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{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ali Kemal
| name = Ali Kemal
| image = Ali kemal.jpg
| image = AliKemalBey.jpg
| image_size =
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| honorific-suffix = [[Bey]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Bey]]
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After the murder of the editor-in-chief of the ''[[Serbestî]]'' newspaper, [[Hasan Fehmi]], in April 1909, Kemal stated that he had warned [[Ismail Qemali]] and Rifsat, the assistant editor of ''Serbestî'' that they had been condemned by extremists in [[Salonica]].<ref name=fehmi>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=The Murder Of A Turkish Editor |date=9 April 1909 |page_number=3}}</ref> A media storm between the liberal paper ''İkdam'' and the organ ''[[Tanin (newspaper)|Tanin]]'' followed, with ''İkdam'' accusing [[Ahmet Riza|Ahmet Rıza Bey]] of having been in favour of [[enlightened absolutism]], and ''Tanin'', the organ of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) accusing the Liberal Union of being a subversive body, conspiring with [[Armenians]]. At that time Kemal accused Rahmi Bey and Dr [[Nazım Bey]] of the Committee of Union and Progress of proposing his murder.<ref name=media>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Turkish Internal Affairs. Parties And Politics |date=13 April 1909 |page_number=3}}</ref> These events became known as the [[31 March Incident]] and were followed by the [[Countercoup (1909)|counter-revolution of 1909]], an effort to dismantle the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire]] and replace it with an [[autocracy]] under Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]. Soldiers from [[Salonica]] deposed Abdul Hamid on 27 April 1909 and his brother Reshad Efendi was proclaimed as Sultan [[Mehmed V]].
After the murder of the editor-in-chief of the ''[[Serbestî]]'' newspaper, [[Hasan Fehmi]], in April 1909, Kemal stated that he had warned [[Ismail Qemali]] and Rifsat, the assistant editor of ''Serbestî'' that they had been condemned by extremists in [[Salonica]].<ref name=fehmi>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=The Murder Of A Turkish Editor |date=9 April 1909 |page_number=3}}</ref> A media storm between the liberal paper ''İkdam'' and the organ ''[[Tanin (newspaper)|Tanin]]'' followed, with ''İkdam'' accusing [[Ahmet Riza|Ahmet Rıza Bey]] of having been in favour of [[enlightened absolutism]], and ''Tanin'', the organ of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) accusing the Liberal Union of being a subversive body, conspiring with [[Armenians]]. At that time Kemal accused Rahmi Bey and Dr [[Nazım Bey]] of the Committee of Union and Progress of proposing his murder.<ref name=media>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Turkish Internal Affairs. Parties And Politics |date=13 April 1909 |page_number=3}}</ref> These events became known as the [[31 March Incident]] and were followed by the [[Countercoup (1909)|counter-revolution of 1909]], an effort to dismantle the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire]] and replace it with an [[autocracy]] under Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]. Soldiers from [[Salonica]] deposed Abdul Hamid on 27 April 1909 and his brother Reshad Efendi was proclaimed as Sultan [[Mehmed V]].


Kemal fled to exile in [[England]], where in late 1909, his wife Winifred gave birth to a son, Osman Wilfred Kemal, in [[Bournemouth]]. Shortly after giving birth, his wife died of [[puerperal fever]]. They already had a son Lancelot Beodar who died in Switzerland aged 18 months after contracting whooping cough, and a daughter named Celma. Kemal stayed with his mother-in-law Margaret Brun (née Johnson) and with his children, first in Christchurch, near Bournemouth, and then in [[Wimbledon, London]] until 1912, when he returned to the Ottoman Empire, soon marrying again. His second wife was Sabiha Hanım, the daughter of an Ottoman [[pasha]]. They had one son, [[Zeki Kuneralp]], who was born in October 1914.
Kemal fled to exile in [[England]], where in late 1909, his wife Winifred gave birth to a son, Osman Wilfred Kemal, in [[Bournemouth]]. Shortly after giving birth his wife died of [[puerperal fever]]. They already had a son Lancelot Beodar who died in Switzerland aged 18 months after contracting whooping cough, and a daughter named Celma. Kemal stayed with his mother-in-law Margaret Brun (née Johnson) and with his children, first in Christchurch, near Bournemouth, and then in [[Wimbledon, London]] until 1912, when he returned to the Ottoman Empire, soon marrying again. His second wife was Sabiha Hanım, the daughter of an Ottoman [[pasha]]. They had one son, [[Zeki Kuneralp]], who was born in October 1914.


