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| Drawing by archaeologist Hermann Thiersch (1909). | |
| Location | Pharos, Alexandria, Egypt |
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| Coordinates | 31°12′50.15″N 29°53′08.38″E / 31.2139306°N 29.8856611°ECoordinates: 31°12′50.15″N 29°53′08.38″E / 31.2139306°N 29.8856611°E |
| Year first constructed | c. 280 BC |
| Deactivated | 1303/1323 |
| Foundation | Stone |
| Construction | Masonry |
| Height | 393–450 ft (120–140 m) |
| Range | 47 km (29 mi) |
The Lighthouse of Alexandria, also known as the Pharos of Alexandria (in Ancient Greek, ὁ Φάρος Ἀλεξανδρινóς), was a tower built between 280 and 247 BC on the island of Pharos at Alexandria, Egypt. Its purpose was to guide sailors into the harbour at night time.
With a height variously estimated at somewhere in-between 393 and 450 ft (120 and 140 m), it was for many centuries among the tallest man made structures on Earth. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
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[edit] Origins
Pharos was a small island just off the coast of Alexandria. It was supposedly inhabited by people that would destroy any ship that was wrecked off of its coast. To deter this problem, Ptolemy II had the lighthouse built. It was linked to the mainland by a man-made connection named the Heptastadion, which thus formed one side of the city's harbour. The tower erected there guided mariners at night, through its fire, as well as being a landmark by day.
[edit] Construction and destruction
The lighthouse was completed in the 3rd century BC. After Alexander the Great died of a fever at age 32, Ptolemy Soter announced himself king in 305 BC, and commissioned its construction shortly thereafter. The building was finished during his son Ptolemy Philadelphos's reign.
Strabo reported that Sostratus had a dedication inscribed in metal letters to the "Saviour Gods". Later Pliny the Elder wrote that Sostratus was the architect, which is disputed.[1] In the second century AD the satirist Lucian wrote that Sostratus inscribed his name under plaster bearing the name of Ptolemy. This was so that when the plaster with Ptolemy's name fell off, that Sostratus's name would be visible in the stone. [2]
The fullest description of the lighthouse comes from the Arab traveller Abou Haggag Youssef Ibn el-Andaloussi, who visited the structure in 1165 AD. His description runs:
The Pharos rises at the end of the island. The building is square, about 8.5 metres (28 ft) each side. The sea surrounds the Pharos except on the east and south sides. This platform measures, along its sides, from the tip, down to the foot of the Pharos walls, 6.5 metres (21 ft) in height. However, on the sea side, it is larger because of the construction and is steeply inclined like the side of a mountain. As the height of the platform increases towards the walls of the Pharos its width narrows until it arrives at the measurements above. ... The doorway to the Pharos is high up. A ramp about 183 metres (600 ft) long used to lead up to it. This ramp rests on a series of curved arches; my companion got beneath one of the arches and stretched out his arms but he was not able to reach the sides. There are 16 of these arches, each gradually getting higher until the doorway is reached, the last one being especially high.
Constructed from large blocks of light-coloured stone, the tower was made up of three stages: a lower square section with a central core, a middle octagonal section, and, at the top, a circular section. At its apex was positioned a mirror which reflected sunlight during the day; a fire was lit at night. Extant Roman coins struck by the Alexandrian mint show that a statue of a triton was positioned on each of the building's four corners. A statue of Poseidon stood atop the tower during the Roman period.[citation needed] The Pharos' masonry blocks were interlocked, sealed together using molten lead, to withstand the pounding of the waves.[3]
There are ancient claims that light from the lighthouse could be seen from up to 29 miles (47 km) away.[citation needed]
After the Muslims took over all of Egypt, the top of the Pharos supposedly became a mosque, as the beacon was no longer in working order. The Pharos remained this way until its destruction in the 14th century.
The lighthouse was badly damaged in the earthquake of 956, then again in 1303 and 1323. The two earthquakes in 1303 and 1323 damaged the lighthouse to the extent that the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta reported no longer being able to enter the ruin. Even the stubby remnant disappeared in 1480, when the then-Sultan of Egypt, Qaitbay, built a mediæval fort on the former location of the building using some of the fallen stone.
