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{{Infobox Chancellor
You Suck
| name = Angela Dorothea Merkel
| image = 1832rs011 Merkel.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| office = [[Chancellor of Germany]]
| term_start = [[22 November]] [[2005]]
| term_end =
| president = [[Horst Köhler]]
| deputy =
| predecessor = [[Gerhard Schröder]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (Germany)|
Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety of Germany]]
| term_start2 = [[17 November]] [[1994]]
| term_end2 = [[26 October]] [[1998]]
| chancellor2 = [[Helmut Kohl]]
| predecessor2 = [[Klaus Töpfer]]
| successor2 = [[Jürgen Trittin]]
| office3 = [[Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth|Minister for Women and Youth of Germany]]
| term_start3 = [[18 January]] [[1991]]
| term_end3 = [[17 November]] [[1994]]
| predecessor3 = [[Hannelore Rönsch]]
| successor3 = [[Claudia Nolte]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|07|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hamburg]], [[West Germany]]
| spouse = Ulrich Merkel ([[Divorce|div.]])<br>[[Joachim Sauer]]
| profession = [[Physicist]]
| religion = [[Lutheran]]
| party = [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
}}
'''{{Audio|De-Angela Dorothea Merkel.ogg|Angela Dorothea Merkel}}''' ({{IPA2|ˈaŋɡela doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛɐ̯kəl}}) (née '''Angela Dorothea Kasner''', [[17 July]] [[1954]], in [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]), is the [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] of [[Germany]]. Merkel, elected to the [[Bundestag|German Parliament]] from [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], has been the chairwoman of the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] CDU since [[9 April]] [[2000]], and Chairwoman of the CDU-CSU parliamentary party group from 2002 to 2005. She leads a [[Grand coalition]] with its sister [[political party|party]], the [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|Christian Social Union]] (CSU), and with the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD), formed after the [[German federal election, 2005|2005 federal election]] on [[22 November]] [[2005]]. [[Health care reform]] and problems concerning [[future energy development]] have thus far been the major issues of her tenure.

Merkel is the first woman to assume the [[German Chancellery|chancellery]] of [[German reunification|reunited Germany]] and the first woman to lead Germany since it became a modern [[nation-state]] in 1871. She is also, as of 2007, the [[List of German Chancellors by longevity|youngest person to be German chancellor]] since the [[Second World War]]. Merkel, considered by ''[[Forbes Magazine]]'' to be the most powerful woman in the world at present, is only the third woman to serve on the [[G8]] after [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Kim Campbell]], and in 2007 became the second woman to chair a G8 summit after Margaret Thatcher.

In her function as [[Chancellor of Germany]], Merkel was (rotative, 1st term 2007) also president of the [[European Council]].

In 2007, Merkel became a Member of the [[Council of Women World Leaders]], a group of women heads of state and government.

==Early life==
Angela Merkel was born as '''Angela Dorothea Kasner''' in [[Hamburg]], as the daughter of Horst Kasner (b. [[6 August]] [[1926]] in [[Berlin]]-[[Pankow]]), a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[pastor]] and his wife, Herlind (b. [[8 July]] [[1928]] in [[Elbing]] as Herlind Jentzsch), a teacher of [[English language|English]] and [[Latin]]. Her mother is a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Her grandparents on her mother's side lived in [[Elbing]] in [[East Prussia]]. She has a brother, Marcus (born [[7 July]] [[1957]]), and a sister, Irene (b. 19 August 1964).

Merkel's father studied [[Theology]] in [[Heidelberg]] and, afterwards, in Hamburg. In 1954 her father received a pastorship at the church in [[Quitzow]] near [[Perleberg]] in [[Brandenburg]], and the family moved to [[Templin]]. Thus Merkel grew up in the countryside 80&nbsp;km (50&nbsp;miles) north of [[Berlin]], in the [[Socialist state|socialist]] [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR). [[Gerd Langguth]], a former senior member of Merkel's Christian Democratic Union states in a book<ref>Luke Harding: ''[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1514896,00.html East German past of iron lady unveiled]''. [[The Observer]], [[26 June]] [[2005]]</ref> that the family's ability to travel freely from East to West Germany, as well as their possession of two automobiles, leads to the conclusion that Merkel's father had a 'sympathetic' relationship with the communist regime, since such freedom and perquisites for a Christian pastor and his family would have been otherwise impossible in East Germany.

Like most pupils, Merkel was a member of the official, socialist-led youth movement [[Free German Youth|Free German Youth (FDJ)]]. Later she became a member of the district board and secretary for "[[Agitprop]]" (agitation and propaganda) at the Academy of Sciences in that organisation. However, she did not take part in the [[secular]] [[coming of age]] ceremony [[Jugendweihe]], which was common in East Germany, and was [[Confirmation (sacrament)|confirmed]] instead.

Merkel was educated in Templin and at the [[University of Leipzig]], where she studied [[physics]] from 1973 to 1978. Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for [[Physical chemistry|Physical Chemistry]] of the Academy of Sciences in [[Adlershof|Berlin-Adlershof]] from 1978 to 1990. Angela Merkel speaks [[Russian language|Russian]] fluently, and even earned a statewise prize for her proficiency. After being awarded a [[doctorate]] (''Dr. rer. nat.'') based on a doctoral thesis on [[quantum chemistry]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Merkel | first = Angela
| title = Untersuchung des Mechanismus von Zerfallsreaktionen mit einfachem Bindungsbruch und Berechnung ihrer Geschwindigkeitskonstanten auf der Grundlage quantenchemischer und statistischer Methoden (Investigation of the mechanism of decay reactions with single bond breaking and calculation of their velocity constants on the basis of quantum chemical and statistical methods) | year = 1986
| publisher = Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic (dissertation)
| location = Berlin | language = German}} cited in {{cite book | last = Langguth | first = Gerd | title = Angela Merkel
| year = 2005 | month = August | publisher = DTV | location = Munich
| language = German | isbn = 3-423-24495-2 |pages = p 109}} and listed in the Catalogue of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek under subject code 30 (Chemistry)</ref> she worked in research.

