Terpene

Longwave can also refer to the economics concept of Kondratiev waves, or to the rock band Longwave.

The tuning dial on a 1940s radio, showing longwave frequencies from 150 to 375 kHz

In radio, longwave refers to parts of radio spectrum with relatively long wavelengths. The term is a historic one dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of long, medium and short wavelengths. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'.

In contemporary usage, the term longwave is not defined precisely and its meaning varies across the world. In the US, for example, the Longwave Club of America is interested in "frequencies below the AM broadcast band",^[1] i.e. all frequencies below 535 kHz. (Lower frequencies correspond to longer wavelengths.)

In Europe, Africa and large parts of Asia (ITU Region 1), where a range of frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5 kHz is used for AM broadcasting (in addition to the medium wave band), the term longwave usually refers specifically to this broadcasting band.

The Region 1 longwave broadcast band falls wholly within the low frequency band of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz); broader definitions of longwave may extend below and/or above it.

1 Non-broadcast use
2 Broadcasting
- 2.1 Carrier frequencies
- 2.2 List of longwave broadcasting transmitters
3 Notes and references
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Non-broadcast use

[edit] Non-directional beacons

Main article: Non-directional beacon

Non-directional beacons transmit continuously for the benefit of radio direction finders in marine and aeronautical navigation. They identify themselves by a callsign in Morse Code. They can occupy any frequency in the range 190–1750 kHz. In North America they occupy 190–535 kHz. In ITU Region 1 the lower limit is 280 kHz.

[edit] Time signals

There are stations between 40–80 kHz that transmit time signals to radio clocks. For example:

WWVB in Colorado on 60 kHz.
DCF77 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on 77.5 kHz.
JJY in Japan on 40 & 60 kHz.
66.6 kHz in Taldom transmitter, Russia.
50 kHz in Irkutsk, Russia.
MSF time and 60 kHz frequency standard transmitted from Anthorn in the UK

Radio controlled clocks receive their time calibrations signal with built-in longwave receivers. They use longwave, rather than shortwave or mediumwave, because the accuracy of the clocks is not affected by the time signal's travel from the transmitter to the ionosphere and to the receiver; as longwave travels by groundwave, rather than skywave.

[edit] Military communication

The United Kingdom, Russian Federation, United States, Germany, and Sweden use frequencies below 50 kHz to communicate with their submarines.

[edit] LowFER

In North America during the 1970s the frequencies 167, 179 and 191 kHz were assigned to the short-lived Public Emergency Radio of the United States. Nowadays the 160–190 kHz range is used in the United States for Part 15 LowFER amateur and experimental stations, and the 190–435 kHz band is used for navigational beacons.

[edit] Broadcasting

Longwave is used only within ITU Region 1. Most of the longwave broadcasters are in Europe, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. The rest are located in Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, and Libya. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have vacant low powered broadcasting allocations.

Typically, a larger area can be covered by a longwave broadcast transmitter than a medium-wave one. This is because ground-wave propagation suffers less attenuation due to limited ground conductivity at lower frequencies.^[2]

[edit] Carrier frequencies

Carrier frequencies are exact multiples of 9 kHz ranging from 153 to 279 kHz, except for two stations in Germany on 177 kHz and 183 kHz.

Until the 1970s, some longwave stations in the Soviet Union operated on frequencies as high as 400 kHz, and there was even a station on 433 kHz in Finland.^[3]

Some stations, for instance Droitwich in the UK, derive their carrier frequencies from an atomic clock. They can be therefore used as frequency standards. Droitwich also broadcasts a low bit-rate data channel, using narrow-shift phase-shift keying of the carrier, for Radio Teleswitch Services.

[edit] List of longwave broadcasting transmitters

Map of all coordinates from Google Map of first 200 coordinates from Bing
Export all coordinates as KML
Export all coordinates as GeoRSS
Map of all microformatted coordinates
Place data as RDF

Legend:

Closed

Non-standard frequency (not divisible by 9)

^[4]^[5]

