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'''Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan''' ({{lang-hy|Լևոն Եսայիի Միրզոյան}}; {{lang-ru|Левон Исаевич Мирзоян}}) (14 November 1897<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://levonmirzoyan.com/contacts.html|title = Биография - Мирзоян Левон Исаевич}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/First-Secretary-of-the-Communist-Party-of-the-Kazakh-SSR-Levon-Mirzoyan/6000000050912290059|title = First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan| date=14 November 1897 }}</ref> – 26 February 1939) was the [[List of heads of state of Azerbaijan|First Secretary]] of the Central Committee of the [[Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)|Communist Party of the Azerbaijan]] from 21 January 1926 to 5 August 1929 and the [[List of leaders of Kazakhstan|First Secretary]] of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]] from 1933 to May 1938. He succeeded [[Filipp Goloshchyokin|Filipp Goloshschyokin]] as leader during the Soviet-imposed [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933|Kazakh Famine of 1930–1933]], also known as the [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933|Goloshchyokin Genocide]], in which at least 1.3 million ethnic Kazakhs died, estimated 38 to 42 percent of all Kazakhs: the highest percentage of any ethnic group killed by the [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]]. Historians have mixed evaluations of his term,<ref name=":0">Cameron, Sarah (2018). ''The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan''. Cornell University Press. {{isbn|978-1-5017-3044-3}}. p. 162.</ref> both as a perpetrator of brutal policies against starving Kazakhs and the man who oversaw the nation's recovery.
'''Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan''' ({{lang-hy|Լևոն Եսայիի Միրզոյան}}; {{lang-ru|Левон Исаевич Мирзоян}}) (14 November 1897<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://levonmirzoyan.com/contacts.html|title = Биография - Мирзоян Левон Исаевич}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/First-Secretary-of-the-Communist-Party-of-the-Kazakh-SSR-Levon-Mirzoyan/6000000050912290059|title = First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan}}</ref> – 26 February 1939) was the Secretary of the Communist Party of the [[Azeri SSR]] from 21 January 1926 to 5 August 1929 and the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the [[Kazakh SSR]] from 1933 to May 1938. He succeeded [[Filipp Goloshchyokin|Filipp Goloshschyokin]] as leader during the Soviet-imposed [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933|Kazakh Famine of 1930–1933]]. Mirzoyan would oversee recovery efforts from the famine, although due to his ruthless policies, historians have mixed evaluations of his term.<ref name=":0">Cameron, Sarah (2018). ''The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan''. Cornell University Press. {{isbn|978-1-5017-3044-3}}. p. 162.</ref>


==Biography ==
==Biography ==
{{See also|Kazakh famine of 1930–1933}}
Mirzoyan was born in the village of [[Ashan, Nagorno-Karabakh|Ashan]] in [[Shusha uezd]] of the [[Elisabethpol Governorate]] to an [[Armenians|Armenian]] peasant family. In 1917, he joined the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (RSDLP). In 1926&ndash;1929, he was the First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Azerbaijan]]. In 1929&ndash;1933, he was the Secretary of the Perm Regional Committee, then the Second Secretary of the Ural Regional Committee of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU). In 1933, he became the Secretary of the [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazakh Regional Committee]] of the [[All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks)|All-Union Communist Party]]. In 1937, he became the [[List of leaders of Kazakhstan|First Secretary]] of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]]. He was a member of the CEC of the USSR.
Mirzoyan was born in the village of [[Ashan, Nagorno-Karabakh|Ashan]] in [[Shusha uezd]] of the [[Elisabethpol Governorate]] to an [[Armenians|Armenian]] peasant family. In 1917, he joined the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (RSDLP). In 1926&ndash;1929, he was the First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Azerbaijan]]. In 1929&ndash;1933, he was the Secretary of the Perm Regional Committee, then the Second Secretary of the Ural Regional Committee of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU). In 1933, he became the Secretary of the [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazakh Regional Committee]] of the [[All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks)|All-Union Communist Party]]. In 1937, he became the [[List of leaders of Kazakhstan|First Secretary]] of the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]]. He was a member of the CEC of the USSR.


As Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, he led during the final years of the Soviet-imposed [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933|Kazakh Famine of 1930–1933]], also known as the 'Goloshchyokin genocide' by some scholars.<ref name=":0" /> As a result of the famine, an estimated 1.3 million ethnic Kazakhs died, around 38 to 42 percent of the entire Kazakh population.<ref>Cameron, Sarah (10 September 2016). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=a-ZmDwAAQBAJ The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions". ''East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies'']. '''3''' (2): 117–132. {{doi|10.21226/T2T59X}}. {{ISSN|2292-7956}}. {{S2CID|132830478}}. Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via ResearchGate.</ref> Shortly after his arrival, Mirzoyan announced that those who fled or stole grain were 'enemies' of the Soviet Union, and that the republic would take 'severe measures' against them.<ref name=":0" /> However, as historian Sarah Cameron notes, this definition could be extended to every starving refugee in the country. With this campaign, Mirzoyan pushed for the use of brutal punishment such as shootings.<ref name=":0" />
As Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, he led recovery efforts of the Soviet-imposed [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933|Kazakh Famine of 1930–1933]], also known as the 'Goloshchyokin genocide' by some scholars.<ref name=":0" /> As a result of the famine, an estimated 1.3 million ethnic Kazakhs died, around 38 to 42 percent of the entire Kazakh population.<ref>Cameron, Sarah (10 September 2016). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=a-ZmDwAAQBAJ The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions". ''East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies'']. '''3''' (2): 117–132. {{doi|10.21226/T2T59X}}. {{ISSN|2292-7956}}. {{S2CID|132830478}}. Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via ResearchGate.</ref>


Although Mirzoyan was leader during Kazakhstan's recovery from the famine, he was noted to be repressive particularly toward famine refugees and denied food aid to areas run by cadres who asked for more food for their regions using, in the words of Sarah Cameron, "teary telegrams". He also fired many of the cadres for asking for more food aid, and denied their regions further assistance in retaliation.<ref name=":0" /> As Historian Sarah Cameron describes it in an interview with [[Harvard University]]'s [[Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies|Davis Center]], "[in] a strategy explicitly modeled upon a technique that was used against starving Ukrainians, several regions of Kazakhstan were blacklisted. That essentially entraps starving Kazakhs in zones of death where no food could be found."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=Remembering the Kazakh Famine |url=https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/insights/remembering-kazakh-famine |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Davis Center |language=en}}</ref>
Although Mirzoyan oversaw Kazakhstan's recovery from the famine, he was noted to be repressive particularly toward famine refugees and denied food aid to areas run by cadres who asked for more food for their regions using, in the words of Sarah Cameron, "teary telegrams"; in one instance under Mirzoyan's rule, a plenipotentiary shoved food aid documents into his pocket and had a wedding celebration instead of transferring them for a whole month while hundreds of Kazakhs starved.<ref name=":0" />


⚫
During the [[Great Purge]], Mirzoyan took the initiative in uncovering what he alleged were 'counter-revolutionary right wing and Trotskyist organisations' in Kazakhstan. On 27 July 1937, he sent a telegram to [[Joseph Stalin]] naming the Chairman of the Kazakh Central Executive Committee (ie the titular President pf Kazakhstan) Uzakbay Kulumbetov as a leader of the conspiracy, and seeking permissionto have him arrested, on which Stalin wrote "no objections"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mirzoyan |first1=L.I. |title=Шифртелеграмма Л.И. Мирзояна И.В. Сталину о необходимости ареста председателя ЦИК Казахстана 27.07.1937 |url=https://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/61132 |website=ЛУБЯНКА: Сталин и Главное управление госбезопасности НКВД. |publisher=Alexander Yakovlev Foundation |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> Kulumbetov was arrested and shot.
In one instance under Mirzoyan's rule, a plenipotentiary shoved food aid documents into his pocket and had a wedding celebration instead of transferring them for a whole month while hundreds of Kazakhs starved.<ref name=":0" /> Mirzoyan's tenure benefited "ultimately, from good luck",<ref>Cameron, Sarah (2018). ''The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan''. Cornell University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]. p. 165. </ref> as there was excellent weather alongside a large harvest in 1934, which marked the end of the famine. A genocide remembrance day is commenced on 31 May for the victims of the famine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pannier |first=Bruce |date=2012-02-02 |title=The Forgotten Famine |language=en |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1079304.html |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref>

⚫
During the [[Great Purge]], Mirzoyan took the initiative in uncovering what he alleged were 'counter-revolutionary right wing and Trotskyist organisations' in Kazakhstan. On 27 July 1937, he sent a telegram to [[Joseph Stalin]] naming the Chairman of the Kazakh Central Executive Committee (ie the titular President of Kazakhstan) Uzakbay Kulumbetov as a leader of the conspiracy, and seeking permission to have him arrested, on which Stalin wrote "no objections"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mirzoyan |first1=L.I. |title=Шифртелеграмма Л.И. Мирзояна И.В. Сталину о необходимости ареста председателя ЦИК Казахстана 27.07.1937 |url=https://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/61132 |website=ЛУБЯНКА: Сталин и Главное управление госбезопасности НКВД. |publisher=Alexander Yakovlev Foundation |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> Kulumbetov was arrested and shot.