In 1989, Merkel got involved in the growing [[democracy]] movement after the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]], joining the new party [[Demokratischer Aufbruch]]. Following the first (and only) democratic election of the East German state, she became the deputy spokesperson of the new pre-unification caretaker government under [[Lothar de Maizière]].

==Member of Bundestag==
At the first post-reunification general election in December 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag from a [[constituency]] which includes the [[German districts|districts]] of [[Nordvorpommern]] and [[Rügen]], as well as the city of [[Stralsund]]. This has remained her electoral district until today. Her party merged with the west German CDU and she became Minister for Women and Youth in [[Helmut Kohl]]'s 3rd cabinet. In 1994, she was made Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety, which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her political career. As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest cabinet minister, she was referred to by Kohl as "''das Mädchen''" ("the girl").

From 1977 until their divorce in 1982, Merkel was married to [[physicist]] Ulrich Merkel. Since 1998, she has been married to Berlin [[chemistry]] professor [[Joachim Sauer]]. She has no children, but Sauer has two adult sons.

==Leader of the Opposition==
When the Kohl government was [[German federal election, 1998|defeated in the 1998 general election]], Merkel was named Secretary-General of the CDU. In this position, Merkel oversaw a string of Christian Democrat election victories in six out of seven regional elections in 1999 alone, breaking the SPD-Green coalition's hold on the [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]], the legislative body representing the [[States of Germany|states]]. Following a party financing [[scandal]], which compromised many leading figures of the CDU (most notably Kohl himself, who refused to reveal the donor of DM 2,000,000 because he had given his word of honour and the then party chairman [[Wolfgang Schäuble]], Kohl's hand-picked successor, who wasn't cooperative either), Merkel criticized her former mentor, Kohl, and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. She was elected to replace Schäuble, becoming the first female chair of her party, on [[10 April]] [[2000]]. Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been chosen to lead; Merkel is a [[Protestant]], originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, [[social conservative|socially conservative]] party with deep [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] roots, and has its strongholds in western and southern Germany.

Following Merkel's election as CDU leader, she enjoyed considerable popularity among the German population and was favoured by many Germans to become [[Gerhard Schröder|Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's]] challenger in the [[German federal election, 2002|2002 election]]. However, she did not receive enough support in her own party and particularly its sister party (the [[Bavaria]]n [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|Christian Social Union]], or CSU), and was subsequently out-manoeuvred politically by CSU leader [[Edmund Stoiber]], who had had the privilege of challenging Schröder but squandered a large lead in the opinion polls to lose the election by a razor-thin margin. After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to her role as CDU chairwoman, Merkel became leader of the conservative opposition in the lower house of the German parliament, the [[Bundestag]]. Her rival, [[Friedrich Merz]], who had held the post of parliamentary leader prior to the 2002 election, was eased out to make way for Merkel.

Merkel supported a substantial [[reform movement|reform]] agenda concerning Germany's economic and social system and was considered to be more pro-[[market]] (and pro-[[deregulation]]) than her own party (the CDU); she advocated changes to German labour law, specifically, removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week, arguing that existing laws made the country less competitive because companies cannot easily control labour costs at times when business is slow (see [http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,249207,00.html]).

Merkel argued for Germany's [[nuclear power]] to be phased out less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned.

Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S. invasion of Iraq]], describing it as "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] of [[anti-Americanism]]. This led some critics to characterize her as an American [[lackey]]. She criticised the government's support for the [[accession of Turkey to the European Union]] and favoured a "[[privileged partnership]]" instead. In doing so, she was seen as being in unison with many Germans in rejecting Turkish membership of the European Union.

===Comparisons===
As a female politician from a [[centre right]] party, and a scientist, Merkel has been compared by many in the [[English language|English language press]] as well as the German press to former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]]. Some have referred to her as "[[Iron Lady]]", "Iron Girl" and even "The Iron Frau" (alluding to Thatcher, whose nickname was "The Iron Lady" -- Thatcher has an advanced degree in chemistry). Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar (see [http://www.slate.com/id/2122001/]).

In addition to being the first female German chancellor and the youngest German chancellor after the War, Merkel is also the first from East Germany (although born in Hamburg), the first born after World War II, and the first with a background in natural sciences. She studied physics; her predecessors law, business and history.

Merkel topped [[Forbes|Forbes magazine]]'s list of "[[The World's 100 Most Powerful Women]]" in 2006 and 2007.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/30/most-powerful-women-biz-07women-cz_em_cs_0830power_land.html|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women}}</ref>

On [[30 May]] [[2005]], Merkel won the CDU/CSU nomination as challenger to Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] in the [[German federal election, 2005|2005 national elections]]. Her party began the campaign with a 21% lead over the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] in national [[opinion poll]]s, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the [[incumbent]]. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered when Merkel, having made economic competence central to the CDU's platform, confused [[gross income|gross]] and [[net income]] twice during a televised debate. She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint [[Paul Kirchhof]], a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.

Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a [[flat tax]] in Germany, again undermining the party's credibility on economic affairs and convincing many voters that the CDU's platform of deregulation was designed to benefit only the rich. This was compounded by Merkel proposing to increase [[VAT]] to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, and the CDU's lead was down to 9% on the eve of the election. Merkel was also criticized for plagiarizing a passage from a speech used by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] in a 1980 US presidential debate for her own television election duel with Gerhard Schröder, the Social Democratic chancellor.

