United States]] capital markets, settlement typically takes place three days after the transaction).
-In a naked short sale, the short seller never borrows a share, and advertises a false share for sale. The buyer "buys" that share, his account is debited the money for the purchase, all the brokers are paid their commissions, but then the share is not delivered. This is possible due to Wall Street's divorcing clearing (payment and processing of the transaction) and settlement (actual delivery of the share).
-Critics of the practice maintain that advertising something for sale, and then failing to deliver it after the transaction has gone through, is fraud. Apologists for the practice generally don't argue this seminal point, but rather claim that it is a minor problem in the markets, or that it counters other frauds, or that it is useful because it provides liquidity.
-The amount of naked short selling fraud in the US markets is a closely guraded secret, specifically because the SEC refuses to provide definitive numbers. They do admit that 1% of all transactions per day do not settle, which is generally accepted to be a $6+ billion per day issue, highly concentrated in a small number of stocks. In late 2004, the SEC passed Reg SHO, in order to bring some balance to the markets, and in the process "grandfathered" all instances of naked short selling prior to 2005 - causing critics to argue that the SEC had just created state-sponsored fraud, as untold billions of dollars of transactions, for which no product was ever delivered, were absolved of the requirement to ever deliver any product. The SEC refuses to disclose how many billions of dollars were grandfathered, or how many shares. They also refuse to disclose the amount of naked short selling in any given company, causing critics to claim that the SEC is de facto protecting fraudsters at the expense of investors.
 == Advantages for the market of naked short selling ==
+In criminal [[stock fraud]] operations, retail investors are encouraged by either a [[stock promoter]] or [[bucket shop]] to buy a stock pushing it's value far beyond its true value. This is also called [[pump and dump]]. If naked shorting were allowed by SEC rules, other brokerages would step in and naked short the stock bringing it back to true value. In essence, SEC rules against naked shorting allows criminal stock fraud operations to exist and make large profits.
+By making naked shorts illegal, volume of trading is reduced resulting in higher spreads and illiquidity. Also, present naked shorting rules allow brokerages to make large profits doing "bona-fide market making" while stock markets are falling. Since retail investors are not allowed to do naked shorting, this presents an unfairness or uneven playing field.
-As seen in the first section, illegal naked short selling is fraud. It is the creation of a sale transaction, for which the buyer's funds are taken, but no product is delivered. Apologists for the practice seek to introduce a number of straw man arguments, none of which address the core fraud in the practice, which as noted before, is illegal in all but a few instances - such as market maker exemptions.
-It is difficult to argue with a straight face that there are benefits for the market to be had by defrauding investors, however that doesn't stop the perpetrators of the practice from advancing arguments supporting the practice. Some common arguments are that naked short selling is good for the market, as it can be used to combat other fraudulent activity, such as pump and dump schemes, where promoters pump a stock's value above fair value. It is simple to see the logical fallacy here, as it really argues that one fraud can be countered by allowing a different fraud - the "two wrongs make a right" fallacy.
-Another canard that is floated by apologists for the illegal variant is that it increases liquidity, which is an argument that says that by increasing the amount of fraud, you increase the amount of trading, which increases the ability to buy and sell easily, and decreases spreads. Again, this argues for allowing investors to be defrauded, as the benefits to an efficient market in trading these frauds are supposed to outweigh the damage from the fraud itself.
-Current legal naked shorting rules allow brokerages to make large profits doing "bona-fide market making" while stock markets are falling. The market maker exemption to the rules governing the practice is intended to allow market makers to naked short sell on a very temporary basis, in order to increase liquidity and stabilize markets. When this practice extends for more than a few days, it too crosses over from the legal variant, to the illegal variant - fraud.
 == Disadvantages for the market of naked short selling ==
+Naked Short Selling causes a drop in share price. Companies who are doing a [[stock offering]] will have to issue more shares to raise the same amount of cash. Critics of the practice also charge that naked short-selling could theoretically result in trading in fictitious shares. However, regulators have found no evidence of that actually taking place.
-Naked Short Selling is fraud, thus the disadvantage for the market is that investors are defrauded on a regular basis by predators who use the illegal practice for financial gain. Aside from this large, obvious disadvantage, other negatives arising from the practice involve dilution of voting rights (fraudulent transactions, represented to the buyer as having been delivered but in fact un-delivered, lead to over-voting, which dilutes holders of genuine shares), price manipulation resulting from oversupply of sales transactions without corresponding shares to deliver, and loss of faith in the integrity of the market system (as investors learn that they are being defrauded at an unknown level while regulators conceal the hard data).
