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[http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,510075,00.html (link)], [[The Guardian]], Thursday June 21, 2001</ref> |
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==Middle East== |
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According to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb and sabotage campaign against [[Baghdad]] that included civilian and government targets between 1992 and 1995.<ref name="NYT">{{cite journal |
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| year =June 9 |
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| title =Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks |
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}}</ref> The civilian targets included at least one school bus, killing schoolchildren, and a movie theater, killing many people. |
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[[The Independent|Independent]] journalist [[Robert Fisk]] reported on May 8th 2006 that the US is widely believed to be behind some of the recent wave of 'insurgent' carbombings in [[Baghdad]] along with numberous mass killings, of which the [[Haditha killings]] was just the best reported. <ref>"The shocking truth about the American occupation of Iraq", [[Robert Fisk]], [http://www.robert-fisk.com/articles586.htm (link)] [[The Independent]], 03 June 2006</ref> |
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{{cquote|''One young Iraqi man told us that he was trained by the Americans as a policeman in Baghdad and he spent 70 per cent of his time learning to drive and 30 per cent in weapons training. They said to him: 'Come back in a week.' When he went back, they gave him a mobile phone and told him to drive into a crowded area near a mosque and phone them. He waited in the car but couldn't get the right mobile signal. So he got out of the car to where he received a better signal. Then his car blew up.''<ref>Is The US Provoking Civil War in Iraq?", by [[Robert Fisk]], [http://www.counterpunch.org/fisk05062006.html (Link)] [[The Independent]], May 8 2006</ref>}} |
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[[Iran]] has long been a target of CIA operations. In 1953 agent [[Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.]] oversaw [[Operation Ajax]], which involved organised riots and the training of right-wing terrorist groups in a successful effort to overthrow democratically-elected government of Prime Minister [[Mohammed Mossadegh]], and reverse the nationalisation of [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]] (later renamed [[The British Petroleum Company|BP]]). Following the coup, Iran became a US client state under the dictatorship of the Shah until the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, when Iran again became a target. |
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==Western Europe== |
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{{main| Operation Gladio}} |
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On [[October 24]], [[1990]] it was acknowledged<ref>"Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'", by Ed Vulliamy, [http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/vinciguerra.p2.etc_graun_5dec1990.html (link)], [[The Guardian]], 5 December 1990, page 12</ref><ref>Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P26": The dark side of the West, by Felix Würsten, [http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/e/articles/sciencelife/NatoGeheimarmee.html (link)], ETH Life Magazine [http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/e/], 10.02.2005</ref><ref>Gladio is still opening wounds, by Charles Richards,[http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html (link)] [[The Independent]], 1 December 1990, page 12</ref> by Italian Prime Minister [[Giulio Andreotti]] to the [[Italian Parliament]] that [[NATO]] had long held a secret policy of support and training for right wing terrorist organisations in member states. The policy, which is codenamed [[Operation Gladio]], and related terrorist groups are thought to have carried out the [[Bologna massacre|Bologna massacre (1980)]] <ref>[http://translate.google.com/translate?sourceid=navclient-menuext&hl=en&u=http://www.stragi.it/index.php?pagina=vicenda Translated from Bologna massacre Association of Victims Italian website] [http://www.stragi.it/index.php?pagina=vicenda Original page] {{it icon}}</ref><ref> Global Eye - Sword Play, By Chris Floyd, [http://context.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/02/18/120.html (link)], [[The Moscow Times]], February 18, 2005</ref> the [[Paris massacre of 1961|Paris massacre (1961)]]<ref name="Ganser"/>, political [[Belgian stay-behind network|assassinations in Belgium]], military coups in [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|Greece (1967)]] and [[Military coup in Turkey, 1980|Turkey (1980)]] and an attempted coup in [[Algiers putsch|France (1961)]]. It should be noted that coup attempts are not typically considered terrorist acts, as they are directed at members of the government rather than the general population. |
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The supposed aim of this group was to prevent [[Communist]] movements in Western Europe gaining power. However, many<ref>How our governments use terrorism to control us, by Tim Howells, [http://www.onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_277.shtml (link)], The On-Line Journal Special Reports, Nov 28, 2005</ref><ref>Gladio: The Secret U.S. War to Subvert Italian Democracy, by Arthur E. Rowse, [http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2004/01/473314.php?theme=1 (link)], Independent Media Center, January 31, 2004</ref><ref name="Ganser"/> researchers have commented that the true aim was often to increase the power and control of the United States over Europe.<ref name="Ganser"/> Officially, NATO refuses to comment on the issue, or confirm or deny the existence of Operation Gladio.<ref> The Pentagon's 'NATO Option', by Lila Rajiva, [http://babaklayeghi.blogspot.com/2005/02/pentagons-nato-option.html (link)], The Minority Report, February 13, 2005</ref><ref name="Ganser"/><ref name="usinfo"/> |
