Darcyisverycute (talk | contribs) Article rewrite Tag: Visual edit |
|||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
{{prose|date=August 2011}} |
{{prose|date=August 2011}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Blindisms''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Molinaro |first=Anna |last2=Micheletti |first2=Serena |last3=Rossi |first3=Andrea |last4=Gitti |first4=Filippo |last5=Galli |first5=Jessica |last6=Merabet |first6=Lotfi B. |last7=Fazzi |first7=Elisa Maria |date=2020-08-01 |title=Autistic-Like Features in Visually Impaired Children: A Review of Literature and Directions for Future Research |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080507 |journal=Brain Sciences |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=507 |doi=10.3390/brainsci10080507 |issn=2076-3425}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gwenb |date=2011-04-27 |title=Gwen's Things Unseen: Blindisms - what they are and why we need our children not to do them! |url=https://gwensthingsunseen.blogspot.com/2011/04/blindisms-what-they-are-and-why-we-need.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Gwen's Things Unseen}}</ref> also known as '''restricted or repetitive behavior (RRB) in visually impaired children,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ivy |first=Sarah E. |last2=Ledford |first2=Jennifer R. |date=2021-01-12 |title=A Systematic Review of Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Restricted or Repetitive Behavior of Individuals with Visual Impairment |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10864-020-09418-x |journal=Journal of Behavioral Education |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=94–122 |doi=10.1007/s10864-020-09418-x |issn=1053-0819}}</ref>''' and '''stereotyped behaviors in blind children'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Fazzi |first=Elisa |last2=Lanners |first2=Josè |last3=Danova |first3=Simona |last4=Ferrarri-Ginevra |first4=Oreste |last5=Gheza |first5=Chiara |last6=Luparia |first6=Antonella |last7=Balottin |first7=Umberto |last8=Lanzi |first8=Giovanni |date=December 1999 |title=Stereotyped behaviours in blind children |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0387-7604(99)00059-5 |journal=Brain and Development |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=522–528 |doi=10.1016/s0387-7604(99)00059-5 |issn=0387-7604}}</ref> are a set of [[Stereotypy|stereotypies]] ([[Stereotype|stereotyped]], [[habitual]] and characteristic movements) in [[Blindness|visually impaired]] children, appearing most often in those [[Congenital blindness|congenitally blind]]. Frequent movements include body rocking, repetitive handling of objects, hand and finger movements, eye poking, pressing and rubbing.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Causes are not well understood, and treatment outcomes tend to be highly variable but generally positive.<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
'''Blindisms''' are stereotyped behaviors sometimes found in [[blindness|visually impaired]] toddlers or children.<ref name="one">{{cite web |url=http://www.ksb.k12.ky.us/Parents/Documents/Newsletter/Summer%20PP%2007.pdf |title=Blindisms–What are they? What can be Done to Correct Them? |work=Parent to Parent |publisher=Kentucky School for the Blind |date=Summer 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717134839/http://www.ksb.k12.ky.us/Parents/Documents/Newsletter/Summer%20PP%2007.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2011}}</ref> Blindism behaviors range from body rocking, head swaying, eye rubbing, head banging, spinning to finger flicking.<ref name="one" /><ref name="three">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsbvi.edu/Outreach/seehear/spring02/blindisms.htm |title=Beating Blindisms |work=SEE/HEAR News |publisher=Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired |date=Spring 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020622042120/http://www.tsbvi.edu/Outreach/seehear/spring02/blindisms.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2002}}</ref> These behaviors are repetitive and serve no specific goals, but can calm or soothe children if they are distressed. |
|||
== Symptoms and presentation == |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
RRBs in visually impaired children are categorised into mannerisms and motor stereotypes. Mannerisms include eye poking, pressing and rubbing, gazing at lights and staring. Motor stereotypes include repetitive head/body rocking, thumb sucking, jumping, swirling, and repetitive hand/finger movements.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
| ⚫ | Blindism behaviors overlap with stereotypies observed in [[Autism|autistic people]], and as some diagnostic criteria of autism depend on vision, it is particularly difficult to diagnose autism among the visually impaired, often based on a subjective clinical impression.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cass H |year=1998 |title=Visual impairment and autism: current questions and future research |journal=Autism |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=117–38 |doi=10.1177/1362361398022002}}</ref> |