Freq. kHz	Station name	Country	Location	Aerial type	Power kW	Coordinates	Remarks
153	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Donebach	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 363 m high, fed at the top	500	49°33′40.25″N 9°10′22.76″E / 49.5611806°N 9.1729889°E / 49.5611806; 9.1729889 (Donebach transmitter, Mast 1) ; 49°33′33.53″N 9°10′50.82″E / 49.5593139°N 9.1807833°E / 49.5593139; 9.1807833 (Donebach transmitter, Mast 2)	Night: 250 kW
	Antena Satelor / Radio Romania	Romania	Brașov	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts with a height of 250 metres	1200	45°45′22.27″N 25°36′26.77″E / 45.7561861°N 25.6074361°E / 45.7561861; 25.6074361 (Bod Transmitter, Mast 1) ; 45°45′13.16″N 25°36′25.15″E / 45.7536556°N 25.6069861°E / 45.7536556; 25.6069861 (Bod Transmitter, Mast 2)
	NRK Finnmark	Norway	Ingoy	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 362 m height, fed at the top, ex-Omega equipment	100	71°4′17″N 24°5′14″E / 71.07139°N 24.08722°E / 71.07139; 24.08722 (Ingøy longwave transmitter)
	Chaine 1	Algeria	Kenadsa / Bechar	Three guyed steel lattice masts, height 357 m.	2000	31°34′5.08″N 2°20′55.14″W / 31.5680778°N 2.34865°W / 31.5680778; -2.34865 (Kenadsa longwave Mast 1) ; 31°34′11.82″N 2°20′42.02″W / 31.56995°N 2.3450056°W / 31.56995; -2.3450056 (Kenadsa longwave Mast 2) 31°34′18.53″N 2°20′28.91″W / 31.5718139°N 2.3413639°W / 31.5718139; -2.3413639 (Kenadsa longwave Mast 3)
	YuFM	Russia	Taldom transmitter	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 257 m height	300	56°45′30.04″N 37°37′12.17″E / 56.7583444°N 37.6200472°E / 56.7583444; 37.6200472	Inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Popova near Komsomolsk-na-Amure	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 257 m height	1200	50°39′16.75″N 136°54′46.9″E / 50.6546528°N 136.913028°E / 50.6546528; 136.913028 (Popova longwave transmitter)
162	France Inter	France	Allouis	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height 350 m, fed on the top	2000	47°10′10.45″N 2°12′16.75″E / 47.1695694°N 2.2046528°E / 47.1695694; 2.2046528 (Allouis transmitter, Mast 1) ; 47°10′25.34″N 2°12′16.81″E / 47.1737056°N 2.2046694°E / 47.1737056; 2.2046694 (Allouis transmitter, Mast 2)	Time signal phase-modulated
	TRT	Turkey	Agri	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height 250 m	1000	39°46′23.11″N 43°02′14.55″E / 39.7730861°N 43.037375°E / 39.7730861; 43.037375 (Agri transmitter, Mast 1) ; 39°46′25.86″N 43°02′33.32″E / 39.77385°N 43.0425889°E / 39.77385; 43.0425889 (Agri transmitter, Mast 2)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Norilsk	Omnidirectional antenna, 205 m high antenna	150	69°22′46″N 87°6′26″E / 69.37944°N 87.10722°E / 69.37944; 87.10722 (Norilsk transmitter) ?
	Radio Yuldash, Radio Rossii	Russia	Ufa		150	54°46′19.73″N 56°0′17.02″E / 54.7721472°N 56.0047278°E / 54.7721472; 56.0047278 (Ufa Radio Majak transmitter)	closed
	Kanal Uzbekiston	Uzbekistan	near Tashkent	Omnidirectional antenna, 235 m high antenna ( demolished?)	150	41°19′11″N 69°14′59″E / 41.31972°N 69.24972°E / 41.31972; 69.24972 (Tashkent transmitter ( demolished)) ?	inactive?
164		Mongolia	Ulan-Bator		500	47°47′54.67″N 107°11′14.7″E / 47.7985194°N 107.187417°E / 47.7985194; 107.187417 (Ulan-Bator transmitter)
171	Medi 1	Morocco	Nador	Directional aerial consisting of three guyed steel lattice masts, 380 metres tall	2000	35°02′50.65″N 2°55′22.81″W / 35.0474028°N 2.9230028°W / 35.0474028; -2.9230028 (Nador transmitter, Mast 1); 35°02′30.27″N 2°55′16.16″W / 35.0417417°N 2.9211556°W / 35.0417417; -2.9211556 (Nador transmitter, Mast 2) ; 35°02′9.89″N 2°55′9.52″W / 35.0360806°N 2.9193111°W / 35.0360806; -2.9193111 (Nador transmitter, Mast 2)
		Netherlands	Lopik		500		closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Bolshakovo near Kaliningrad	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	54°54′42.62″N 21°43′2.32″E / 54.9118389°N 21.7173111°E / 54.9118389; 21.7173111 (Bolshakovo longwave transmitter)
	Ukrainian Radio	Ukraine	Krasne near Lwów	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150/75	49°54′12.85″N 24°41′15.22″E / 49.9035694°N 24.6875611°E / 49.9035694; 24.6875611 (Krasne longwave transmitter)	inactive at present
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Raduga	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	250	55°29′16″N 83°41′28″E / 55.48778°N 83.69111°E / 55.48778; 83.69111 (Raduga longwave transmitter)