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On 22 November 1990, the [[European Parliament]] passed a resolution condemning Gladio<ref>GLADIO EP 22.11.90, joint resolution replacing B3-2021, 2058, 2068, 2078 and 2087/90, RESOLUTION on the GLADIO affair, [http://www.poptel.org.uk/cgi-bin/dbs2/statewatch?query=Gladio&mode=records&row_id=7255 (link - Appendix 2)], European Parliament, 22.11.90</ref> and requesting full investigations. In 2000, an Italian Parliament Commission report from the "Gruppo Democratici di Sinistra l'Ulivo" concluded that the [[strategy of tension]] had been supported by the United States to "stop the [[PCI]] (Communist Party), and to a certain degree also the [[PSI]], from reaching executive power in the country". A 2000 [[Italian Senate]] report, stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organised or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of [[CIA|United States intelligence]]."<ref> [http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/us.terrorism_graun_24jun2000.html US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy'], ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[June 24]], [[2000]] </ref><ref>Obituary: Paolo Emilio Taviani, Philip Willan, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,510075,00.html (link)], [[The Guardian]], Thursday June 21, 2001</ref> |
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==Hondorus== |
==Hondorus== |
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| url =http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-negroponte4,0,2326054.story |
| url =http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-negroponte4,0,2326054.story |
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}}</ref> The terror campaign targeted hundreds of Honduran labor leaders, union organizers and human rights attorneys. |
}}</ref> The terror campaign targeted hundreds of Honduran labor leaders, union organizers and human rights attorneys. |
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==Nicaragua vs. United States== |
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{{main|Nicaragua vs. United States}} |
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'''The Republic of Nicaragua vs. The United States of America'''<ref>Official name: ''Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392'' June 27, 1986.</ref> was a case heard in [[1986]] by the [[International Court of Justice]] which found that the [[United States]] had violated [[international law]] by supporting [[Contra (guerrillas)|Contra]] guerrillas in their war against the [[Nicaragua]]n government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. |
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The Court ruled in Nicaragua's favor, but the United States refused to abide by the Court's decision, on the basis that the court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction to hear the case. The court stated that the United States had been involved in the "unlawful use of force". Author Naom Chomsky argues that: |
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{{cquote|''The World Court considered their case, accepted it, and presented a long judgment, several hundred pages of careful legal and factual analysis that condemned the United States for what it called “unlawful use of force”--which is the judicial way of saying “international terrorism”--ordered the United States to terminate the crime and to pay substantial reparations, many billions of dollars, to the victim''.<ref name = "chom"> {{cite web |
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| title =On the War in Afghanistan Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy |
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| work =chomsky.info |
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| url =http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011127.htm |
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| accessdate=2006-07-30 |
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}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Nicaragua== |
==Nicaragua== |
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{{cquote|...demonstrators into clashes with the authorities, to provoke riots or shootings, which lead to the killing of one or more persons, who will be seen as the martyrs; this situation should be taken advantage of immediately against the Government to create even bigger conflicts.}} |
{{cquote|...demonstrators into clashes with the authorities, to provoke riots or shootings, which lead to the killing of one or more persons, who will be seen as the martyrs; this situation should be taken advantage of immediately against the Government to create even bigger conflicts.}} |
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The manual also recommended: |
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{{cquote|...selective use of armed force for PSYOP [psychological operations] effect.... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA [unconventional warfare operations area], but extensive precautions must insure that the people “concur” in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission.<ref name = " "> {{cite web |
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| title =Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration |
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| work =The Future of Freedom Foundation |
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| url =http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0406c.asp |
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| accessdate=2006-07-30 |
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}} </ref>}} |
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==Yugoslavia v. United States== |
==Yugoslavia v. United States== |
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Revision as of 02:04, 13 August 2006
The following incidents have been described in notable sources as acts of State terrorism by the United States of America.