On his return from exile, Kemal made a speech in favour of a war against the [[Balkan League]] in [[Names of Istanbul#Stamboul|Stambul]] on 3 October 1912.<ref name=balkan1912>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=War Demonstrations In Constantinople |date=10 April 1912 |page_number=6}}</ref> [[Montenegro]] started the [[First Balkan War]] by declaring war against the Ottomans on 8 October 1912.
On his return from exile, Kemal made a speech in favour of a war against the [[Balkan League]] in [[Names of Istanbul#Stamboul|Stambul]] on 3 October 1912.<ref name=balkan1912>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=War Demonstrations In Constantinople |date=10 April 1912 |page_number=6}}</ref> [[Montenegro]] started the [[First Balkan War]] by declaring war against the Ottomans on 8 October 1912.

After joining [[Young Turks]] in Paris, Ali Kemal began to gather intelligence for the Sultan. Although he was disguised as an opposition, he was sending information about the [[Young Turks]] to the Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]. As the third President of Turkey, [[Celal Bayar]] said, "During the period of tyranny, Ali Kemal was spying on the warriors of freedom against Abdulhamid's detectives. While he was in Egypt, he snitched Prince Sabahattin and his father Mahmut Pasha and Huseyin Danis from the Young Turks to Ahmet Celalettin Pasha, the chief detective of Abdülhamid."

In 1919, Celal Nuri in İleri newspaper and Yunus Nadi in Yenigün newspaper wrote that Ali Kemal was a spy who wrote reports to Abdülhamid II. Ali Kemal's service to the palace did not go unpaid. In 1897, he was appointed as the second clerk of the Brussels Embassy. He moved to Cairo in 1900. He returned to Istanbul in 1908. During the Constitutional Monarchy, Ali Kemal was both editor at İkdam Newspaper and lecturer at Mekteb-i Mülkiye. Again, in the words of [[Celal Bayar]] about Ali Kemal, "He followed the fashion of the new regime and became a Constitutional Monarchist more than anyone else." During the Constitutional Monarchy, [[Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın]] wrote articles in Tanin Newspaper, asking Ali Kemal what he did with the money he received from the Sultan Abdülhamid II. It soon became apparent that Ali Kemal was against the Committee of Union and Progress.

In the [[Turkish War of Independence]], [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] and [[Kuva-yi Milliye]] fought not only against invading imperialism but also with local collaborators. One of these local collaborators was Ali Kemal. Ali Kemal went to the French High Commissioner on May 20, 1919, and announced that the government would accept the "French mandate" if the French accepted it. Ali Kemal became the Minister of Education in the First Damat Ferit Government, established in 1919, and the Interior Minister in the Second Damat Ferit Government. Minister of interior Ali Kemal sent a circular to the provinces on June 18, 1919, urging the people to "stay silent against the invasions." He also advised not to resist the enemy against the occupation of Izmir. On May 22, 1919, he said, "There is peace in İzmir; the occupation is temporary."

On August 7, 1920, he asked: "not to oppose the Greek army." He forbade the establishment and telegrams of Defense Law Societies. He wanted the suppression and dispersal of the national forces. Ali Kemal issued a circular on June 26, 1919, declaring that "forming a national army and preparing national defense is a disaster." Since he worked with British intelligence, he constantly contacted Chief Translator Andrew Ryan and British High Commissioner Attaché Brigadier General Wyndham H. Deeds. Ali Kemal and another British agent [[Sait Molla]] provoked non-Muslims against the National Forces. For this purpose, they were in constant contact with the Greek and Armenian patriarchs. Ali Kemal also acted with the Kurdish Şerif Pasha, who wanted to establish an independent Kurdish state. He was called "Artin Kemal" because of his closeness to the Armenians.