On [[18 September]] Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.3% (CDU 27.8%/CSU 7.5%) of the second votes to the SPD's 34.2%. Neither the SPD-Green coalition nor the CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]], held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag, and both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory. A [[Grand Coalition]] between the CDU/CSU and SPD faced the challenge that both parties demanded the chancellorship. However, after three weeks of [[Negotiation (process)|negotiations]], the two parties reached a deal whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet (see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4325600.stm] and [http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/10/13/germany.government.ap/]). The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on [[November 14]] (see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4434812.stm]). Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on [[22 November]] but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her (see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4458430.stm]).

Reports had indicated that the Grand Coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differ from Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The coalitions intent was to cut public spending whilst increasing [[VAT]] (from 16 to 19%), [[social insurance]] contributions and the top rate of [[income tax]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4429518.stm</ref> Employment protection will no longer cover employees during their first two years in a job, pensions will be frozen and subsidies for first-time home buyers will be scrapped. On foreign policy, Germany would maintain its strong ties with [[France]] and eastern European states, particularly [[Russia]], and support [[Turkey]] for one day joining the [[European Union]].{{Fact|date=September 2007}}

Merkel had stated that the main aim of her government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it is this issue on which her government will be judged.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4431262.stm</ref>

==Chancellor of Germany==
[[Image:Angela Merkel SJ8.jpg|thumb|Merkel at the [[European Parliament]] in [[Strasbourg]] (17 January 2007).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eu2007.de/en/News/Speeches_Interviews/January/Rede_Bundeskanzlerin2.html?|title=Speech by Merkel, to the European Parliament in Strasbourg on Wednesday, 17 January 2007}}</ref>]]
{{wikisource|Angela Merkel's 2007 Speech to the European Parliament}}

Merkel's first foreign trip took place on the day she was sworn in as Chancellor, and went to [[Paris]] for a meeting with the then French president, [[Jacques Chirac]]. In his speech, Chirac emphasized the importance of the Franco-German Companionship for Europe. After the meeting with Chirac, she travelled to [[Brussels]] for talks with EU leaders and the Secretary-General of [[NATO]], [[Jaap de Hoop Scheffer]]. She then traveled to [[London]] where she met with the then British Prime Minister, [[Tony Blair]]. On November 28 she received her first state guest: [[Hifikepunye Pohamba|President Pohamba]] of [[Namibia]], a former colony of Germany. In her first government address on [[30 November]], [[2005]] she announced her objective of improving the German Economy and reducing unemployment. In early 2006, polls showed that Angela Merkel, having been in office for only about 100 days, had the highest approval rate among Germans ever to be recorded for a chancellor since 1949. Many economic commentators referred to the 'Merkel factor' at this time, which apparently caused a rapid rise in consumer confidence and market spending.

In December 2006, her approval rate was 54%, compared with 61% in December 2005.<ref>"[http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/world/16474230.htm]", 2007-25-01</ref>
Recent [[polls]] have indicated that her [[popularity]] has recovered significantly with close to 60% of Germans approving of the job she is doing, mainly due to her new economic reforms taking place in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infratest-dimap.de/download/dt0704.pdf|title=www.infratest-dimap.de/download/dt0704.pdf<!--INSERT TITLE-->|format=PDF}}</ref>

Merkel made her first visit to the [[Middle East]] as [[President of the European Council|President-in-office of the European Council]] on [[1 April]] [[2007]]. She offered Europe's help to get [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinians]] back to the negotiating table, and tried to restart international efforts for renewed peace talks.<ref>{{cite news|title = Merkel visits Mideast as EU president|publisher = [[International Herald Tribune]]|date=[[2007-04-01]]|url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/01/news/gaza.php|accessdate = 2007-04-01}}</ref>

On [[September 25]], [[2007]], Chancellor Angela Merkel met ("''private and informal talks''") [[Dalai Lama]] to the [[Berlin]] [[Chancellery]] amid protest from [[China]] (as it could cut trade ties with [[Beijing]]). [[China]] cancelled separate talks with [[Germany|German]] [[officials]] (including Justice Minister [[Brigitte Zypries]]).<ref>[http://euronews.net/index.php?page=info&article=444371&lng=1 Euronews.net, Merkel meets with the Dalai Lama]</ref>

===Compensation===
Holding the third highest state office available within the [[Federal Republic of Germany]], Angela Merkel receives €18,981.53 per month (c. 26,500 USD) as Chancellor, i.e. one and two thirds of Salary Grade B11 (according to § 11 (1) a of the Federal Law on Ministres - Bundesministergesetz, BGBl. 1971 I p. 1166 and attachment IV to the Federal Law on Salaries of Officers - Bundesbesoldungsgesetz, BGBl. 2002 I p. 3020), joined by another €7,009 (c. 9,800 USD) for her seat in Parliament (§ 11 (1) of the Federal Law on Deputies - Bundesabgeordnetengesetz, BGBl. 1996 I p. 326)

===Cabinet===
:''See also [[Cabinet Merkel]]

The cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in at 16:00 [[Central European Time|CET]], [[November 22]], [[2005]].
* Angela Merkel (CDU) – Chancellor
* [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] (SPD) – Vice Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs
* [[Olaf Scholz]] (SPD) – Minister for Labour and Social Affairs
* [[Thomas de Maizière]] (CDU) – Minister for Special Affairs and Director of the [[Bundeskanzleramt|Chancellor's Office]]
* [[Wolfgang Schäuble]] (CDU) – Minister of the Interior
* [[Franz Josef Jung]] (CDU) – Minister of Defence
* [[Brigitte Zypries]] (SPD) – Minister of Justice
* [[Peer Steinbrück]] (SPD) – Minister of Finance
* [[Michael Glos]] (CSU) – Minister for Economics and Technology
* [[Horst Seehofer]] (CSU) – Minister for Consumer Protection, Food, and Agriculture
* [[Ursula Schmidt|Ulla Schmidt]] (SPD) – Minister for Health
* [[Wolfgang Tiefensee]] (SPD) – Minister for Transport, Building, Urban Development
* [[Ursula von der Leyen]] (CDU) – Minister for Family, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth
* [[Annette Schavan]] (CDU) – Minister for Research and Education
* [[Sigmar Gabriel]] (SPD) – Minister for Environment, Nature Preservation and Nuclear Safety
* [[Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul]] (SPD) – Minister for Economic Co-operation and Development

On [[October 31]], after the defeat of his favoured candidate for the position of Secretary General of the SPD, [[Franz Müntefering]] indicated that he would resign as Chairman of the party in November, which he did. Ostensibly responding to this, [[Edmund Stoiber]] (CSU), who was originally nominated for the Economics and Technology post, announced his withdrawal on [[November 1]]. While this was initially seen as a blow to Merkel's attempt at forming a viable coalition and cabinet, the manner in which Stoiber withdrew earned him much ridicule and severely undermined his position as a Merkel rival. Separate conferences of the CDU, CSU and SPD approved the proposed Cabinet on [[November 14]].

==Selected published works==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite journal
| first = R.
| last = Der
| coauthors = A. Merkel, H.-J. Czerwon
| year = 1980
| title = On the influence of spatial correlations on the rate of chemical reactions in dense gases. I. Quantum statistical theory
| journal = Chemical Physics
| volume = 53
| issue = 3
| pages = 427-435
| doi = 10.1016/0301-0104(80)85131-7
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = R.
| last = Der
| coauthors = R. Haberlandt, A. Merkel
| title = On the influence of spatial correlations on the rate of chemical reactions in dense systems. II. Numerical results
| journal = Chemical Physics
| volume = 53
| issue 3
| year = 1980
| pages = 437-442
| doi = 10.1016/0301-0104(80)85132-9
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = I.
| last = Boeger
| coauthors = A. Merkel, J. Lachmann, H.-J. Spangenberg, T. Turanyi
| title = An Extended Kinetic Model and its Reduction by Sensitivity Analysis for the Methanol/Oxygen Gas-Phase Thermolysis
| journal = Acta Chim. Hung.
| volume = 129
| issue = 6
| pages = 855-864
| year = 1982
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Angela
| last=Merkel
| coauthors=Ilka Böger, Hans Joachim Spangenberg, Lutz Zülicke
| year=1982
| title = Berechnung von Hochdruck-Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für Zerfalls- und Rekombinationsreaktionen einfacher Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle und -radikale (Calculation of High [[Pressure (physics)|Pressure]] [[Rate constant|Velocity Constants]] for [[Chemical reaction|Reactions]] of [[Chemical decomposition|Decay]] and Recombinations of simple [[Hydrocarbon]] [[Molecule]]s and [[Radical (chemistry)|Radicals]])
| journal = Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
| volume = 263
| issue = 3
| pages = 449-460
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Angela
| last=Merkel
| coauthors=Lutz Zülicke
| title = Berechnung von Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für den C-H-Bindungsbruch im Methylradikal (Calculation of Velocity Constants for the Break of the [[Carbon]]-[[Hydrogen]]-[[Chemical bond|Bond]] in the [[Methyl]] Radical)
|journal=Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
|year=1985
|volume=266
|issue=2
|pages=353-361
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Angela
| last=Merkel
| coauthors=Lutz Zülicke
|title=Nonempirical parameter estimate for the [[Statistical mechanics|statistical]] [[adiabatic]] theory of unimolecular fragmentation carbon-hydrogen bond breaking in methyl
|journal=Molecular Physics
| year=1987
| volume = 60
| issue = 6
| pages = 1379-1393
| doi=10.1080/00268978700100901
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Angela
| last=Merkel
| coauthors=Zdenek Havlas, [[Rudolf Zahradník]]
|title=Evaluation of the rate constant for the S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction [[fluoromethane]] + [[hydride]]: [[methane]] + [[fluoride]] in the gas phase
| journal=Journal of American Chemical Society
| year=1988
| volume=110
| issue=25
| pages=8355-8359
| doi=10.1021/ja00233a012
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = H.
| last = Mix
| coauthors = J. Sauer, K.-P. Schröder, A. Merkel
| title = Vibrational Properties of Surface Hydroxyls: Nonempirical Model Calculations Including Anharmonicities
| journal = Coll. Czechoslov. Chem. Commun.
| volume = 53
| issue = 10
| pages = 2191-2202
| year = 1988
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = F.
| last = Schneider
| coauthors = A. Merkel
| title = The lowest bound states of triplet (BH2)+
| journal = Chemical Physics Letters
| volume = 161
| issue = 6
| year = 1989
| pages = 527-531
| doi = 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87033-2
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = Angela
| last = Merkel
| coauthors = Lutz Zülicke
| title = Theoretical approach to reactions of polyatomic molecules
| journal = International Journal of Quantum Chemistry
| year = 1990
| volume = 36
| pages = 191–208
| doi =10.1002/qua.560380214
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Angela
| last=Merkel
| title=The role of science in [[sustainable development]]
| journal=Science
| year=1998
| volume=281
| issue=5375
| pages=336-337
| doi=10.1126/science.281.5375.336
}}
</div>