Definition
The United States Department of State maintains a list of states it considers to be supporters of terrorism. However, critics have long accused the United States government of also perpetrating or supporting activities which could be defined as terrorism. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation defines a terrorist act as,
The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
As Dr. Daniele Ganser of the ETH Zürich notes,[1] the operations directive which set up the CIA falls under this definition. NSC 10/2 states the CIA shall,
Plan and conduct covert operations which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorised persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Covert action shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, gurrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.[2]
Dr. Ganser's research has also uncovered a Pentagon document, "Field Manual FM 30-31B", detailing the methodology for launching terrorist attacks in nations that "do not react with sufficient effectiveness" against "communist subversion." The manual states that the most dangerous moment comes when leftist groups "renounce the use of force" and embrace the democratic process. It is then that "U.S. army intelligence must have the means of launching special operations which will convince Host Country Governments and public opinion of the reality of the insurgent danger." These "special operations must remain strictly secret", the document warns.[3][4][5]
Cuba
According to 'Centro de Estudios Sobre America. "Crisis de Octubre: Cronologia." Informe Especial', a CIA agent named Carlos Antonio Rodriguez Cabo committed various acts of terrorism.[6]
The United States has refused to put on trial or to extradite Luis Posada Carriles, Guillermo Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon, and Gaspar Jimenezand to Cuba or Venezuela, although they are accused of having perpetrated terrorist acts. [7]
(link), The Guardian, Thursday June 21, 2001</ref>
Hondorus
In the 1980s, the United States financed and trained the Honduran military and attempted to knowingly whitewash the Honduran military's terrorist campaign, including torture in secret jails and extra-judicial killings.[8] The terror campaign targeted hundreds of Honduran labor leaders, union organizers and human rights attorneys.
Nicaragua
In 1984, a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan contras in psychological operations was discovered, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War".[9]
The manual recommended “selective use of violence for propagandistic effects” and to “neutralize” (i.e., kill) government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to lead:
...demonstrators into clashes with the authorities, to provoke riots or shootings, which lead to the killing of one or more persons, who will be seen as the martyrs; this situation should be taken advantage of immediately against the Government to create even bigger conflicts.
Yugoslavia v. United States
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia brought an "unlawful use of force" action in 1999 against the US and other NATO members, in response to NATO bombing in the Kosovo War.[10] The International Court dismissed the case because the US did not recognize the FRY government and did not accept the court's jurisdiction.[11]
References
- ^ Natos Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe, by Daniele Ganser, ISBN 0714656070
- ^ NSC 10/2: National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948. Formmerly Top Secret, obtained by Etzold and Gaddis under FOIA rules
- ^ Crytome: Field Manual FM 30-31B
- ^ defdefensa.org: Secret Warfare: From Gladio to 9/11
- ^ Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces, (Link), US Dept of State Official Website, 20 Jan 2006
- ^ The Bay of Pigs Invasion/Playa Girón: a Chronology of Events
- ^ "Moral Misstep: Some Terrorists Get a Hero's Welcome". Washington Post. September 3.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Cohn, Gary (1995). "Unearthed: Fatal Secrets A carefully crafted deception". Baltimore Sun.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Declassified Army and CIA Manuals". Latin American Working Group. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
- ^ Application instituting proceedings. Legality of the Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America)
- ^ The Court rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Yugoslavia and dismisses the case. International Court of Justice press release 99/33 June 2, 1999.