The Great Victory, which Ali Kemal said "cannot be won," has been won. Turkish armies entered Izmir on September 9, 1922. Ali Kemal gave up on September 10, 1922: "The goals were one and are one!" He applauded the Turkish victory by writing an article entitled. This was his last post. It was sent from the newspaper. Due to his anti-National Struggle attitude, he was expelled from Istanbul [[Darülfünun]] along with some other teachers after the student boycott. Ali Kemal was abducted from Istanbul to Izmit by plain-clothes police on November 5, 1922. He was lynched in Izmit on November 6, 1922, by order of [[Nureddin Pasha]], one of the commanders of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. When the opponents of the National Struggle, such as Mustafa Sabri, Rıza Tevfik, Mehmet Ali, Süleyman Şefik, and Artin Cemal (Governor of Konya), heard that Ali Kemal had been lynched, they took refuge in the British Embassy. On November 17, 1922, Sultan Vahdettin took refuge in the British and left the country.<ref>Zeki Sarıhan, Kurtuluş Savaşı Günlüğü, I-II-III, Ankara 1993-1995.</ref> <ref>Şerafettin Turan, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; Kendine Özgü Bir Yaşam ve Kişilik, 2. Bas, Ankara, 2008.</ref> <ref>Salahi R. Sonyel, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ve Kurtuluş Savaşı, C. I-II-III, Ankara, 2008.</ref> <ref>Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya, Pozitif Yayınları, ty.</ref> <ref>Turgut Özakman, 1881-1938 Atatürk, Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Cumhuriyet Kronolojisi, 3. Bas, Ankara, 2009.</ref> <ref>Cengiz Dönmez, Milli Mücadeleye Karşı Bir Cemiyet; İngiliz Muhipleri Cemiyeti, Ankara, 2008.</ref> <ref>Celâl Bayar, Ben de Yazdım; Milli Mücadeleye Gidiş, C.I-7-8, İstanbul, 1997.</ref> <ref>Osman Akandere, Hasan Ali Polat, Damat Ferit Paşa Hükümetlerinin Milli Mücadele Karşıtı Politikaları, Ankara, 2011.</ref> <ref>Zeki Sarıhan, Kurtuluş Savaşı’nda İkili İktidar, İstanbul, 2000.</ref> <ref>Turgut Özakman, Vahdettin, Mustafa Kemal ve Milli Mücadele, 6. Bas, Ankara, 2007.</ref> <ref>Mustafa Uzun, “Ali Kemal”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.2, 1989,s. 405-408</ref> <ref>Sabah, Peyam ve Peyami Sabah Gazeteleri koleksiyonları.</ref>


On a report dated 11 November 1918 ([[Armistice Day]]) speculating on the successor to [[Ahmed İzzet Pasha]], ''The Times'' reported that Kemal was backing [[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha]] to be [[grand vizier]], with the support of the Naval and Khoja parties.<ref name=tewfik>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Turkey's Internal Politics. Enver Pasha's Legacy |date=19 November 1918 |page_number=5}}</ref> A later report in ''The Times'' dated 19 May 1919, stated that Kemal had been appointed [[Minister of the Interior]] in the cabinet of [[Damat Ferid Pasha]], replacing Mehmet Ali Bey who had retired.<ref name=balkan1919>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=New Turkish Cabinet |date=26 May 1919 |page_number=11}}</ref> Kemal was one of the members of the Ottoman delegation to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris peace conference]] in June 1919.<ref name=delegate>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Turk Mission Leaves For Paris |date=11 June 1919 |page_number=14}}</ref> In an article dated 25 June 1919, ''The Times'' reported that Kemal had accused agents of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] of impeding the restoration of order in the Ottoman provinces, specifically accusing [[Talat Pasha]] of organising Albanian brigand bands in the [[İzmit]] and [[Enver Pasha]] of doing the same in the [[Panderma]], [[Balikesir]], and [[Karasi]] districts. He also alleged that the CUP had £700,000 of party funds available for propaganda as well as numerous fortunes made by profiteering during the [[World War I|Great War]]. In fact, Kemal had resigned between the filing of the report and its publication in ''The Times'' on 3 July 1919.<ref name=order>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=C.U.P. Intrigue |date=3 July 1919 |page_number=14}}</ref>
On a report dated 11 November 1918 ([[Armistice Day]]) speculating on the successor to [[Ahmed İzzet Pasha]], ''The Times'' reported that Kemal was backing [[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha]] to be [[grand vizier]], with the support of the Naval and Khoja parties.<ref name=tewfik>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Turkey's Internal Politics. Enver Pasha's Legacy |date=19 November 1918 |page_number=5}}</ref> A later report in ''The Times'' dated 19 May 1919, stated that Kemal had been appointed [[Minister of the Interior]] in the cabinet of [[Damat Ferid Pasha]], replacing Mehmet Ali Bey who had retired.<ref name=balkan1919>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=New Turkish Cabinet |date=26 May 1919 |page_number=11}}</ref> Kemal was one of the members of the Ottoman delegation to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris peace conference]] in June 1919.<ref name=delegate>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Turk Mission Leaves For Paris |date=11 June 1919 |page_number=14}}</ref> In an article dated 25 June 1919, ''The Times'' reported that Kemal had accused agents of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] of impeding the restoration of order in the Ottoman provinces, specifically accusing [[Talat Pasha]] of organising Albanian brigand bands in the [[İzmit]] and [[Enver Pasha]] of doing the same in the [[Panderma]], [[Balikesir]], and [[Karasi]] districts. He also alleged that the CUP had £700,000 of party funds available for propaganda as well as numerous fortunes made by profiteering during the [[World War I|Great War]]. In fact, Kemal had resigned between the filing of the report and its publication in ''The Times'' on 3 July 1919.<ref name=order>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=C.U.P. Intrigue |date=3 July 1919 |page_number=14}}</ref>