==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references /></div>

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Angela Merkel}}
*{{de icon}} [http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/ The Office of the Chancellor]
*{{de icon}} [http://www.angela-merkel.de Merkel's personal website]
*{{PND|119545373}}
*[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1786512,00.html Angela Merkel Sworn in as German Chancellor] - report from Deutsche Welle
*[[Günter Grass]], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 16 September 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1571286,00.html "We must not be blackmailed by Merkel's neoliberal gang"] German Nobel prize-winning author expresses his view against Merkel and in favour of Schröder
*{{en icon}} [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/jul2005/cdu1-j08.shtml "The career of CDU leader Angela Merkel"], by Lena Sokoll, 8 July 2005
*[http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/0,5538,PB64-SUQ9NjQ4NyZucj05,00.html Carnival in Germany : Photos of the Rose Monday Parade, 7 February 2005] [http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,340620,00.html] Political satire at Carnival Parades is a very old and proud German tradition. Here George W. Bush and Merkel are ridiculed because of their stance on the Iraq war; with "Wiedereröffnung" meaning "Reopening".
*{{de icon}} [http://www.cdunion.de/ CDUnion] - a weblog for Merkel
*{{de icon}} [http://stoppt-merkel.de/ Stoppt Merkel] - a weblog opposing Merkel's candidacy
*Ruth Elkins, ''[[The Independent]]'', 19 June 2005, [http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article226396.ece "Angela Merkel: Iron Mädchen"]
*Clay Risen, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', July 5, 2005, [http://www.slate.com/id/2122001/ "Deutschland's Iron Lady"]
*Severin Weiland, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 3 June 2005, [http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/0,1518,358868,00.html "Angela Merkel The Underestimated"]
*{{de icon}} [http://www.br-online.de/cgi-bin/ravi.pl;jsessionid=?v=video/&g2=1&f=ll-nockherberg-zuckerpuppe00.rm "Die Zuckerpuppe aus der Schwarzgeldtruppe"], Merkel parody from the traditional deriding of politicians at the inauguration of the strong-beer season at the [[Nockherberg]], 2000
*Ralf Neukirch, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 11 October 2005, [http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/0,1518,379211,00.html "Germany's New Chancellor: Merkel's Surprising Rise to the Top]
*DW staff, ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'', 11 October 2005, [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,5830,1600411,00.html "Kohl's Girl" Makes Good]
*Ralf Neukirch, Gabor Steingart and Stefan Aust, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', Interview with Chancellor-designate Angel Merkel, 17 October 2005, [http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/spiegel/0,1518,380168,00.html "I am immune to the Seduction of Power"]
*[http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/index.cfm?fa=viewArticle&id=1420 Angela Merkel: A 'Continental European Politician in the Making'] Knowledge@Wharton, March 9, 2006
* [http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=52&story_id=20558 Merkel's meteoric rise to power] 11 October 2005, Profile of Angela Merkel's career from www.expatica.com
* http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/10/germany.merkel.reut/index.html

{{start box}}{{s-off}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth|Minister for Women and Youth of Germany]]|
before=[[Hannelore Rönsch]]|
after=[[Claudia Nolte]]|
years=1991&ndash;1994|
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety of Germany|Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety]]|
before=[[Klaus Töpfer]]|
after=[[Jürgen Trittin]]|
years=1994&ndash;1998|
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Secretary General of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]|
before=[[Peter Hintze]]|
after=[[Ruprecht Polenz]]|
years=1998&ndash;2000|
}}
{{incumbent succession box|
title=[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]|
before=[[Wolfgang Schäuble]]|
start=2000|
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)#Relationship with the CSU|Chairwoman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group]]|
before=[[Friedrich Merz]]|
after=[[Volker Kauder]]|
years=2002&ndash;2005|
}}
{{incumbent succession box|
title=[[Chancellor of Germany]]|
before=[[Gerhard Schröder]]|
start=2005|
}}
{{end box}}

{{GermanChancellors}}
{{European Council}}
{{G8 Leaders}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Merkel, Angela
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Angela Dorothea Merkel
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=German politician
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[July 17]], [[1954]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Merkel, Angela}}

[[Category:Chancellors of Germany]]
[[Category:Current national leaders]]
[[Category:German Christian Democrat politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties]]
[[Category:Members of the German Bundestag]]
[[Category:German scientists]]
[[Category:German Lutherans]]
[[Category:People from Hamburg]]
[[Category:German women in politics]]
[[Category:Current female heads of government]]
[[Category:Female heads of government]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Leipzig alumni]]

[[af:Angela Merkel]]
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[[ta:ஏங்கலா மெர்கல்]]
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[[vi:Angela Merkel]]
[[tg:Ангела Меркел]]
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[[uk:Анґела Меркель]]
[[zh:安格拉·默克爾]]

Revision as of 16:41, 1 December 2007

Angela Dorothea Merkel
File:1832rs011 Merkel.jpg
Chancellor of Germany
Assumed office
22 November 2005
PresidentHorst Köhler
Preceded byGerhard Schröder
Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety of Germany
In office
17 November 1994 – 26 October 1998
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
Preceded byKlaus Töpfer
Succeeded byJürgen Trittin
Minister for Women and Youth of Germany
In office
18 January 1991 – 17 November 1994
Preceded byHannelore Rönsch
Succeeded byClaudia Nolte
Personal details
Born (1954-07-17) 17 July 1954 (age 69)
Hamburg, West Germany
Political partyCDU
Spouse(s)Ulrich Merkel (div.)
Joachim Sauer
ProfessionPhysicist

Angela Dorothea Merkelⓘ (IPA: [ˈaŋɡela doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛɐ̯kəl]) (née Angela Dorothea Kasner, 17 July 1954, in Hamburg, Germany), is the Chancellor of Germany. Merkel, elected to the German Parliament from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, has been the chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union CDU since 9 April 2000, and Chairwoman of the CDU-CSU parliamentary party group from 2002 to 2005. She leads a Grand coalition with its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), formed after the 2005 federal election on 22 November 2005. Health care reform and problems concerning future energy development have thus far been the major issues of her tenure.