 == Controversy ==
+Critics charge that naked short selling can threaten the [[stability]] of stock prices because stocks can be sold without having to first acquire them from existing owners.  In practice, true naked shorts cannot be maintained by public investors since they must either have the shares borrowed for them by their [[broker]]s in advance or promptly deliver the physical shares.  Therefore, true naked shorts are typically done by broker-dealers and market makers who are able to maintain such naked short positions in secrecy via simple electronic journaling or book-keeping, intra-firm, to customers who bought and who simply need to see share figures on their statements to feel assured.
+This is a practice of questionable legality, but so are the methods that are used to fight naked short-selling, which are also used to fight less controversial forms of short-selling. These include the buyer requesting physical delivery of share certificates.  Even in the rare instance such share certificate delivery is sought by the shareholder, the broker-dealer or market maker can always belatedly buy the needed shares on the open market, and deliver those. That can artifically inflate share prices via what is known as a "short squeeze." Such manipulative methods are frequently illegal, and are used by scam artists to artificially elevate share prices. Investors who buy shares that have been inflated in that manner can be hurt when the shares, as they invariably do, decline. However, short squeezes allow pump-and-dump scam artists to dump their shares on innocent investors.
-There is no controversy over naked short selling being fraud. No argument has ever been successfully mounted to explain away the basic deception involved. The controversy surrounds the arguments advanced by the two camps: Those who benefit from the fraud being perpetuated, and those that are harmed by it.
+Some companies, mainly thinly traded small cap operations, have fought back against alleged naked shorting by suing short-sellers and the Depository Trust Clearing Corporation. However, these suits have almost invariably been [http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20060127005585&newsLang=en tossed out of court] before trial.
-'''Pro-naked short selling:'''
+In the [[United States]], the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] enacted Regulation SHO to prohibit Naked Short Selling. Regulation [[SHO]] was enacted under concerted pressure from opponents of naked short-selling, which include many stock manipulators and scam artists. Critics of Regulation SHO say that it reduced the ability of the free market to counteract [[pump and dump]] stock frauds.
-Members of the Wall Street community who derive their livelihoods from trading commissions are all in favor of anything that creates more commissions. These include the DTCC (the monopoly clearing and trading company owned by the Wall Street brokers and banks), Wall Street brokers and banks, hedge funds (who are generally short biased, thus benefit from their targets going down in price), the Exchanges (who receive a fee for every transaction), and many journalists who are close to the financial community.
+Regulation SHO put in place a warning system against the risk of stock price instability by publicly identifying securities where short positions composed more than 10,000 shares and more than 0.5% of the Total Shares Outstanding for 5 consecutive settlement days or more. Critics charge that this system encourage "short squeezes" aimed at artificially inflating share prices.
-'''Anti-naked short selling:'''
+Despite the enactment of Regulation SHO, opponents of naked short sales have continued their campaign against naked short-selling, and have been accused of seeking to attribute ordinary price fluctuations to naked short-selling.
-State regulators, academics, investors, shareholders, victim companies. Anyone who doesn't benefit financially from trading commissions, or stock prices decreasing.
+== Criticism ==
-'''The Arguments:'''
+Critics of naked shorting have emphatically asserted that the practice constitutes a major scandal on the stock market, and that [http://www.gopetition.com/online/6645.html "hundreds if not thousands of companies"]have been victimized by the practice. Some critics have contended that there is a [http://www.suite101.com/discussion.cfm/investing/106539/latest/54 "massive stock counterfeiting"] conspiracy, with one vocal critical, Overstock Inc. chief executive officer Patrick Byrne, [http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060113/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_overstock maintaining]that there is a "Sith Lord" behind naked shorting machinations -- a claim that has been met by widespread derision.
+However, critics of naked short-selling have failed to produce evidence in support of their arguments. That and the "Sith Lord" and "stock counterfeiting" claims, have hurt the credibility of the anti-naked-shorting movement.
-'''Argument 1''' – Good companies aren’t hurt by naked short selling; if they are solid, the company will ultimately do well.
+== Counter criticism ==
-Fact: Defrauding shareholders is fraud, and the impact on the company is a red herring. Either you are pro-fraud, or anti-fraud – arguing that fraud ultimately won’t hurt a good company deliberately ignores that shareholders are being defrauded, and attempts to shift the discussion to a different sort of fraud – stock manipulation using naked short selling, and the long-term success likelihood of the manipulation.
