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'''Ammonium iron(III) sulfate''', NH<sub>4</sub>Fe(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·12 H<sub>2</sub>O, or NH<sub>4</sub>[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6 H<sub>2</sub>O, also known as '''ferric ammonium sulfate''' (FAS) or '''iron alum''', is a [[double salt]] in the class of [[alum]]s, which consists of compounds with the general formula AB(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> · 12 H<sub>2</sub>O.<ref>Considine, Douglas M: ''Chemical and process technology encyclopedia'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, p. 993</ref> It has the appearance of weakly violet, octahedrical [[crystal]]s. There has been some discussion regarding the origin of the crystals' colour, with some ascribing it to impurities in the compound,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Christensen | first1 = Odin T | year = | title = On the Cause of the Amethyst Color of Ferric Alum and of Mixed Crystals of Ferric and Manganic Alum | url = | journal = Chem. Lab. Roy. Vet. Agr. Hochschule, KGL. Danske Vidsk. Selsk. Forh. | volume = 1906 | issue = | pages = 173–95 }}</ref> and others claiming it to be a property of the crystal itself.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bonnell | first1 = Jane | last2 = Philip Perman | first2 = Edgar | year = 1921 | title = CCXXIX.—The colour of iron alum | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1609699| journal = J. Chem. Soc., Trans. | volume = 119 | issue = | pages = 1994–1997 | doi = 10.1039/CT9211901994 }}</ref>
'''Ammonium iron(III) sulfate''', NH<sub>4</sub>Fe(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·12 H<sub>2</sub>O, or NH<sub>4</sub>[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>](SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6 H<sub>2</sub>O, also known as '''ferric ammonium sulfate''' (FAS) or '''iron alum''', is a [[double salt]] in the class of [[alum]]s, which consists of compounds with the general formula AB(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> · 12 H<sub>2</sub>O.<ref>Considine, Douglas M: ''Chemical and process technology encyclopedia'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, p. 993</ref> It has the appearance of weakly violet, octahedrical [[crystal]]s. There has been some discussion regarding the origin of the crystals' colour, with some ascribing it to impurities in the compound,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Christensen | first1 = Odin T | title = On the Cause of the Amethyst Color of Ferric Alum and of Mixed Crystals of Ferric and Manganic Alum | journal = Chem. Lab. Roy. Vet. Agr. Hochschule, KGL. Danske Vidsk. Selsk. Forh. | volume = 1906 | pages = 173–95 }}</ref> and others claiming it to be a property of the crystal itself.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bonnell | first1 = Jane | last2 = Philip Perman | first2 = Edgar | year = 1921 | title = CCXXIX.—The colour of iron alum | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1609699| journal = J. Chem. Soc., Trans. | volume = 119 | pages = 1994–1997 | doi = 10.1039/CT9211901994 }}</ref>


FAS is [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cooke | first1 = Meyer | last2 = Wolf | year = 1956| title = The Specific Heats of Three Paramagnetic salts at Very Low Temperatures | url = | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences | volume = 237 | issue = 1210| pages = 395–403 | doi=10.1098/rspa.1956.0185}}</ref> [[acidity|acidic]] and [[toxicity|toxic]] towards [[microorganism]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Fei | display-authors = etal | year = 2008| title = Microcalorimetric investigation of the toxic action of ammonium ferric(III)sulfate on the metabolic activity of pure microbes | url = | journal = Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology| volume = 25| issue = 3| pages = 351–357| doi = 10.1016/j.etap.2007.11.004 }}</ref> It is a weak oxidizing agent, capable of being reduced to [[Mohr's salt]], ferrous ammonium sulfate.
FAS is [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cooke | first1 = Meyer | last2 = Wolf | year = 1956| title = The Specific Heats of Three Paramagnetic salts at Very Low Temperatures | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences | volume = 237 | issue = 1210| pages = 395–403 | doi=10.1098/rspa.1956.0185}}</ref> [[acidity|acidic]] and [[toxicity|toxic]] towards [[microorganism]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Fei | display-authors = etal | year = 2008| title = Microcalorimetric investigation of the toxic action of ammonium ferric(III)sulfate on the metabolic activity of pure microbes | journal = Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology| volume = 25| issue = 3| pages = 351–357| doi = 10.1016/j.etap.2007.11.004 }}</ref> It is a weak oxidizing agent, capable of being reduced to [[Mohr's salt]], ferrous ammonium sulfate.