||
Children displaying blindism behaviors may experience [[teasing]] or social isolation by other children. Additionally, in the case of eye pressing, poking and rubbing which are generally exclusive stereotypies to visually impaired children, the skin around the eye may discolor and become [[callus|calloused]], along with a risk of eye infection, [[keratoconus]], and corneal scarring.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="one">{{cite web |date=Summer 2007 |title=Blindisms–What are they? What can be Done to Correct Them? |url=http://www.ksb.k12.ky.us/Parents/Documents/Newsletter/Summer%20PP%2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717134839/http://www.ksb.k12.ky.us/Parents/Documents/Newsletter/Summer%20PP%2007.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |work=Parent to Parent |publisher=Kentucky School for the Blind}}</ref> |
|||
==Causes== |
==Causes== |
||
The causes of RRBs in visually impaired children are not well understood. Two distinct theories for causes are that it is [[Compensation (psychology)|compensation]] for [[Sensory deprivation|sensory]] and/or [[social deprivation]], and that it is a regulatory function in response to [[Stimulation|overstimulation]] and/or [[anxiety]]. However, as of 2021 such theories do not have empirical support.<ref name=":1" /> The lack of visual sensory feedback in blind people is known to affect the calibration process for body movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=Corrigendum: Auditory Spatial Recalibration in Congenital Blind Individuals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00268 |journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fnins.2017.00268 |issn=1662-453X}}</ref> It is also suspected that reinforcement of behavior plays a role in the development of RRBs.<ref name=":0" /> There are a variety of other theories drawing from [[neuroscience]].<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
Causes of blindisms<ref name="two">Geraldine T. Scholl, 1986, Foundations of Education for Blind and Visually Handicapped Children and Youth: Theory and Practice.</ref> include: |
|||
* The inadequacy of [[sense|sensory stimulation]] causes the child to seek stimulation using his own body |
|||
==Treatment== |
|||
* Social deprivation due to limited interaction with other people |
|||
| ⚫ | Early intervention is often helpful in preventing children from displaying blindism behaviors. In most cases, a qualified teacher arranges an early education program to help develop accurate and effective use of the child's [[sense]]s. The parents are often included in such programs together with their visually impaired children.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="one" /> |
||
* Limited physical and motor activity, as the child cannot easily move to another place and change his environment to satisfy the basic need for movement and physical activity |
|||
* Lack of ability to imitate and learn socially acceptable behaviors |
|||
Overall success rates for treatment ranges from 88.9% to 68.4% depending on risk factors, although these results have questionable reliability due to the lack of recent treatment studies for RRBs in visually impaired children, and many such past studies using [[Punishment (psychology)|punishment]] as opposed to [[reinforcement]] which featured highly variable efficacy.<ref name=":1" /> |
|||
== Prevalence == |
|||
Autism has a high co-occurrence rate with visual impairment.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2022, prevalence of blindisms is largely inconclusive. with estimates ranging from 2% to 50% in autistic people. The prevalence of autism in children with visual impairment ranges from 20% to 38%, with a risk factor including the presence of other neurological conditions.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
== |
== See also == |
||
Blindisms can lead to serious consequences if not corrected. Children displaying blindism behaviors may experience [[teasing]] or social isolation by other children. Additionally, the skin around the eye may discolor and become [[callus|callus-like]] due to constant poking and rubbing.<ref name="one"/> |
|||
* [[Autism#Repetitive%20behavior|Repetitive behavior in autism]] |
|||
==Prevention== |
|||
| ⚫ | Early intervention is often helpful in preventing children from displaying blindism behaviors. In most cases, a qualified teacher arranges an early education program to help develop accurate and effective use of the child's [[sense]]s. The parents are |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 13:55, 29 April 2022