In 1938, Mirzoyan sent a telegram to Stalin and [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], in which he expressed his disagreement with the decision to move the [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|Koreans deported to Kazakhstan]] in 1936 from [[Primorsky Krai|Primorye]], in the southern part of the republic, to the north, where they could not engage in rice cultivation. He also expressed his doubts about the working methods of the [[NKVD]] (the Soviet secret service later known as the [[KGB]]). In the summer of 1938, Mirzoyan was arrested and detained in [[Lefortovo Prison]] in Moscow. On 26 February 1939, he was executed. He was [[rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] in 1958.
In 1938, Mirzoyan sent a telegram to Stalin and [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], in which he expressed his disagreement with the decision to move the [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|Koreans deported to Kazakhstan]] in 1936 from [[Primorsky Krai|Primorye]], in the southern part of the republic, to the north, where they could not engage in rice cultivation. He also expressed his doubts about the working methods of the [[NKVD]] (the Soviet secret service later known as the [[KGB]]). In the summer of 1938, Mirzoyan was arrested and detained in [[Lefortovo Prison]] in Moscow. On 26 February 1939, he was executed. He was [[rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] in 1958.

Revision as of 09:08, 22 August 2023

Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan
In office
5 December 1936 – 3 May 1938
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byNikolay Skvortsov
Secretary of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party
In office
February 1933 – 5 December 1936
Preceded byFilipp Goloshchyokin
Succeeded byPosition abolished
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan
In office
21 January 1926 – 5 August 1929
Preceded bySergei Kirov
Succeeded byNikolay Gikalo
Personal details
Born(1897-11-14)14 November 1897
Ashan, Shusha uezd, Elisabethpol Governorate, Russian Empire
Died26 February 1939(1939-02-26) (aged 41)
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
NationalityArmenian
Political partyRussian Communist Party (1917-1938)
SpouseYulia Tevossian

Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan (Armenian: Լևոն Եսայիի Միրզոյան; Russian: Левон Исаевич Мирзоян) (14 November 1897[1][2] – 26 February 1939) was the Secretary of the Communist Party of the Azeri SSR from 21 January 1926 to 5 August 1929 and the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR from 1933 to May 1938. He succeeded Filipp Goloshschyokin as leader during the Soviet-imposed Kazakh Famine of 1930–1933. Mirzoyan would oversee recovery efforts from the famine, although due to his ruthless policies, historians have mixed evaluations of his term.[3]

Biography

Mirzoyan was born in the village of Ashan in Shusha uezd of the Elisabethpol Governorate to an Armenian peasant family. In 1917, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1926–1929, he was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. In 1929–1933, he was the Secretary of the Perm Regional Committee, then the Second Secretary of the Ural Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). In 1933, he became the Secretary of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party. In 1937, he became the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. He was a member of the CEC of the USSR.

As Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, he led recovery efforts of the Soviet-imposed Kazakh Famine of 1930–1933, also known as the 'Goloshchyokin genocide' by some scholars.[3] As a result of the famine, an estimated 1.3 million ethnic Kazakhs died, around 38 to 42 percent of the entire Kazakh population.[4]

Although Mirzoyan oversaw Kazakhstan's recovery from the famine, he was noted to be repressive particularly toward famine refugees and denied food aid to areas run by cadres who asked for more food for their regions using, in the words of Sarah Cameron, "teary telegrams"; in one instance under Mirzoyan's rule, a plenipotentiary shoved food aid documents into his pocket and had a wedding celebration instead of transferring them for a whole month while hundreds of Kazakhs starved.[3]

During the Great Purge, Mirzoyan took the initiative in uncovering what he alleged were 'counter-revolutionary right wing and Trotskyist organisations' in Kazakhstan. On 27 July 1937, he sent a telegram to Joseph Stalin naming the Chairman of the Kazakh Central Executive Committee (ie the titular President pf Kazakhstan) Uzakbay Kulumbetov as a leader of the conspiracy, and seeking permissionto have him arrested, on which Stalin wrote "no objections"[5] Kulumbetov was arrested and shot.

In 1938, Mirzoyan sent a telegram to Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov, in which he expressed his disagreement with the decision to move the Koreans deported to Kazakhstan in 1936 from Primorye, in the southern part of the republic, to the north, where they could not engage in rice cultivation. He also expressed his doubts about the working methods of the NKVD (the Soviet secret service later known as the KGB). In the summer of 1938, Mirzoyan was arrested and detained in Lefortovo Prison in Moscow. On 26 February 1939, he was executed. He was rehabilitated in 1958.

References

  1. ^ "Биография - Мирзоян Левон Исаевич".
  2. ^ "First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan".
  3. ^ a b c Cameron, Sarah (2018). The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-3044-3. p. 162.
  4. ^ Cameron, Sarah (10 September 2016). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 3 (2): 117–132. doi:10.21226/T2T59X. ISSN 2292-7956. S2CID 132830478. Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via ResearchGate.
  5. ^ Mirzoyan, L.I. "Шифртелеграмма Л.И. Мирзояна И.В. Сталину о необходимости ареста председателя ЦИК Казахстана 27.07.1937". ЛУБЯНКА: Сталин и Главное управление госбезопасности НКВД. Alexander Yakovlev Foundation. Retrieved 27 July 2023.

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levon_Mirzoyan&diff=prev&oldid=1171629546

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