	Radio 1^{[disambiguation needed]}	Russia	Murmansk	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	69°00′59.07″N 32°55′57.17″E / 69.0164083°N 32.9325472°E / 69.0164083; 32.9325472 (Murmansk longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1^{[disambiguation needed]}	Russia	Noginsk	Omnidirectional antenna, 242 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°50′0.89″N 38°20′35.18″E / 55.8335806°N 38.3431056°E / 55.8335806; 38.3431056 (Noginsk longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1^{[disambiguation needed]}	Russia	Ezhva near Syktyvkar	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	61°49′09.34″N 50°41′26.42″E / 61.8192611°N 50.6906722°E / 61.8192611; 50.6906722 (Zelenets longwave transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Tulagino near Yakutsk	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 6 ring masts	150	62°14′15.01″N 129°48′10.4″E / 62.2375028°N 129.802889°E / 62.2375028; 129.802889 ; 62°14′22.82″N 129°48′0.85″E / 62.2396722°N 129.8002361°E / 62.2396722; 129.8002361 ; 62°14′15.06″N 129°47′51.2″E / 62.2375167°N 129.797556°E / 62.2375167; 129.797556 ; 62°14′7.27″N 129°48′0.82″E / 62.2353528°N 129.8002278°E / 62.2353528; 129.8002278 ; 62°14′7.31″N 129°48′20″E / 62.2353639°N 129.80556°E / 62.2353639; 129.80556 ; 62°14′15.06″N 129°48′29.7″E / 62.2375167°N 129.80825°E / 62.2375167; 129.80825 ; 62°14′22.82″N 129°48′20″E / 62.2396722°N 129.80556°E / 62.2396722; 129.80556
	Radio Kavkaz	Russia	Oktyabrskiy	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1200	45°29′07.57″N 40°05′21.59″E / 45.4854361°N 40.0893306°E / 45.4854361; 40.0893306 (Oktjabrskij longwave transmitter)
177	Deutschlandradio Kultur	Germany	Zehlendorf near Oranienburg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial mounted on 359.7 m high guyed mast, triangle aerial on 3 150 m high guyed steel lattice masts	500	52°47′41.87″N 13°23′9.5″E / 52.7949639°N 13.385972°E / 52.7949639; 13.385972 (Zehlendorf Longwave Mast)	Since August 29, 2005 between 2 and 5 a.m. CET DRM-Mode
180	TRT	Turkey	Polatli	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed latice steel mast	1200	39°45′22.46″N 32°25′6.24″E / 39.7562389°N 32.4184°E / 39.7562389; 32.4184 (Polatli Longwave Mast)	Turkish Programme
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Yelizovo near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	53°11′4.92″N 158°24′2.24″E / 53.1847°N 158.4006222°E / 53.1847; 158.4006222 (Yelizovo Longwave Mast)
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, 200 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	51°50′22.5″N 113°44′8.9″E / 51.839583°N 113.735806°E / 51.839583; 113.735806 (Chita Longwave Mast)
		Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata		250		closed
		Kazakhstan	Aktyubinsk		150		closed
		Kazakhstan	Chimkent		50		closed
183	Europe 1	Germany	Felsberg-Berus	Directional aerial, four ground insulated steel lattice masts. Heights of 270 m, 276 m, 280 m and 282 m. Spare aerial: two ground insulated steel lattice masts of 234 m height.	2000	Main antenna: 49°17′4.2″N 6°40′57.73″E / 49.2845°N 6.6827028°E / 49.2845; 6.6827028 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 1) ; 49°16′55.86″N 6°40′46.16″E / 49.2821833°N 6.6794889°E / 49.2821833; 6.6794889 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 2) ; 49°16′47.55″N 6°40′34.48″E / 49.279875°N 6.6762444°E / 49.279875; 6.6762444 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 3) ; 49°16′39.18″N 6°40′22.72″E / 49.27755°N 6.6729778°E / 49.27755; 6.6729778 (Europe 1 Radio Mast 4), Spare antenna: 49°17′8.93″N 6°39′31.71″E / 49.2858139°N 6.6588083°E / 49.2858139; 6.6588083 ; 49°17′1.54″N 6°39′23.6″E / 49.2837611°N 6.656556°E / 49.2837611; 6.656556	French programme. The most powerful longwave transmitter in Germany. DRM Test after 00:00 UTC.
189	RÚV	Iceland	Gufuskalar near Hellissandur	Slight oval bi-directivity aerial, top loaded parallel connected triangular loops, mast as a common member, all guys insulated except two radiating diametrically opposed grounded top guys, loops closed by copper straps in the ground from two conducting guy grounding points to base of the guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 412m	300	64°54′26″N 23°55′19.5″W / 64.90722°N 23.922083°W / 64.90722; -23.922083 (Hellissandur Longwave Mast)	RÚV national programs 1 and 2 Rás 1 and Rás 2