With unequalled passion, Kemal condemned the [[Armenian genocide|attacks on and massacres of]] the empire's [[Armenians]] during the [[First World War]] and inveighed against the [[Ittihadist]] chieftains as the authors of that crime, relentlessly demanding their prosecution and punishment. In an 18 July 1919 issue of the ''Alemdar'' newspaper, Ali Kemal Bey wrote: "...&nbsp; our Minister of Justice has opened the doors of prisons. Don't let us try to throw the blame on the Armenians; we must not flatter ourselves that the world is filled with idiots. We have plundered the possessions of the men whom we deported and massacred; we have sanctioned theft in our Chamber and our Senate. Let us prove that we have sufficient national energy to put the law into force against the heads of these bands who have trampled justice underfoot and dragged our honour and our national life through the dust."<ref name=vahakn1>{{cite book|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|title=Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources|year=1991|publisher=Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YUhAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> In a 28 January 1919 issue of the ''Sabah'' newspaper, Kemal Bey wrote, "Four or five years ago a historically singular crime has been perpetrated, a crime before which the world shudders. Given its dimensions and standards, its authors do not number in the fives or tens, but in the hundreds of thousands. In fact, it has already been demonstrated that this tragedy was planned on the basis of a decision reached by the Central Committee of Ittihad."<ref name=vahakn1 />
With unequalled passion, Kemal condemned the [[Armenian genocide|attacks on and massacres of]] the empire's [[Armenians]] during the [[First World War]] and inveighed against the [[Ittihadist]] chieftains as the authors of that crime, relentlessly demanding their prosecution and punishment. In an 18 July 1919 issue of the ''Alemdar'' newspaper, Ali Kemal Bey wrote: "...&nbsp;our Minister of Justice has opened the doors of prisons. Don't let us try to throw the blame on the Armenians; we must not flatter ourselves that the world is filled with idiots. We have plundered the possessions of the men whom we deported and massacred; we have sanctioned theft in our Chamber and our Senate. Let us prove that we have sufficient national energy to put the law into force against the heads of these bands who have trampled justice underfoot and dragged our honour and our national life through the dust."<ref name=vahakn1>{{cite book|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|title=Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources|year=1991|publisher=Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YUhAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> In a 28 January 1919 issue of the ''Sabah'' newspaper, Kemal Bey wrote, "Four or five years ago a historically singular crime has been perpetrated, a crime before which the world shudders. Given its dimensions and standards, its authors do not number in the fives, or tens, but in the hundreds of thousands. In fact, it has already been demonstrated that this tragedy was planned on the basis of a decision reached by the Central Committee of Ittihad."<ref name=vahakn1 />


He campaigned also against the [[Kemalist]] movement. Along with other conservatives serving under the Sultan in Istanbul, Kemal also set up an organisation known as the İngiliz Muhipler Cemiyeti ("The Anglophile Society"), which advocated British protectorate status for Turkey. This, combined with his past opposition to the Committee of Union and Progress, made him anathema to the nationalist movement gathering strength in Ankara and fighting the [[Turkish War of Independence]] against the attempts between [[Greece]] and the [[Entente Powers]] to partition [[Anatolia]].
He campaigned also against the [[Kemalist]] movement. Along with other conservatives serving under the Sultan in Istanbul, Kemal also set up an organisation known as the İngiliz Muhipler Cemiyeti ("The Anglophile Society"), which advocated British protectorate status for Turkey. This, combined with his past opposition to the Committee of Union and Progress, made him anathema to the nationalist movement gathering strength in Ankara and fighting the [[Turkish War of Independence]] against the attempts between [[Greece]] and the [[Entente Powers]] to partition [[Anatolia]].