[edit] Recent archaeological research
French archeologists led by Jean-Yves Empereur discovered remains of the lighthouse in late 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour. Some of these remains were brought up and were lying at the harbour on public view at the end of 1995. A Nova program chronicled the discovery.[4] Subsequent satellite imaging has revealed further remains. It is possible to go diving and see the ruins.
[edit] Significance
Pharos became the etymological origin of the word 'lighthouse' in Greek (φάρος), many Romance languages, such as French (phare), Italian and Spanish (faro), Romanian (far) and Portuguese (farol) and even some slavic languages like Bulgarian (far).
In 2008 it was suggested[5] that the Pharos was the vertical yardstick used in the first precise measurement of the size of the earth.
[edit] Pharos in culture
The Lighthouse remains a civic symbol of the city of Alexandria and of the Alexandria Governorate with which the city is more or less coterminous. A stylized representation of the Lighthouse appears on the flag and seal of the Governorate and on many public services of the city, including the seal of Alexandria University.
[edit] In architecture
- A well-preserved ancient tomb in the town of Abusir, 48 kilometres (30 mi) southwest of Alexandria, is thought to be a scaled-down model of the Alexandria Pharos. Known colloquially under various names – the Pharos of Abusir, the Abusir funerary monument and Burg al-Arab (Arab's Tower) – it consists of a 3-story tower, approximately 20 metres (66 ft) in height, with a square base, an octagonal midsection and cylindrical upper section, like the building upon which it was apparently modelled. It dates to the reign of Ptolemy II (285–246 BC), and is therefore likely to have been built at about the same time as the Alexandria Pharos.
- The design of minarets in many early Egyptian Islamic mosques followed a similar three-stage design to that of the Pharos, attesting to the building's broader architectural influence.[6]
- A replica of the Lighthouse of Alexandria was constructed in the Window of the World Cultural Park in Shenzhen, China.
[edit] In books
- Julius Caesar, in his Civil Wars (Part III, Sections 111-112, esp. Section 112), describes the Pharos and how it was a key landmark to his subduing Ptolemy XIV's armies (48 BC), describing its strategic importance in his sentences "Now because of the narrowness of the strait there can be no access by ship to the harbour without the consent of those who hold the Pharos. In view of this, Caesar took the precaution of landing his troops while the enemy was preoccupioed with fighting, seized the Pharos and posted a garrison there. The result was that safe access was secured for his corn supplies and reinforcements." [It was common for Caesar in his writings to refer to himself in the third person.]
- The Romano-Jewish historian Josephus (37 – c.100 AD) describes it in his book The Jewish War (4.10.5) when he gives a geographical overview of Egypt.
- It was described at length in the Zhufan Zhi (諸蕃志, "Records of Foreign Peoples") by Zhao Rugua (1170–1228), a Chinese customs inspector for the port city of Quanzhou during the Song Dynasty.[7]
[edit] Reconstruction
Ahmed Maged of Daily News Egypt wrote in April of 2008 that Bassam el Shammaa was appealing to Egyptian authorities to rebuild the Pharos.[8] Attempts had been made to restore the lighthouse no less than thirty years prior, but to no avail. This new restoration would include a shopping mall.
[edit] References
- ^ Tomlinson, Richard Allan (1992). From Mycenae to Constantinople: the evolution of the ancient city. Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0415059985. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UNEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=pliny+Sostratus++lighthouse#v=onepage&q=pliny%20Sostratus%20%20lighthouse&f=false.
- ^ Mckenzie, Judith (2007). Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt 300 B.C A.D 700. Yale University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0300115550. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KFNCaZEZKYAC&pg=PA41&dq=plaster+Sostratus+ptolemy+lighthouse#v=snippet&q=plaster%20lighthouse&f=false.
- ^ Beaver, Patrick (1971). A History of Lighthouses. London: Peter Davies Ltd, pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-432-01290-7.
- ^ NOVA online - Treasures of the Sunken City
- ^ DIO volume 14 pages 3-12 and page 2 footnote.
- ^ Petersen A.: Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, page 188. Routledge, 1996.
- ^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 662.
- ^ Byآ Ahmed Maged. "Daily News Egypt - Full Article". Dailystaregypt.com. http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=13225. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
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