	RAI	Italy	Caltanissetta	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 282 m	10	37°29′53.05″N 14°04′04.08″E / 37.4980694°N 14.0678°E / 37.4980694; 14.0678 (Caltanissetta transmitter)	Inactive since August 2004
	SR	Sweden	Orlunda		300	58°25′37″N 14°58′38″E / 58.42694°N 14.97722°E / 58.42694; 14.97722 (Orlunda radio transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kostantinogradovka near Blagoveshchensk	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1200	50°30′23.58″N 128°18′32.9″E / 50.50655°N 128.309139°E / 50.50655; 128.309139 (Blagoveschensk transmitter)
		Georgia	Dusheti		250	42°03′1.76″N 44°40′37.56″E / 42.0504889°N 44.6771°E / 42.0504889; 44.6771 (Dusheti transmitter)	inactive
198	BBC Radio 4	United Kingdom	Droitwich (SFN)	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts insulated against ground with a height of 213 metres	500	52°17′46.9″N 2°6′24.32″W / 52.296361°N 2.1067556°W / 52.296361; -2.1067556 (Droitwich Mast 1) ; 52°17′40.4″N 2°6′20.62″W / 52.294556°N 2.1057278°W / 52.294556; -2.1057278 (Droitwich Mast 2)	All three transmitters carry Radio teleswitch PSK data. Droitwich relays BBC World Service after the end of Radio 4 programmes.
			Burghead (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 154 m	50	57°41′57.9″N 3°28′4.78″W / 57.699417°N 3.4679944°W / 57.699417; -3.4679944 (Burghead Transmitter, Main Mast)
			Westerglen (SFN)	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 152 m	50	55°58′33″N 3°48′58.8″W / 55.97583°N 3.816333°W / 55.97583; -3.816333 (Westerglen Mast)
	Chaine 1	Algeria	Berkaoui / Ouargla	Three guyed steel lattice masts.	2000	31°55′14.5″N 5°4′31.53″E / 31.920694°N 5.075425°E / 31.920694; 5.075425 (Ouargla longwave transmitter, Mast 1) ; 31°55′4.41″N 5°4′31.77″E / 31.9178917°N 5.0754917°E / 31.9178917; 5.0754917 (Ouargla longwave transmitter, Mast 2) ; 31°54′54.24″N 5°4′32″E / 31.9150667°N 5.07556°E / 31.9150667; 5.07556 (Ouargla longwave transmitter, Mast 3)
	Polskie Radio Parlament/Radio Polonia	Poland	Raszyn	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, 335 m high	200	52°4′21.72″N 20°53′2.15″E / 52.0727°N 20.8839306°E / 52.0727; 20.8839306 (Raszyn Radio Mast)	excluded for financial reasons the Polish Radio
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Saint Petersburg - Olgino	Omnidirectional aerial, 205 m high guyed steel lattice mast	150	59°59′30.01″N 30°07′38.81″E / 59.9916694°N 30.1274472°E / 59.9916694; 30.1274472 (Olgino Radio Mast)
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Angarsk	Before 2001: T-antenna spun between 2 205 m tall guyed steel lattice mast	250	52°31′51.95″N 103°52′9.46″E / 52.5310972°N 103.8692944°E / 52.5310972; 103.8692944 (Angarsk Radio Mast), possibly 52°26′10.17″N 103°41′1.05″E / 52.4361583°N 103.683625°E / 52.4361583; 103.683625 (Irkutsk Radio Mast)	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Avsyunino	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°35′13.75″N 39°09′57.84″E / 55.5871528°N 39.1660667°E / 55.5871528; 39.1660667 (Avsyunino Radio Mast)
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Ufa		150	54°46′19.73″N 56°0′17.02″E / 54.7721472°N 56.0047278°E / 54.7721472; 56.0047278 (Ufa Radio Majak transmitter)	closed
		Kyrgyzstan	Krasnaya Rechka near Bishkek		150	42°52′51.9″N 74°59′43.79″E / 42.881083°N 74.9954972°E / 42.881083; 74.9954972 (Krasnorechenka transmitter)	closed
207	RÚV	Iceland	Eiðar near Egilsstaðir	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 220 m	100		RÚV national programs 1 and 2 Rás 1 and Rás 2
	Deutschlandfunk	Germany	Aholming	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 265 m high, fed at the top	500	48°43′50.55″N 12°55′47.04″E / 48.7307083°N 12.9297333°E / 48.7307083; 12.9297333 (Aholming transmitter, Mast 1) ; 48°43′38.46″N 12°56′2.06″E / 48.72735°N 12.9339056°E / 48.72735; 12.9339056 (Aholming transmitter, Mast 2)	Night: 250 kW
	RNE Todo Noticias	Spain	Logroño	Directional antenna, 300 metres tall.	>100		closed
	Ukrainian Radio	Ukraine	Brovary	Omnidirectional antenna, 259.6 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	50°29′48.8″N 30°48′9.2″E / 50.496889°N 30.802556°E / 50.496889; 30.802556 (Brovary Longwave Mast)	closed
		Morocco	Azilal		400	31°53′54.24″N 6°33′17″W / 31.8984°N 6.55472°W / 31.8984; -6.55472 (Azilal Longwave Mast)