== Death ==
== Death ==
On 4 November 1922, Kemal was [[kidnap]]ped from a [[barber|barber shop]] at [[Tokatlıyan Hotels|Tokatlıyan Hotel]] in [[Istanbul]], and was carried to the Anatolian side of the city by a motorboat en route to [[Ankara]] for a trial on charges of treason. On 6 November 1922, the party was intercepted at [[İzmit]] by General [[Nureddin Pasha]], then the Commander of the [[First Army (Turkey)|First Army]], which was aligned with [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]]. Kemal was attacked and [[lynching|lynched]] by a group of paramilitary officers set up by Nureddin with sticks, stones, and knives, and hanged from a tree. His head was smashed by [[cudgel]]s and he was stoned to death. As described by Nureddin personally to [[Rıza Nur]], who with Ismet Inönü was on his way to [[Lausanne]] to negotiate [[Treaty of Lausanne|peace with the Allies]], "his blood-covered body was subsequently hanged with an epitaph across his chest which read, 'Artin Kemal'". This bestowal of a fictitious Armenian name administered a final indignity to the victim.<ref>[[Harry J. Cargas|Cargas, Harry James]]: ''An Interview with Vahakn N. Dadrian: An Expert on the Armenian Genocide.'' in: Samuel Totten (editor): ''Genocide. Issues, Approaches, Resources'', Social Science Record. The Journal of the New York State Council for the Social Studies, Vol. 24, Issue 2, Fall 1987, p. 24.</ref>
On 4 November 1922, Kemal was [[kidnap]]ped from a [[barber|barber shop]] at [[Tokatlıyan Hotels|Tokatlıyan Hotel]] in [[Istanbul]], and was carried to the Anatolian side of the city by a motor boat en route to [[Ankara]] for a trial on charges of treason. On 6 November 1922, the party was intercepted at [[İzmit]] by General [[Nureddin Pasha]], then the Commander of the [[First Army (Turkey)|First Army]], which was aligned with [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]]. Kemal was attacked and [[lynching|lynched]] by a group of paramilitary officers set up by Nureddin with sticks, stones and knives, and hanged from a tree. His head was smashed by [[cudgel]]s and he was stoned to death. As described by Nureddin personally to [[Rıza Nur]], who with Ismet Inönü was on his way to [[Lausanne]] to negotiate [[Treaty of Lausanne|peace with the Allies]], "his blood-covered body was subsequently hanged with an epitaph across his chest which read, 'Artin Kemal'". This bestowal of a fictitious Armenian name administered a final indignity to the victim.<ref>[[Harry J. Cargas|Cargas, Harry James]]: ''An Interview with Vahakn N. Dadrian: An Expert on the Armenian Genocide.'' in: Samuel Totten (editor): ''Genocide. Issues, Approaches, Resources'', Social Science Record. The Journal of the New York State Council for the Social Studies, Vol. 24, Issue 2, Fall 1987, p. 24.</ref>


Kemal's death was also memorialised in a poem by [[Nâzım Hikmet]]: “I saw the blood run down into his moustache. Someone yelled: ‘Get him!’ It rained sticks, stones and rotten vegetables. They hung his body from a branch over that bridge.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/village-of-blond-turks-ready-to-kill-a-sheep-for-boris-johnson-its-famous-son-p7cm363pb|title=Village of blond Turks ready to kill a sheep for Boris Johnson, its famous son|last=Kalfat|first=Louise Callaghan|date=2019-07-28|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2019-12-24|language=en|issn=0956-1382}}</ref>
Kemal's death was also memorialised in a poem by [[Nâzım Hikmet]]: “I saw the blood run down into his moustache. Someone yelled: ‘Get him!’ It rained sticks, stones and rotten vegetables. They hung his body from a branch over that bridge.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/village-of-blond-turks-ready-to-kill-a-sheep-for-boris-johnson-its-famous-son-p7cm363pb|title=Village of blond Turks ready to kill a sheep for Boris Johnson, its famous son|last=Kalfat|first=Louise Callaghan|date=2019-07-28|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2019-12-24|language=en|issn=0956-1382}}</ref>