+In [[2003]], the SEC implemented a new rule to ban the practice. The ruling was designed to protect vulnerable stocks to aggressive short-selling. However, opponents of this rule have been arguing that "if naked-shorting had not taken place during the micro-cap crime wave of the 1990s, such stocks would have climbed even higher before they crashed". [http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nakedshorting.asp]
+Critics of naked shorting are themselves frequently the subjects of harsh criticism, with skeptics pointing out a near total absence of evidence that the practice even exists. Indeed, the entire subject was pretty well laid to rest at a November 2005 forum [http://www.nasaa.org/NASAA_Newsroom/Current_NASAA_Headlines/3923.cfmforum on naked short-selling] conducted by the North American Securities Administrators Association, in which [http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20060124005947&newsLang=en regulators testified]that has been little or no evidence of extensive naked short selling,
-'''Argument 2''' – Naked short selling counterbalances crooked companies, and pump artists.
+James Brigagliano, assistant director of market regulation at the SEC, said, "While there may be instances of abusive short selling, 99% of all trades in dollar value settle on time without incident." Brigagliano said the SEC conducted examination at 45 broker/dealers and asked the markets to look into the trading of securities in which large amounts of "fails to deliver" have been registered.
-Fact: Defrauding shareholders is fraud, and arguing that one sort of fraud should be used to counter a different sort of fraud, is lunacy.
+Cameron Funkhouser, NASD's senior vice president of market regulations, told the forum that NASD had found no evidence of rampant naked short selling. He also noted that although a number of companies have in the past alleged their shares have been manipulated through the listing of their stocks on foreign stock exchanges, he had found no evidence of such activity. "We took (these allegations) very seriously," Funkhouser said. "We have seen not one instance of naked short selling or any abusive short activity" through foreign exchanges."
+Despite the overwhelming evidence that "naked shorting" is a nonissue that is a drain on regulatory resources, opponents of naked short-selling continue to press their campaign.
-'''Argument 3''' – Naked short selling isn’t a big problem – only 1% of all trades per day in dollar volume fail, thus it is insignificant.
-Truth: 1% of those trades in dollars fail per day, meaning 1% of the money changing hands every day is being done so fraudulently. This fraud is not evenly distributed across the entire market - it is disproportionately concentrated in a handful of companies on the SHO list - thus a small number of companies have runaway fraud in the trading of their shares. And we have a list of which companies those are: The Reg SHO list. If the SEC would provide hard data on the actual scope of the fraud there would be no contention over the size of the problem, however they choose to keep that information secret.
-'''Argument 4''' – Not all NSS is illegal, some is innocent.
-Fact: Some is. Market makers, for instance, can NSS in order to provide liquidity – temporary liquidity. When market makers NSS in order to sustain a price depression, it shifts back into the fraud area. And because some is innocent (dog ate the certificate) doesn’t mean all is – and anyone arguing that it isn’t a large problem argues from ignorance – the SEC and DTCC won’t tell us how large the problem is, and how much is fraud vs. innocent. So it could be 95% fraud, 5% innocent, or the inverse, but nobody is talking. So the question is, how much fraud is OK, and why won't anyone provide definitive data as to the exact amount of fraud that is taking place? And why, in today’s Six Sigma world, is any fraud OK?
-'''Argument 5''' – Only bad companies are victims of NSS.
-Fact: Arguing that only “bad” companies’ shareholders are systematically defrauded, thus defrauding them is somehow OK, again, ignores that NSS is fraud. This argument is a variant of #1, but seeks to place the blame for fraudsters defrauding investors on the targeted company – forgetting that the company’s shares are just the vehicle being used to commit the fraud. Sort of like saying stealing from “bad” stores is OK. Makes no sense.
-'''Argument 6''' – By being anti-NSS, you are really saying you are anti-short selling, period.
-Fact: This seeks to confuse a legal investment tactic with fraud, because the terms used to describe the two sound alike. Legal short selling involves borrowing a security, and selling it and delivering it to the buyer, hoping for a price decline before the seller has to buy a share in the market to return to the lender. NSS involves advertising something for sale, creating a sale transaction, debiting the buyer’s account, and then not delivering the product – again, simple fraud.
-'''Argument 7''' – NSS increases liquidity, and liquidity is good.
-Fact: Liquidity is good if you are in the business of being compensated for executing lots of buy/sell trades. Liquidity is meaningless if you are an investor holding shares – it only becomes an issue when you want to sell, or want to buy. Fraud does increase the number of transactions, and the APPARENT amount of sell-side liquidity (supply) – but again, arguing that fraud is good because of the end-effects of it being perpetrated in large-scale manner, is specious. Fraud is fraud, and increasing liquidity by increasing the number of frauds is bad, for obvious reasons.
-'''Argument 8''' – Speculators should avoid stocks that are on the SHO list, as they are being warned that there is a problem – they are bringing it on themselves.