Merkel is the first woman to assume the chancellery of reunited Germany and the first woman to lead Germany since it became a modern nation-state in 1871. She is also, as of 2007, the youngest person to be German chancellor since the Second World War. Merkel, considered by Forbes Magazine to be the most powerful woman in the world at present, is only the third woman to serve on the G8 after Margaret Thatcher and Kim Campbell, and in 2007 became the second woman to chair a G8 summit after Margaret Thatcher.

In her function as Chancellor of Germany, Merkel was (rotative, 1st term 2007) also president of the European Council.

In 2007, Merkel became a Member of the Council of Women World Leaders, a group of women heads of state and government.

Early life

Angela Merkel was born as Angela Dorothea Kasner in Hamburg, as the daughter of Horst Kasner (b. 6 August 1926 in Berlin-Pankow), a Lutheran pastor and his wife, Herlind (b. 8 July 1928 in Elbing as Herlind Jentzsch), a teacher of English and Latin. Her mother is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Her grandparents on her mother's side lived in Elbing in East Prussia. She has a brother, Marcus (born 7 July 1957), and a sister, Irene (b. 19 August 1964).

Merkel's father studied Theology in Heidelberg and, afterwards, in Hamburg. In 1954 her father received a pastorship at the church in Quitzow near Perleberg in Brandenburg, and the family moved to Templin. Thus Merkel grew up in the countryside 80 km (50 miles) north of Berlin, in the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR). Gerd Langguth, a former senior member of Merkel's Christian Democratic Union states in a book[1] that the family's ability to travel freely from East to West Germany, as well as their possession of two automobiles, leads to the conclusion that Merkel's father had a 'sympathetic' relationship with the communist regime, since such freedom and perquisites for a Christian pastor and his family would have been otherwise impossible in East Germany.

Like most pupils, Merkel was a member of the official, socialist-led youth movement Free German Youth (FDJ). Later she became a member of the district board and secretary for "Agitprop" (agitation and propaganda) at the Academy of Sciences in that organisation. However, she did not take part in the secular coming of age ceremony Jugendweihe, which was common in East Germany, and was confirmed instead.

Merkel was educated in Templin and at the University of Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978. Merkel worked and studied at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990. Angela Merkel speaks Russian fluently, and even earned a statewise prize for her proficiency. After being awarded a doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) based on a doctoral thesis on quantum chemistry[2] she worked in research.

In 1989, Merkel got involved in the growing democracy movement after the fall of the Berlin Wall, joining the new party Demokratischer Aufbruch. Following the first (and only) democratic election of the East German state, she became the deputy spokesperson of the new pre-unification caretaker government under Lothar de Maizière.

Member of Bundestag

At the first post-reunification general election in December 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag from a constituency which includes the districts of Nordvorpommern and Rügen, as well as the city of Stralsund. This has remained her electoral district until today. Her party merged with the west German CDU and she became Minister for Women and Youth in Helmut Kohl's 3rd cabinet. In 1994, she was made Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety, which gave her greater political visibility and a platform on which to build her political career. As one of Kohl's protégées and his youngest cabinet minister, she was referred to by Kohl as "das Mädchen" ("the girl").

From 1977 until their divorce in 1982, Merkel was married to physicist Ulrich Merkel. Since 1998, she has been married to Berlin chemistry professor Joachim Sauer. She has no children, but Sauer has two adult sons.

Leader of the Opposition

When the Kohl government was defeated in the 1998 general election, Merkel was named Secretary-General of the CDU. In this position, Merkel oversaw a string of Christian Democrat election victories in six out of seven regional elections in 1999 alone, breaking the SPD-Green coalition's hold on the Bundesrat, the legislative body representing the states. Following a party financing scandal, which compromised many leading figures of the CDU (most notably Kohl himself, who refused to reveal the donor of DM 2,000,000 because he had given his word of honour and the then party chairman Wolfgang Schäuble, Kohl's hand-picked successor, who wasn't cooperative either), Merkel criticized her former mentor, Kohl, and advocated a fresh start for the party without him. She was elected to replace Schäuble, becoming the first female chair of her party, on 10 April 2000. Her election surprised many observers, as her personality offered a contrast to the party she had been chosen to lead; Merkel is a Protestant, originating from predominantly Protestant northern Germany, while the CDU is a male-dominated, socially conservative party with deep Catholic roots, and has its strongholds in western and southern Germany.

Following Merkel's election as CDU leader, she enjoyed considerable popularity among the German population and was favoured by many Germans to become Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's challenger in the 2002 election. However, she did not receive enough support in her own party and particularly its sister party (the Bavarian Christian Social Union, or CSU), and was subsequently out-manoeuvred politically by CSU leader Edmund Stoiber, who had had the privilege of challenging Schröder but squandered a large lead in the opinion polls to lose the election by a razor-thin margin. After Stoiber's defeat in 2002, in addition to her role as CDU chairwoman, Merkel became leader of the conservative opposition in the lower house of the German parliament, the Bundestag. Her rival, Friedrich Merz, who had held the post of parliamentary leader prior to the 2002 election, was eased out to make way for Merkel.