Revision as of 12:00, 22 December 2021

In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Ali Kemal. There is no family name.
Ali Kemal
Bey
Minister of the Interior
In office
4 March 1919 – 20 June 1919
MonarchMehmed VI
Prime MinisterDamat Ferid Pasha
Preceded byMehmed Ali Bey
Succeeded byHacı Adil Arda
Personal details
Born7 September 1869
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died6 November 1922(1922-11-06) (aged 53)
İzmit, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey)
NationalityTurkish
Political partyFreedom and Accord Party
Spouse(s)Winifred Brun
Sabiha Hanım
Children4, including Wilfred Johnson and Zeki Kuneralp
RelativesStanley Johnson (grandson)
Boris, Rachel, Jo & Julia (great grandchildren)
Occupation
  • Journalist
  • Newspaper Editor
  • Poet
  • Politician
  • Government Official

Ali Kemal Bey (Ottoman Turkish: عَلِى كمال‌ بك; 1869 – 6 November 1922) was a Turkish journalist, newspaper editor, poet, liberal-leaning politician and government official of part Circassian origin,[1][2][3][4] who was for some three months Minister of the Interior in the government of Damat Ferid Pasha, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He was murdered by paramilitary officers during the Turkish War of Independence.

Kemal is the father of Zeki Kuneralp, who was the former Turkish ambassador in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Spain. In addition, he is the paternal grandfather of both the Turkish diplomat Selim Kuneralp, and the British politician Stanley Johnson. Through Stanley Johnson, Ali Kemal is the great-grandfather of British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and his siblings.

Life and career

Ali Kemal in his middle age

Kemal's father, Hacı Ahmet Rıza Effendi, was a Turk from the village of Kalfat in Çankırı,[5] whilst his mother was a Circassian, reputedly of slave origin.[1] Kemal was a journalist who travelled widely as a result of being banished from Turkey for his political views. On one of several visits to Switzerland, he met and fell in love with an Anglo-Swiss girl, Winifred Brun, the daughter of Frank Brun by his marriage to Margaret Johnson.[6] They were married in Paddington, London, on 11 September 1903.[7]

Early in his life, Kemal had acquired strong liberal democratic convictions, which caused him to be exiled from the Ottoman Empire under Abdul Hamid II, but immediately after the end of the sultan's personal rule in July 1908, he became one of the most prominent figures in Ottoman journalistic and political life. Because of his opposition to the Young Turks who had carried out the revolution, he spent most of the following decade in opposition.

He was at one time editor of the liberal İkdam newspaper and a leading member of the Liberal Union.[8]

In The Times dated 9 March 1909, on speculating that he would contest the seat of the late Minister of Justice Refik Bey, Kemal was described as amongst the "leading men of letters in Turkey, an excellent speaker, and personally very popular".[9] Kemal was unanimously adopted as the candidate to represent the parliamentary constituency of Stambul at a meeting of the Liberal Union on 9 March 1909.[10]

After the murder of the editor-in-chief of the Serbestî newspaper, Hasan Fehmi, in April 1909, Kemal stated that he had warned Ismail Qemali and Rifsat, the assistant editor of Serbestî that they had been condemned by extremists in Salonica.[11] A media storm between the liberal paper İkdam and the organ Tanin followed, with İkdam accusing Ahmet Rıza Bey of having been in favour of enlightened absolutism, and Tanin, the organ of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) accusing the Liberal Union of being a subversive body, conspiring with Armenians. At that time Kemal accused Rahmi Bey and Dr Nazım Bey of the Committee of Union and Progress of proposing his murder.[12] These events became known as the 31 March Incident and were followed by the counter-revolution of 1909, an effort to dismantle the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire and replace it with an autocracy under Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Soldiers from Salonica deposed Abdul Hamid on 27 April 1909 and his brother Reshad Efendi was proclaimed as Sultan Mehmed V.

Kemal fled to exile in England, where in late 1909, his wife Winifred gave birth to a son, Osman Wilfred Kemal, in Bournemouth. Shortly after giving birth his wife died of puerperal fever. They already had a son Lancelot Beodar who died in Switzerland aged 18 months after contracting whooping cough, and a daughter named Celma. Kemal stayed with his mother-in-law Margaret Brun (née Johnson) and with his children, first in Christchurch, near Bournemouth, and then in Wimbledon, London until 1912, when he returned to the Ottoman Empire, soon marrying again. His second wife was Sabiha Hanım, the daughter of an Ottoman pasha. They had one son, Zeki Kuneralp, who was born in October 1914.

On his return from exile, Kemal made a speech in favour of a war against the Balkan League in Stambul on 3 October 1912.[13] Montenegro started the First Balkan War by declaring war against the Ottomans on 8 October 1912.