		Jordan	Al Karanah		?	31°45′55.47″N 36°28′44.97″E / 31.7654083°N 36.4791583°E / 31.7654083; 36.4791583 (Al Karanah Longwave Mast) ; 31°45′29.66″N 36°28′59.11″E / 31.7582389°N 36.4830861°E / 31.7582389; 36.4830861 (Al Karanah Longwave Mast)	closed
	Radio Mayak	Russia	Tynda	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 244 m	150	55°05′19.31″N 124°43′9.7″E / 55.0886972°N 124.719361°E / 55.0886972; 124.719361 (Tynda Longwave Mast)
209		Mongolia	Choibalsan		75	48°01′21.02″N 114°33′3.73″E / 48.0225056°N 114.5510361°E / 48.0225056; 114.5510361 (Choibalsan transmitter)
		Mongolia	Dalanzadgad		75	43°31′54.38″N 104°24′4.16″E / 43.5317722°N 104.4011556°E / 43.5317722; 104.4011556 (Dalanzadgad transmitter)
		Mongolia	Olgii		30	48°57′24.52″N 89°58′13.15″E / 48.9568111°N 89.9703194°E / 48.9568111; 89.9703194 (Olgii transmitter)
216	Radio Monte Carlo	Monaco	Roumoules	Directional aerial, 3 300 metre high guyed steel lattice masts, 330 metre high guyed steel lattice mast as backup aerial	1200	43°47′41.45″N 6°8′48.41″E / 43.7948472°N 6.1467806°E / 43.7948472; 6.1467806 ; 43°47′34.56″N 6°8′59.09″E / 43.7929333°N 6.1497472°E / 43.7929333; 6.1497472; 43°47′27.7″N 6°9′9.85″E / 43.791028°N 6.1527361°E / 43.791028; 6.1527361, Backup antenna: 43°47′36.29″N 6°9′30.61″E / 43.7934139°N 6.1585028°E / 43.7934139; 6.1585028	Transmitter site exterritorial, exclave of Monaco
		Norway	Lambertseter near Oslo		200		closed
	Azerbaijani Radio 1	Azerbaijan	Ganja		600	40°36′50″N 46°20′0″E / 40.61389°N 46.333333°E / 40.61389; 46.333333 (Ganja Longwave Transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Krasnoyarsk	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 210 m tall	150	56°02′02.97″N 92°45′32.31″E / 56.0341583°N 92.758975°E / 56.0341583; 92.758975 (Krasnoyarsk Longwave Transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Atamanovka	Directional antenna	150	51°50′02″N 113°43′10″E / 51.83389°N 113.71944°E / 51.83389; 113.71944 (Atamanovka Longwave Transmitter)	Inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Birobidzhan	2 guyed masts, 260 m high	30	48°44′19.37″N 132°48′3.95″E / 48.7387139°N 132.8010972°E / 48.7387139; 132.8010972 (Birobidzhan Longwave Transmitter) ; 48°44′14.71″N 132°48′32.6″E / 48.7374194°N 132.809056°E / 48.7374194; 132.809056 (Birobidzhan Longwave Transmitter)
225	Polskie Radio Program 1	Poland	Solec Kujawski	Directional aerial, 2 guyed radio masts fed on the top, heights 330 m and 289 m	1000	53°1′21.01″N 18°15′32.63″E / 53.0225028°N 18.2590639°E / 53.0225028; 18.2590639 53°1′12.83″N 18°15′44.06″E / 53.0202306°N 18.2622389°E / 53.0202306; 18.2622389	Earlier transmitter site Konstantynów ( 52°22′3.91″N 19°48′7.04″E / 52.3677528°N 19.8019556°E / 52.3677528; 19.8019556 )
		Turkey	Van	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed lattice steel mast	600	38°35′11.47″N 43°15′59.17″E / 38.5865194°N 43.2664361°E / 38.5865194; 43.2664361 (Van transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Surgut	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	61°23′35″N 72°53′20″E / 61.39306°N 72.88889°E / 61.39306; 72.88889 (Surgut transmitter)
227		Mongolia	Altai		75	46°19′25.52″N 96°15′31.2″E / 46.3237556°N 96.258667°E / 46.3237556; 96.258667 (Altai transmitter)
234	RTL	Luxembourg	Beidweiler	Directional aerial, 3 guyed grounded steel lattice masts, 290 m high, with vertical cage aerials	2000	49°43′42.57″N 6°19′4.29″E / 49.7284917°N 6.3178583°E / 49.7284917; 6.3178583 (Beidweiler Radio Mast) ; 49°43′49.2″N 6°19′15.02″E / 49.730333°N 6.3208389°E / 49.730333; 6.3208389 (Beidweiler Radio Mast) ; 49°43′55.81″N 6°19′25.67″E / 49.7321694°N 6.3237972°E / 49.7321694; 6.3237972 (Beidweiler Radio Mast)	Spare transmitter site Junglinster ( 49°43′0.35″N 6°15′28.9″E / 49.7167639°N 6.258028°E / 49.7167639; 6.258028 (Junglinster Radio Tower) ; 49°43′6.56″N 6°15′40.27″E / 49.7184889°N 6.2611861°E / 49.7184889; 6.2611861 (Junglinster Radio Tower) ; 49°43′12.75″N 6°15′51.44″E / 49.7202083°N 6.2642889°E / 49.7202083; 6.2642889 (Junglinster Radio Tower) )
		Moldova	Grigoriopol		1000		closed
		Libya	Yafran near Tripoli		1000		closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Krasny Bor transmitter near Sankt-Peterburg	Omnidirectional aerial, 271.5 metres tall guyed mast with cage antenna	1200	59°39′12.32″N 30°41′50.12″E / 59.6534222°N 30.6972556°E / 59.6534222; 30.6972556 (Krasny Bor transmitter)	closed