-Fact: Fraud is illegal, in all instances. Having a list of companies where the fraud is massive does nothing but highlight that massive fraud has taken place. Arguing that investors should avoid buying the shares of companies whose shares have been fraudulently abused is again, blaming the victim, and while it makes sense to avoid bad areas of town where the murder rate is high, it does not make sense to condone rampant murder – anywhere. Condoning lots of murder in some areas of town, versus eradicating it, is cultural chaos. Condoning fraud in the trading of certain companies is systemic chaos.
-'''Argument 9''' – Nobody is hurt by NSS – investors can sell their shares instantly, even if fraudulently created IOUs, thus no harm done to the investor.
-Fact: Argues that because the system is very efficient at trading in frauds, that fraud does no harm. Fraud is fraud, and is illegal. Whether or not a system exists for trading or perpetuating fraud does not change the nature of the crime. Property rights are protected by the Constitution, and arguing that because it is easy to defraud the next person in the chain, who buys your fraud, ignores the basic crime, and instead argues that fraud is OK as long as it is easy and efficient to commit. A completely separate absurdity is that this argument is very much akin to arguing that piracy doesn't hurt the companies being pirated, as there is a liquid market for pirated goods.
-'''Argument 10''' – NSS doesn’t impact the share price long term, as demand will eventually return a company’s stock to fair value.
-Fact: Argues for price action in a stock, rather than acknowledging that NSS is fraud, and thus bad. Also attempts to introduce a straw man – company fundamentals/stock price – rather than focus on NSS, and the basic fraud committed.
-'''Argument 11''' – Getting paper certificates is foolish, or a waste of time, or will negatively impact you (difficulty in trading) or the market (decreased liquidity). Variations include arguments of low statistical likelihood of a broker failure resulting in a situation where veracity of shares is in question, or liquidity/valuation arguments.
-Fact: Paper certificates are the only protection against being defrauded by a naked short sale (actually the Direct Registration System also can, but is esoteric). Arguments as to trading ease, or market valuation, ignore the effectiveness of certs as a prophylactic against being defrauded – if you have the asset in your hand, you have the asset in your hand. All other arguments are arguments against something different than the basic fraud of NSS, and seek to shift the discussion from that fraud, and how to avoid being a victim of it.
-There are countless variations, but they all have the same quality: the arguments advanced attempt to ignore the basic fraud, and create straw man arguments that avoid discussion of it.
-== Summary ==
-Naked Short Selling is a hot topic, as the Reg SHO Threshold list has brought to the forefront of investor consciousness the level of fraud that is endemic in the system. There is an entire financial system that benefits from increased trading, regardless of whether the trading is in legitimate shares or frauds, thus powerful forces mount arguments that seek to excuse, or rationalize, the practice. As we have seen from the arguments section, all of the pro-naked short selling positions avoid acknowledging the basic fraud, preferring to discuss virtually any other aspect of the issue. Anti-naked short selling advocates always go back to the central issue - taking money and failing to deliver the product is fraud, and fraud is bad, and illegal. A recent survey by Harris Direct showed that the vast majority of investors felt that the penalties for naked short selling should be at least as severe as those for fraud and countrefeiting - see http://tinyurl.com/82er8 for more. A list of resources has been provided below to assist the reader in doing diligence on the subject.
 == See also ==
@@ Line 109: / Line 54: @@
 == External links ==
+* [http://www.dtcc.com/ThoughtLeadership/keyissues/naked_short_selling.htm An extensive source of information related to naked short selling]
+* [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_49/b3861105_mz020.htm BusinessWeek article on naked short-selling]
-* [http://www.thesanitycheck.com]
-* [http://www.time.com/time/insidebiz/article/0,9171,1126706,00.html]
 * [http://www.investopedia.com/university/shortselling/ A short selling tutorial at Investopedia]
+* [http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20060124005947&newsLang=en Regulators Cite Little Evidence of Naked Shorting]
-* [http://www.sec.gov]
+* [http://www.dtcc.com/Publications/dtcc/mar05/naked_short_selling.html A FAQ by DTCC First Deputy General Counsel Larry Thompson]
-* [http://www.ncans.net/intro%20to%20naked%20short%20selling.htm]
-* [http://www.ncans.net/files/NASAAtrans.pdf]
-* [http://www.businessjive.com/nss/failureoption.pdf]
 [[Category:Stock market]]
@@ Line 122: / Line 64: @@
 [[Category:Financial markets]]
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-Regarding the statement "While there may be instances of abusive short selling, 99% of all trades in dollar value settle on time without incident." this leaves ONE BILLION+- dollars per day of illegal trades where there are no real shares sold to the buyers of these shares. This massive crookedness!

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Revision as of 21:57, 28 January 2006