On a report dated 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day) speculating on the successor to Ahmed İzzet Pasha, The Times reported that Kemal was backing Ahmet Tevfik Pasha to be grand vizier, with the support of the Naval and Khoja parties.[14] A later report in The Times dated 19 May 1919, stated that Kemal had been appointed Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Damat Ferid Pasha, replacing Mehmet Ali Bey who had retired.[15] Kemal was one of the members of the Ottoman delegation to the Paris peace conference in June 1919.[4] In an article dated 25 June 1919, The Times reported that Kemal had accused agents of the Committee of Union and Progress of impeding the restoration of order in the Ottoman provinces, specifically accusing Talat Pasha of organising Albanian brigand bands in the İzmit and Enver Pasha of doing the same in the Panderma, Balikesir, and Karasi districts. He also alleged that the CUP had £700,000 of party funds available for propaganda as well as numerous fortunes made by profiteering during the Great War. In fact, Kemal had resigned between the filing of the report and its publication in The Times on 3 July 1919.[16]

With unequalled passion, Kemal condemned the attacks on and massacres of the empire's Armenians during the First World War and inveighed against the Ittihadist chieftains as the authors of that crime, relentlessly demanding their prosecution and punishment. In an 18 July 1919 issue of the Alemdar newspaper, Ali Kemal Bey wrote: "... our Minister of Justice has opened the doors of prisons. Don't let us try to throw the blame on the Armenians; we must not flatter ourselves that the world is filled with idiots. We have plundered the possessions of the men whom we deported and massacred; we have sanctioned theft in our Chamber and our Senate. Let us prove that we have sufficient national energy to put the law into force against the heads of these bands who have trampled justice underfoot and dragged our honour and our national life through the dust."[17] In a 28 January 1919 issue of the Sabah newspaper, Kemal Bey wrote, "Four or five years ago a historically singular crime has been perpetrated, a crime before which the world shudders. Given its dimensions and standards, its authors do not number in the fives, or tens, but in the hundreds of thousands. In fact, it has already been demonstrated that this tragedy was planned on the basis of a decision reached by the Central Committee of Ittihad."[17]

He campaigned also against the Kemalist movement. Along with other conservatives serving under the Sultan in Istanbul, Kemal also set up an organisation known as the İngiliz Muhipler Cemiyeti ("The Anglophile Society"), which advocated British protectorate status for Turkey. This, combined with his past opposition to the Committee of Union and Progress, made him anathema to the nationalist movement gathering strength in Ankara and fighting the Turkish War of Independence against the attempts between Greece and the Entente Powers to partition Anatolia.

Death

On 4 November 1922, Kemal was kidnapped from a barber shop at Tokatlıyan Hotel in Istanbul, and was carried to the Anatolian side of the city by a motor boat en route to Ankara for a trial on charges of treason. On 6 November 1922, the party was intercepted at İzmit by General Nureddin Pasha, then the Commander of the First Army, which was aligned with Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Kemal was attacked and lynched by a group of paramilitary officers set up by Nureddin with sticks, stones and knives, and hanged from a tree. His head was smashed by cudgels and he was stoned to death. As described by Nureddin personally to Rıza Nur, who with Ismet Inönü was on his way to Lausanne to negotiate peace with the Allies, "his blood-covered body was subsequently hanged with an epitaph across his chest which read, 'Artin Kemal'". This bestowal of a fictitious Armenian name administered a final indignity to the victim.[18]

Kemal's death was also memorialised in a poem by Nâzım Hikmet: “I saw the blood run down into his moustache. Someone yelled: ‘Get him!’ It rained sticks, stones and rotten vegetables. They hung his body from a branch over that bridge.”[19]

Descendants and legacy

During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire was one of the Central Powers allied with the German Empire, and Kemal's son and daughter living in England adopted their maternal grandmother's maiden name of Johnson. His son Osman also began to use his middle name of Wilfred as his first name. (Osman) Wilfred Johnson later married Irene Williams (the daughter of Stanley F. Williams of Bromley, Kent, by his marriage to Marie Luise, Freiin von Pfeffel, born in 1882[20]) and their son Stanley Johnson became an expert on the environment and population studies and a Conservative member of the European Parliament. His son Boris Johnson, Kemal's great-grandson, became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 24 July 2019.[21]

After the First World War, Kemal's half-English daughter Celma returned to her Turkish surname of Kemal and also took Turkish nationality. She married Reginald St John Battersby and their son Anthony Battersby served in the Royal Marines, became an architect/ health planner, and spent most of his career working as a public health consultant for various UN agencies.