		Russia	Koskovo near Murmansk	Omnidirectional aerial, 210 m tall guyed mast	250	64°21′35.83″N 41°23′4.01″E / 64.3599528°N 41.3844472°E / 64.3599528; 41.3844472 (Koskovo transmitter)	inactive
	Radio 1	Russia	Novosemeykino near Samara	4 205 metres tall towers insulated against ground arranged in a square	2000	53°22′59.44″N 50°20′13.84″E / 53.3831778°N 50.3371778°E / 53.3831778; 50.3371778 (Novosemeykino transmitter) ; 53°22′59.53″N 50°20′19.23″E / 53.3832028°N 50.338675°E / 53.3832028; 50.338675 (Novosemeykino transmitter) ; 53°22′56.2″N 50°20′13.94″E / 53.382278°N 50.3372056°E / 53.382278; 50.3372056 (Novosemeykino transmitter) ; 53°22′56.31″N 50°20′19.32″E / 53.3823083°N 50.3387°E / 53.3823083; 50.3387 (Novosemeykino transmitter)	closed
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Raduzhnyy near Magadan	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	59°42′51.14″N 150°11′29.9″E / 59.7142056°N 150.191639°E / 59.7142056; 150.191639 (Raduzhnyy transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Odinsk near Irkutsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	52°24′57.43″N 103°42′0.29″E / 52.4159528°N 103.7000806°E / 52.4159528; 103.7000806 (Odinsk transmitter)
	Radio 1	Russia	Koskovo near Arkhangelsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	64°21′50.92″N 41°24′41.8″E / 64.3641444°N 41.411611°E / 64.3641444; 41.411611 (Koskovo transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1	Armenia	Gavar	Omnidirectional aerial, 259.4 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	40°25′32.68″N 45°12′16.15″E / 40.4257444°N 45.2044861°E / 40.4257444; 45.2044861 (Gavar transmitter)
243	DR Kalundborg	Denmark	Kalundborg	Semi-directional Alexanderson antenna 153/333 degrees, two grounded 118 m steel lattice radiating towers with interconnecting top wire capacitance	70	55°40′39.27″N 11°4′8.6″E / 55.677575°N 11.069056°E / 55.677575; 11.069056 ; 55°40′32.91″N 11°4′14.33″E / 55.6758083°N 11.0706472°E / 55.6758083; 11.0706472	AM suspended 15 February 2007-16 June 2011, now transmitting in time slots only. DRM tests from 3 October 2008.
		Turkey	Erzurum	Omnidirectional antenna, 185 m high guyed lattice steel mast	200	39°59′53.59″N 41°06′40.95″E / 39.9982194°N 41.111375°E / 39.9982194; 41.111375 (Erzurum Transmitter)	Off air since 13 October 2008.
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Razdolnoye near Ussuriysk	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	43°32′18″N 131°55′46″E / 43.53833°N 131.92944°E / 43.53833; 131.92944 (Razdoly'ne Transmitter)	inactive
		Kazakhstan	Karaganda	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 254 m height	1000	49°47′32.45″N 73°01′40.15″E / 49.7923472°N 73.0278194°E / 49.7923472; 73.0278194 (Karaganda Transmitter)	closed
		Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata		1000		closed
252	Chaine 1	Algeria	Tipaza	Omnidirectional aerial, single guyed lattice steel mast, height 355 m	1500	36°33′58.14″N 2°28′50.3″E / 36.56615°N 2.480639°E / 36.56615; 2.480639 (Tipaza Longwave transmitter)	French programme; during night-time half transmitter-power
	YLE	Finland	Lahti		200	60°58′48″N 25°38′39″E / 60.980137°N 25.644195°E / 60.980137; 25.644195 (Lahti longwave transmitter), 60°58′43″N 25°38′57″E / 60.978747°N 25.649155°E / 60.978747; 25.649155 (Lahti longwave transmitter)	closed
	RTÉ Radio 1	Ireland	Clarkstown	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, insulated against ground, height 248 m	500	53°27′46″N 6°40′39″W / 53.46278°N 6.6775°W / 53.46278; -6.6775 (Clarkstown longwave mast)	Used for Atlantic 252, 1989–2002. Now the only AM transmitter for RTÉ Radio 1. Decreases power at night to 100 kW.
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kazan	Omnidirectional aerial, 152 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	100	55°49′6.3″N 49°10′24.64″E / 55.818417°N 49.1735111°E / 55.818417; 49.1735111 (Kazan longwave mast)
		Tajikistan	Yangi-Yul		150	38°28′41.69″N 68°48′19.53″E / 38.4782472°N 68.805425°E / 38.4782472; 68.805425 (Boshkengash longwave mast) ; 38°28′44.64″N 68°48′24.42″E / 38.4790667°N 68.8067833°E / 38.4790667; 68.8067833 (Boshkengash longwave mast) ; 38°28′46.65″N 68°48′22.56″E / 38.479625°N 68.8062667°E / 38.479625; 68.8062667 (Boshkengash longwave mast) ; 38°28′43.7″N 68°48′17.66″E / 38.478806°N 68.8049056°E / 38.478806; 68.8049056 (Boshkengash longwave mast)