Merkel supported a substantial reform agenda concerning Germany's economic and social system and was considered to be more pro-market (and pro-deregulation) than her own party (the CDU); she advocated changes to German labour law, specifically, removing barriers to laying off employees and increasing the allowed number of work hours in a week, arguing that existing laws made the country less competitive because companies cannot easily control labour costs at times when business is slow (see [2]).

Merkel argued for Germany's nuclear power to be phased out less quickly than the Schröder administration had planned.

Merkel advocated a strong transatlantic partnership and German-American friendship. In the spring of 2003, defying strong public opposition, Merkel came out in favour of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, describing it as "unavoidable" and accusing Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of anti-Americanism. This led some critics to characterize her as an American lackey. She criticised the government's support for the accession of Turkey to the European Union and favoured a "privileged partnership" instead. In doing so, she was seen as being in unison with many Germans in rejecting Turkish membership of the European Union.

Comparisons

As a female politician from a centre right party, and a scientist, Merkel has been compared by many in the English language press as well as the German press to former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Some have referred to her as "Iron Lady", "Iron Girl" and even "The Iron Frau" (alluding to Thatcher, whose nickname was "The Iron Lady" -- Thatcher has an advanced degree in chemistry). Political commentators have debated the precise extent to which their agendas are similar (see [3]).

In addition to being the first female German chancellor and the youngest German chancellor after the War, Merkel is also the first from East Germany (although born in Hamburg), the first born after World War II, and the first with a background in natural sciences. She studied physics; her predecessors law, business and history.

Merkel topped Forbes magazine's list of "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women" in 2006 and 2007. [3]

On 30 May 2005, Merkel won the CDU/CSU nomination as challenger to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of the SPD in the 2005 national elections. Her party began the campaign with a 21% lead over the SPD in national opinion polls, although her personal popularity lagged behind that of the incumbent. However, the CDU/CSU campaign suffered when Merkel, having made economic competence central to the CDU's platform, confused gross and net income twice during a televised debate. She regained some momentum after she announced that she would appoint Paul Kirchhof, a former judge at the German Constitutional Court and leading fiscal policy expert, as Minister of Finance.

Merkel and the CDU lost ground after Kirchhof proposed the introduction of a flat tax in Germany, again undermining the party's credibility on economic affairs and convincing many voters that the CDU's platform of deregulation was designed to benefit only the rich. This was compounded by Merkel proposing to increase VAT to reduce Germany's deficit and fill the gap in revenue from a flat tax. The SPD were able to increase their support simply by pledging not to introduce flat taxes or increase VAT. Although Merkel's standing recovered after she distanced herself from Kirchhof's proposals, she remained considerably less popular than Schröder, and the CDU's lead was down to 9% on the eve of the election. Merkel was also criticized for plagiarizing a passage from a speech used by President Ronald Reagan in a 1980 US presidential debate for her own television election duel with Gerhard Schröder, the Social Democratic chancellor.

On 18 September Merkel's CDU/CSU and Schröder's SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.3% (CDU 27.8%/CSU 7.5%) of the second votes to the SPD's 34.2%. Neither the SPD-Green coalition nor the CDU/CSU and its preferred coalition partners, the Free Democratic Party, held enough seats to form a majority in the Bundestag, and both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory. A Grand Coalition between the CDU/CSU and SPD faced the challenge that both parties demanded the chancellorship. However, after three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby Merkel would become Chancellor and the SPD would hold 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet (see [4] and [5]). The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on November 14 (see [6]). Merkel was elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November but 51 members of the governing coalition voted against her (see [7]).

Reports had indicated that the Grand Coalition would pursue a mix of policies, some of which differ from Merkel's political platform as leader of the opposition and candidate for Chancellor. The coalitions intent was to cut public spending whilst increasing VAT (from 16 to 19%), social insurance contributions and the top rate of income tax.[4] Employment protection will no longer cover employees during their first two years in a job, pensions will be frozen and subsidies for first-time home buyers will be scrapped. On foreign policy, Germany would maintain its strong ties with France and eastern European states, particularly Russia, and support Turkey for one day joining the European Union.[citation needed]

Merkel had stated that the main aim of her government would be to reduce unemployment, and that it is this issue on which her government will be judged.[5]

Chancellor of Germany

File:Angela Merkel SJ8.jpg
Merkel at the European Parliament in Strasbourg (17 January 2007).[6]

Merkel's first foreign trip took place on the day she was sworn in as Chancellor, and went to Paris for a meeting with the then French president, Jacques Chirac. In his speech, Chirac emphasized the importance of the Franco-German Companionship for Europe. After the meeting with Chirac, she travelled to Brussels for talks with EU leaders and the Secretary-General of NATO, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer. She then traveled to London where she met with the then British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. On November 28 she received her first state guest: President Pohamba of Namibia, a former colony of Germany. In her first government address on 30 November, 2005 she announced her objective of improving the German Economy and reducing unemployment. In early 2006, polls showed that Angela Merkel, having been in office for only about 100 days, had the highest approval rate among Germans ever to be recorded for a chancellor since 1949. Many economic commentators referred to the 'Merkel factor' at this time, which apparently caused a rapid rise in consumer confidence and market spending.