Sabiha, Kemal's second wife, went into exile in Switzerland with her son Zeki Kuneralp. He returned to Turkey after the death of Atatürk and was admitted—with the personal approval of President İsmet İnönü—into the Turkish Diplomatic Service, serving twice as its Permanent Under-secretary in the 1960s and serving as ambassador to London from 1964 to 1966 and again from 1966 to 1972. His wife and her brother were killed when an unidentified Armenian terrorist opened fire on his car while he was serving as ambassador in Madrid in 1978.[22]

Zeki Kuneralp wrote an account of his father's life in English for the benefit of the British side of the family. Zeki's sons Sinan and Selim both live in Turkey. The former is a publisher in Istanbul and the latter followed his father into the diplomatic service.

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Gimson, Andrew (2012). Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson (Revised & updated ed.). London: Simon & Schuster. p. 1957. ISBN 978-0-85720-738-8.
  2. ^ Who Do You Think You Are? Boris Johnson, BBC, 2019-07-26
  3. ^ Johnson, Stanley (2009), Stanley I Presume, Fourth Estate, p. 82, ISBN 978-0007296736
  4. ^ a b "Turk Mission Leaves For Paris". The Times. London. 11 June 1919. p. 14. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  5. ^ "Boris Johnson: Kökeni Çankırı'ya uzanan, Brexit'te ısrarlı olan ve İngiltere'de başbakan olacak siyasetçi", BBC News Türkçe, BBC Turkish, 2019-07-23
  6. ^ Kuneralp, Zeki (1993). Ali Kemal: (1869–1922); a Portrait for the Benefit of His English Speaking Progeny. Istanbul: Z. Kuneralp. p. 7.
  7. ^ Johnson, Stanley (2009). Stanley I Presume?. London: Fourth Estate. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-00729-672-9.
  8. ^ "Turkey. Banquet Of Ottoman Liberals". The Times. London. 27 January 1909. p. 5. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  9. ^ "Turkey. Refik Bey's Constituency". The Times. London. 9 March 1909. p. 5. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  10. ^ "The Turkish Parliament". The Times. London. 10 March 1909. p. 5. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  11. ^ "The Murder Of A Turkish Editor". The Times. London. 9 April 1909. p. 3. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  12. ^ "Turkish Internal Affairs. Parties And Politics". The Times. London. 13 April 1909. p. 3. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  13. ^ "War Demonstrations In Constantinople". The Times. London. 10 April 1912. p. 6. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  14. ^ "Turkey's Internal Politics. Enver Pasha's Legacy". The Times. London. 19 November 1918. p. 5. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  15. ^ "New Turkish Cabinet". The Times. London. 26 May 1919. p. 11. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  16. ^ "C.U.P. Intrigue". The Times. London. 3 July 1919. p. 14. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  17. ^ a b Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1991). Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources. Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide.
  18. ^ Cargas, Harry James: An Interview with Vahakn N. Dadrian: An Expert on the Armenian Genocide. in: Samuel Totten (editor): Genocide. Issues, Approaches, Resources, Social Science Record. The Journal of the New York State Council for the Social Studies, Vol. 24, Issue 2, Fall 1987, p. 24.
  19. ^ Kalfat, Louise Callaghan (2019-07-28). "Village of blond Turks ready to kill a sheep for Boris Johnson, its famous son". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  20. ^ van de Pas, Leo. "Ancestors of Boris Johnson, Lord Mayor of London". Worldroots.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
  21. ^ Mason, Rowena (24 July 2019). "Boris Johnson becomes PM with promise of Brexit by 31 October". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  22. ^ Genç, Kaya (3 September 2013). "Ali Kemal: Martyred Journalist and Iconic Traitor". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

Primary sources

  • M. Kayahan Özgül (ed.), Ali Kemâl, Ömrüm (Hece yayınları, Ankara, 2004)
  • Zeki Kuneralp, ed., Ali Kemal, Ömrüm (İsis Publications, Istanbul, 1985)

Secondary sources

  • Osman Özsoy, Gazetecinin İnfazı ["The Execution of a Journalist", biography] (Timaş Yayınları, Istanbul, 1995)

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Kemal&diff=1061558594&oldid=1061435855

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