261	Transmitter Burg	Germany	Burg	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial on 324 m high guyed, grounded steel lattice mast, 210 m high steel tube mast, insulated against ground	200	52°17′12.93″N 11°53′50.52″E / 52.286925°N 11.8973667°E / 52.286925; 11.8973667 (Burg transmitter, main mast)	Inactive at the moment, formerly used by Radio Wolga and Radioropa Info
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Taldom	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 5 ring masts, height of central mast 275 m	2500	56°43′59.86″N 37°39′47.51″E / 56.7332944°N 37.6631972°E / 56.7332944; 37.6631972 (Taldom transmitter, Central Mast) ; 56°44′10.32″N 37°39′46.53″E / 56.7362°N 37.662925°E / 56.7362; 37.662925 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°44′2.54″N 37°39′29.17″E / 56.7340389°N 37.6581028°E / 56.7340389; 37.6581028 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°43′51.09″N 37°39′37.2″E / 56.7308583°N 37.660333°E / 56.7308583; 37.660333 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°43′51.76″N 37°39′59.6″E / 56.7310444°N 37.666556°E / 56.7310444; 37.666556 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast) ; 56°44′3.64″N 37°40′5.34″E / 56.7343444°N 37.66815°E / 56.7343444; 37.66815 (Taldom transmitter, Ring Mast)	Most powerful transmitter in the world. Currently not used on its maximum power.
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 260 m high	150	51°50′22.5″N 113°44′8.9″E / 51.839583°N 113.735806°E / 51.839583; 113.735806 (Chita Longwave Mast)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Tyumen	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	150		inactive
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Vorkuta	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	50		inactive
	Radio Horizont	Bulgaria	Vakarel	One of the few Blaw-Knox Towers in Europe, 215 m high	75	42°34′35.18″N 23°41′55.52″E / 42.5764389°N 23.6987556°E / 42.5764389; 23.6987556 (Vakarel Transmitter)
270	ČRO 1 - Radiožurnál	Czech Republic	Topolna	Directional aerial (maximum of radiation in East-West direction), two grounded 257 m high guyed steel lattice mast with cage aerials	650	49°7′32.88″N 17°30′45.97″E / 49.1258°N 17.5127694°E / 49.1258; 17.5127694 (Topolna transmitter, Mast 1) ; 49°7′18.85″N 17°30′41.78″E / 49.1219028°N 17.5116056°E / 49.1219028; 17.5116056 (Topolna transmitter, Mast 2)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Orenburg	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 137 m height	25	51°46′44.37″N 55°06′23.01″E / 51.7789917°N 55.1063917°E / 51.7789917; 55.1063917 (Orenburg transmitter)	closed
	Radio 1	Russia	Khabarovsk	2 guyed steel lattice masts, height: 164 m	150	48°30′43.48″N 135°07′02.24″E / 48.5120778°N 135.1172889°E / 48.5120778; 135.1172889 (Chabarovsk transmitter) ; 48°30′48.75″N 135°07′18.15″E / 48.5135417°N 135.1217083°E / 48.5135417; 135.1217083 (Chabarovsk transmitter)	closed
	Radio Slovo	Russia	from Novosibirsk moved to Raduga	Omnidirectional aerial, 209 metres tall guyed mast with cage antenna	150	55°07′38.48″N 82°59′19.03″E / 55.1273556°N 82.9886194°E / 55.1273556; 82.9886194 (Novosibirsk transmitter)
279	Belaruskaje Radyjo 1 (BR1)	Belarus	Sasnovy		500	53°24′31″N 28°31′57″E / 53.40861°N 28.5325°E / 53.40861; 28.5325 (Sasnovy transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Gorno-Altaisk	Omnidirectional antenna, 143m high guyed lattice steel mast	50	51°58′1.12″N 85°54′54.68″E / 51.9669778°N 85.9151889°E / 51.9669778; 85.9151889 (Gorno-Altaisk transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Selenginsk	Omnidirectional aerial, 260 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna (ARRT-antenna)	150	52°02′17.52″N 106°56′25.6″E / 52.0382°N 106.940444°E / 52.0382; 106.940444 (Selenginsk transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Vestochka near Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 258 m high	1000	46°50′35″N 142°53′44″E / 46.84306°N 142.89556°E / 46.84306; 142.89556 (Vestochka transmitter)
	Radio Rossii	Russia	Yekaterinburg	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 256 m height, fed at the top	150	56°53′22.46″N 60°41′30.22″E / 56.8895722°N 60.6917278°E / 56.8895722; 60.6917278 (Yekaterinburg longwave transmitter)
		Turkmenistan	Ashgabat		150	37°51′14.89″N 58°21′57.99″E / 37.8541361°N 58.3661083°E / 37.8541361; 58.3661083 (Ashgabat transmitter)