In December 2006, her approval rate was 54%, compared with 61% in December 2005.[7] Recent polls have indicated that her popularity has recovered significantly with close to 60% of Germans approving of the job she is doing, mainly due to her new economic reforms taking place in the country.[8]

Merkel made her first visit to the Middle East as President-in-office of the European Council on 1 April 2007. She offered Europe's help to get Israel and the Palestinians back to the negotiating table, and tried to restart international efforts for renewed peace talks.[9]

On September 25, 2007, Chancellor Angela Merkel met ("private and informal talks") Dalai Lama to the Berlin Chancellery amid protest from China (as it could cut trade ties with Beijing). China cancelled separate talks with German officials (including Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries).[10]

Compensation

Holding the third highest state office available within the Federal Republic of Germany, Angela Merkel receives €18,981.53 per month (c. 26,500 USD) as Chancellor, i.e. one and two thirds of Salary Grade B11 (according to § 11 (1) a of the Federal Law on Ministres - Bundesministergesetz, BGBl. 1971 I p. 1166 and attachment IV to the Federal Law on Salaries of Officers - Bundesbesoldungsgesetz, BGBl. 2002 I p. 3020), joined by another €7,009 (c. 9,800 USD) for her seat in Parliament (§ 11 (1) of the Federal Law on Deputies - Bundesabgeordnetengesetz, BGBl. 1996 I p. 326)

Cabinet

See also Cabinet Merkel

The cabinet of Angela Merkel was sworn in at 16:00 CET, November 22, 2005.

On October 31, after the defeat of his favoured candidate for the position of Secretary General of the SPD, Franz Müntefering indicated that he would resign as Chairman of the party in November, which he did. Ostensibly responding to this, Edmund Stoiber (CSU), who was originally nominated for the Economics and Technology post, announced his withdrawal on November 1. While this was initially seen as a blow to Merkel's attempt at forming a viable coalition and cabinet, the manner in which Stoiber withdrew earned him much ridicule and severely undermined his position as a Merkel rival. Separate conferences of the CDU, CSU and SPD approved the proposed Cabinet on November 14.

Selected published works

  • Der, R. (1980). "On the influence of spatial correlations on the rate of chemical reactions in dense gases. I. Quantum statistical theory". Chemical Physics. 53 (3): 427–435. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(80)85131-7. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Der, R. (1980). "On the influence of spatial correlations on the rate of chemical reactions in dense systems. II. Numerical results". Chemical Physics. 53: 437–442. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(80)85132-9. {{cite journal}}: Text "issue 3" ignored (help)
  • Boeger, I. (1982). "An Extended Kinetic Model and its Reduction by Sensitivity Analysis for the Methanol/Oxygen Gas-Phase Thermolysis". Acta Chim. Hung. 129 (6): 855–864. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Merkel, Angela (1982). "Berechnung von Hochdruck-Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für Zerfalls- und Rekombinationsreaktionen einfacher Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle und -radikale (Calculation of High Pressure Velocity Constants for Reactions of Decay and Recombinations of simple Hydrocarbon Molecules and Radicals)". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 263 (3): 449–460. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Merkel, Angela (1985). "Berechnung von Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für den C-H-Bindungsbruch im Methylradikal (Calculation of Velocity Constants for the Break of the Carbon-Hydrogen-Bond in the Methyl Radical)". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 266 (2): 353–361. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Merkel, Angela (1987). "Nonempirical parameter estimate for the statistical adiabatic theory of unimolecular fragmentation carbon-hydrogen bond breaking in methyl". Molecular Physics. 60 (6): 1379–1393. doi:10.1080/00268978700100901. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Merkel, Angela (1988). "Evaluation of the rate constant for the SN2 reaction fluoromethane + hydride: methane + fluoride in the gas phase". Journal of American Chemical Society. 110 (25): 8355–8359. doi:10.1021/ja00233a012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Mix, H. (1988). "Vibrational Properties of Surface Hydroxyls: Nonempirical Model Calculations Including Anharmonicities". Coll. Czechoslov. Chem. Commun. 53 (10): 2191–2202. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Schneider, F. (1989). "The lowest bound states of triplet (BH2)+". Chemical Physics Letters. 161 (6): 527–531. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(89)87033-2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Merkel, Angela (1990). "Theoretical approach to reactions of polyatomic molecules". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 36: 191–208. doi:10.1002/qua.560380214. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Merkel, Angela (1998). "The role of science in sustainable development". Science. 281 (5375): 336–337. doi:10.1126/science.281.5375.336.

References

  1. ^ Luke Harding: East German past of iron lady unveiled. The Observer, 26 June 2005
  2. ^ Merkel, Angela (1986). Untersuchung des Mechanismus von Zerfallsreaktionen mit einfachem Bindungsbruch und Berechnung ihrer Geschwindigkeitskonstanten auf der Grundlage quantenchemischer und statistischer Methoden (Investigation of the mechanism of decay reactions with single bond breaking and calculation of their velocity constants on the basis of quantum chemical and statistical methods) (in German). Berlin: Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic (dissertation). cited in Langguth, Gerd (2005). Angela Merkel (in German). Munich: DTV. pp. p 109. ISBN 3-423-24495-2. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check |isbn= value: checksum (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) and listed in the Catalogue of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek under subject code 30 (Chemistry)
  3. ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women".
  4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4429518.stm
  5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4431262.stm
  6. ^ "Speech by Merkel, to the European Parliament in Strasbourg on Wednesday, 17 January 2007".
  7. ^ "[1]", 2007-25-01
  8. ^ "www.infratest-dimap.de/download/dt0704.pdf" (PDF).
  9. ^ "Merkel visits Mideast as EU president". International Herald Tribune. 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2007-04-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Euronews.net, Merkel meets with the Dalai Lama

External links

Template:Incumbent succession boxTemplate:Incumbent succession box
Political offices
Preceded by Minister for Women and Youth of Germany
1991–1994 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister for the Environment and Reactor Safety
1994–1998 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary General of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1998–2000 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairwoman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group
2002–2005 		Succeeded by

Template:Persondata

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angela_Merkel&diff=175078009&oldid=175077972

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