==Preparation==
==Preparation==
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==Uses==
==Uses==
Areas of use for FAS include [[waste water]] treatment,<ref name="ReferenceA">''Wiley Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry'': Volume 4, p. 1704:</ref> [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]],<ref name="ReferenceA" /> production of [[dye]]stuffs,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and as an [[etching]] agent in the production of [[electronics|electronic components]].<ref>Chen et al.: ''United States Patent 5518131'' – "Etching molydbenum with ferric sulfate and ferric ammonium sulfate"</ref> It has been used in a wide area of applications, including adiabatic [[refrigeration]] equipment,<ref>Grant W. Wilson, Peter T. Timbie: "Construction techniques for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators using ferric ammonium alum". ''Cryogenics'', Volume 39, Number 4, (1999) , pp. 319–322</ref> biochemical [[chemical analysis|analysis]]<ref>J. C. Whitehorn: "A system of blood analysis. Supplement II. Simplified method for the determination of chlorides in blood or plasma". ''Journal of Biological Chemistry'' (1921), 45 p. 449–60.</ref> and [[organic synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yu | first1 = Shanxin | display-authors = etal | year = 2005 | title = Application of ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate in organic synthesis | url = | journal = General Review | volume = 17 | issue = 1| pages = 27–30 }}</ref>
Areas of use for FAS include [[waste water]] treatment,<ref name="ReferenceA">''Wiley Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry'': Volume 4, p. 1704:</ref> [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]],<ref name="ReferenceA" /> production of [[dye]]stuffs,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and as an [[etching]] agent in the production of [[electronics|electronic components]].<ref>Chen et al.: ''United States Patent 5518131'' – "Etching molydbenum with ferric sulfate and ferric ammonium sulfate"</ref> It has been used in a wide area of applications, including adiabatic [[refrigeration]] equipment,<ref>Grant W. Wilson, Peter T. Timbie: "Construction techniques for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators using ferric ammonium alum". ''Cryogenics'', Volume 39, Number 4, (1999) , pp. 319–322</ref> biochemical [[chemical analysis|analysis]]<ref>J. C. Whitehorn: "A system of blood analysis. Supplement II. Simplified method for the determination of chlorides in blood or plasma". ''Journal of Biological Chemistry'' (1921), 45 p. 449–60.</ref> and [[organic synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yu | first1 = Shanxin | display-authors = etal | year = 2005 | title = Application of ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate in organic synthesis | journal = General Review | volume = 17 | issue = 1| pages = 27–30 }}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 20:12, 11 December 2020

Ammonium iron(III) sulfate
Names
IUPAC name
Ammonium iron(III) sulfate
Other names
Ferric ammonium sulfate
Ferric alum
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.335 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • anhydride: 233-382-4
UNII
  • InChI=1S/Fe.H3N.2H2O4S/c;;2*1-5(2,3)4/h;1H3;2*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+3;;;/p-3 checkY
    Key: XGGLLRJQCZROSE-UHFFFAOYSA-K checkY
  • anhydride: InChI=1/Fe.H3N.2H2O4S/c;;2*1-5(2,3)4/h;1H3;2*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+3;;;/p-3
    Key: XGGLLRJQCZROSE-DFZHHIFOAY
  • anhydride: [Fe+3].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[NH4+]
Properties
FeNH4(SO4)2•12H2O
Molar mass 482.25 g/mol (dodecahydrate)
Appearance Pale violet octahedral crystals
Odor weak ammonia-like
Density 1.71 g/cm3
Melting point 39 to 41 °C (102 to 106 °F; 312 to 314 K)
1240 g/L
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Irritant (Xi)
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
[1]
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
0
0
Related compounds
Other anions
 Ammonium iron(III) citrate
Ammonium chloride
Other cations
 Ammonium aluminium sulfate
potassium aluminium sulfate
Related compounds
 Ammonium iron(II) sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Ammonium iron(III) sulfate, NH4Fe(SO4)2·12 H2O, or NH4[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2·6 H2O, also known as ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS) or iron alum, is a double salt in the class of alums, which consists of compounds with the general formula AB(SO4)2 · 12 H2O.[2] It has the appearance of weakly violet, octahedrical crystals. There has been some discussion regarding the origin of the crystals' colour, with some ascribing it to impurities in the compound,[3] and others claiming it to be a property of the crystal itself.[4]