Height diagram of the antenna towers and antenna masts of longwave broadcasting stations

[edit] Notes and references

^ "About LWCA". Longwave Club of America. http://www.lwca.org/about_lwca.html. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
^ Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 MHz. ITU-R Recommendation P.368-9
^ Guide to Broadcasting Stations (17th ed.). Butterworth. 1973. pp. 18. ISBN 0-592-00081-8.
^ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langwellenrundfunk
^ World Radio TV Handbook

[edit] See also

Low frequency: for other uses (military, commercial and amateur) of this part of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz)
Electromagnetic spectrum: Very low frequency, Shortwave, Ground wave, Skywave, Medium wave
Radio broadcasting: AM broadcasting, BBC Radio 4, BBC Light Programme, Radio clock, Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française, Warsaw radio mast, Digital Radio Mondiale, International broadcasting,
Shipping: Global navigation satellite system, Navigation, Shipping Forecast
Lists: List of wave topics
Other: 1 kilometre, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Fail-safe, WGU-20

[edit] External links

Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page.
The Medium Wave Circle - The premier club for MW/LW enthusiasts
Medium Wave News - Published regularly since 1954
Euro-African Medium Wave Guide
Longwave Club of America
How to receive DRM from Kalundborg longwave station
Reception of long wave and very long wave with ferrite antennas 5-50 kHz
Klawitter, G.; Oexner, M., Herold, K. (2000). "8.2 Langwellenrundfunk" (in German). Langwelle und Längstwelle. Meckenheim: Siebel Verlag GmbH. pp. 116–131. ISBN 3-89632-043-2.
Busch, Heinrich (2001-11-14). "Luftschiff Graf Zeppelin LZ127". http://www.seefunknetz.de/lz127.htm (German)
[1]
http://www.mwlist.org/mwlist_quick_and_easy.php?area=1&kHz=153 - List of long- and mediumwave transmitters with GoogleMap-Links to transmission sites

Analog and digital audio broadcasting

Terrestrial

Radio modulation	AM FM COFDM

Frequency allocations	LW (LF) MW (MF) SW (HF) VHF (low / mid / high) L band (UHF)

Digital systems	CAM-D DAB/DAB+ DRM/DRM+ HD Radio

Satellite

Frequency allocations	C band Ku band L band S band

Digital systems	ADR DAB-S DVB-SH S-DMB SDR

Commercial radio providers	1worldspace Sirius XM Sirius XM Canada

Codecs

Subcarrier signals

Related topics

Technical (audio)	Audio data compression Audio signal processing

Technical (AM stereo formats)	Belar C-QUAM Harris Kahn-Hazeltine Magnavox

Technical (emission)	AM broadcasting AM expanded band Cable radio Digital radio Error detection and correction FM broadcast band FM broadcasting Multipath propagation Shortwave relay station

Cultural	History of radio International broadcasting

Comparison of radio systems

Radio spectrum

ELF
3 Hz/100 Mm
30 Hz/10 Mm

SLF
30 Hz/10 Mm
300 Hz/1 Mm

ULF
300 Hz/1 Mm
3 kHz/100 km

VLF
3 kHz/100 km
30 kHz/10 km

LF
30 kHz/10 km
300 kHz/1 km

MF
300 kHz/1 km
3 MHz/100 m

HF
3 MHz/100 m
30 MHz/10 m

VHF
30 MHz/10 m
300 MHz/1 m

UHF
300 MHz/1 m
3 GHz/100 mm

SHF
3 GHz/100 mm
30 GHz/10 mm

EHF
30 GHz/10 mm
300 GHz/1 mm

THF
300 GHz/1 mm
3 THz/0.1 mm

Electromagnetic spectrum

← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio

Visible (optical)	Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Microwaves	W band V band Q band K_a band K band K_u band X band S band C band L band

Radio	EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF

Wavelength types	Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave

Telecommunications (general)

Telecommunications in Africa

Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland

Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara

Telecommunications in Asia

Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia People's Republic of China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan

Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau

Telecommunications in Europe

Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria

Dependencies and other territories	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard

Other entities	European Union

Telecommunications in North America

Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States

Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

Telecommunications in Oceania

Sovereign states	Australia East Timor (Timor-Leste) Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu

Dependencies and other territories	American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna

Telecommunications in South America

Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela

Dependencies and other territories	Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

source: https://web.archive.org/web/20120815002842/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwave

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THC Science

Bringing Science to the Cannabis Conversation!

Contents

[edit] Non-broadcast use

[edit] Non-directional beacons

[edit] Time signals

[edit] Military communication

[edit] LowFER

[edit] Broadcasting

[edit] Carrier frequencies

[edit] List of longwave broadcasting transmitters

[edit] Notes and references

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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