Blindisms,[1][2] also known as restricted or repetitive behavior (RRB) in visually impaired children,[3] and stereotyped behaviors in blind children[4] are a set of stereotypies (stereotyped, habitual and characteristic movements) in visually impaired children, appearing most often in those congenitally blind. Frequent movements include body rocking, repetitive handling of objects, hand and finger movements, eye poking, pressing and rubbing.[4][1] Causes are not well understood, and treatment outcomes tend to be highly variable but generally positive.[3]
Symptoms and presentation
RRBs in visually impaired children are categorised into mannerisms and motor stereotypes. Mannerisms include eye poking, pressing and rubbing, gazing at lights and staring. Motor stereotypes include repetitive head/body rocking, thumb sucking, jumping, swirling, and repetitive hand/finger movements.[1]
Blindism behaviors overlap with stereotypies observed in autistic people, and as some diagnostic criteria of autism depend on vision, it is particularly difficult to diagnose autism among the visually impaired, often based on a subjective clinical impression.[1][5]
Children displaying blindism behaviors may experience teasing or social isolation by other children. Additionally, in the case of eye pressing, poking and rubbing which are generally exclusive stereotypies to visually impaired children, the skin around the eye may discolor and become calloused, along with a risk of eye infection, keratoconus, and corneal scarring.[1][6]
Causes
The causes of RRBs in visually impaired children are not well understood. Two distinct theories for causes are that it is compensation for sensory and/or social deprivation, and that it is a regulatory function in response to overstimulation and/or anxiety. However, as of 2021 such theories do not have empirical support.[3] The lack of visual sensory feedback in blind people is known to affect the calibration process for body movement.[7] It is also suspected that reinforcement of behavior plays a role in the development of RRBs.[1] There are a variety of other theories drawing from neuroscience.[1]
Treatment
Early intervention is often helpful in preventing children from displaying blindism behaviors. In most cases, a qualified teacher arranges an early education program to help develop accurate and effective use of the child's senses. The parents are often included in such programs together with their visually impaired children.[3][6]
Overall success rates for treatment ranges from 88.9% to 68.4% depending on risk factors, although these results have questionable reliability due to the lack of recent treatment studies for RRBs in visually impaired children, and many such past studies using punishment as opposed to reinforcement which featured highly variable efficacy.[3]
Prevalence
Autism has a high co-occurrence rate with visual impairment.[1] As of 2022, prevalence of blindisms is largely inconclusive. with estimates ranging from 2% to 50% in autistic people. The prevalence of autism in children with visual impairment ranges from 20% to 38%, with a risk factor including the presence of other neurological conditions.[1]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Molinaro, Anna; Micheletti, Serena; Rossi, Andrea; Gitti, Filippo; Galli, Jessica; Merabet, Lotfi B.; Fazzi, Elisa Maria (2020-08-01). "Autistic-Like Features in Visually Impaired Children: A Review of Literature and Directions for Future Research". Brain Sciences. 10 (8): 507. doi:10.3390/brainsci10080507. ISSN 2076-3425.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Gwenb (2011-04-27). "Gwen's Things Unseen: Blindisms - what they are and why we need our children not to do them!". Gwen's Things Unseen. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
- ^ a b c d e Ivy, Sarah E.; Ledford, Jennifer R. (2021-01-12). "A Systematic Review of Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Restricted or Repetitive Behavior of Individuals with Visual Impairment". Journal of Behavioral Education. 31 (1): 94–122. doi:10.1007/s10864-020-09418-x. ISSN 1053-0819.
- ^ a b Fazzi, Elisa; Lanners, Josè; Danova, Simona; Ferrarri-Ginevra, Oreste; Gheza, Chiara; Luparia, Antonella; Balottin, Umberto; Lanzi, Giovanni (December 1999). "Stereotyped behaviours in blind children". Brain and Development. 21 (8): 522–528. doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(99)00059-5. ISSN 0387-7604.
- ^ Cass H (1998). "Visual impairment and autism: current questions and future research". Autism. 2 (2): 117–38. doi:10.1177/1362361398022002.
- ^ a b "Blindisms–What are they? What can be Done to Correct Them?" (PDF). Parent to Parent. Kentucky School for the Blind. Summer 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011.
- ^ "Corrigendum: Auditory Spatial Recalibration in Congenital Blind Individuals". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 11. 2017. doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00268. ISSN 1662-453X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)