FAS is paramagnetic,[5] acidic and toxic towards microorganisms.[6] It is a weak oxidizing agent, capable of being reduced to Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate.

Preparation

FAS can be prepared by crystallization from a solution of ferric sulfate and ammonium sulfate. Iron(II) in ferrous sulfate is oxidized to Iron(III) in ferric sulfate by addition of sulfuric and nitric acid. Upon addition of ammonium sulfate to the solution and damping in of the solution, ferric ammonium sulfate crystals will precipitate.

Oxidation: 6 FeSO4 + 2 HNO3 + 3 H2SO4 = 3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 NO + 4 H2O

Synthesis: Fe2(SO4)3 + (NH4)2SO4 = 2 NH4Fe(SO4)2

Uses

Areas of use for FAS include waste water treatment,[7] tanning,[7] production of dyestuffs,[7] and as an etching agent in the production of electronic components.[8] It has been used in a wide area of applications, including adiabatic refrigeration equipment,[9] biochemical analysis[10] and organic synthesis.[11]

Gallery

  • Crystals of ferric ammonium sulfate
    Crystals of ferric ammonium sulfate
  • Crystals of ammonium iron(III) sulfate after 16 days in the air
    Crystals of ammonium iron(III) sulfate after 16 days in the air

References

  1. ^ https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/09713.htm
  2. ^ Considine, Douglas M: Chemical and process technology encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, p. 993
  3. ^ Christensen, Odin T. "On the Cause of the Amethyst Color of Ferric Alum and of Mixed Crystals of Ferric and Manganic Alum". Chem. Lab. Roy. Vet. Agr. Hochschule, KGL. Danske Vidsk. Selsk. Forh. 1906: 173–95.
  4. ^ Bonnell, Jane; Philip Perman, Edgar (1921). "CCXXIX.—The colour of iron alum". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 119: 1994–1997. doi:10.1039/CT9211901994.
  5. ^ Cooke, Meyer; Wolf (1956). "The Specific Heats of Three Paramagnetic salts at Very Low Temperatures". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 237 (1210): 395–403. doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0185.
  6. ^ Wang, Fei; et al. (2008). "Microcalorimetric investigation of the toxic action of ammonium ferric(III)sulfate on the metabolic activity of pure microbes". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 25 (3): 351–357. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2007.11.004.
  7. ^ a b c Wiley Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry: Volume 4, p. 1704:
  8. ^ Chen et al.: United States Patent 5518131 – "Etching molydbenum with ferric sulfate and ferric ammonium sulfate"
  9. ^ Grant W. Wilson, Peter T. Timbie: "Construction techniques for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators using ferric ammonium alum". Cryogenics, Volume 39, Number 4, (1999) , pp. 319–322
  10. ^ J. C. Whitehorn: "A system of blood analysis. Supplement II. Simplified method for the determination of chlorides in blood or plasma". Journal of Biological Chemistry (1921), 45 p. 449–60.
  11. ^ Yu, Shanxin; et al. (2005). "Application of ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate in organic synthesis". General Review. 17 (1): 27–30.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_iron(III)_sulfate&diff=prev&oldid=993660015

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