| Languages of Sweden | |
|---|---|
| Official language(s) | Swedish >90% |
| Indigenous language(s) | (Unofficial languages / Dialects) Älvdalsmål, Modern Gutnish, Jamtlandic, Scanian |
| Minority language(s) | (Officially recognised) Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, Yiddish |
| Main immigrant language(s) | Finnish, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Arabic, Persian, Spanish[1] |
| Main foreign language(s) | English 89%, German 30%, French 11% |
| Sign language(s) | Swedish Sign Language |
| Common keyboard layout(s) |
 |
| Source | ebs_243_en.pdf (europa.eu) |
Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by the vast majority of the nine million inhabitants of the country. It is a North Germanic language and quite similar to its sister North Germanic Languages, Danish and Norwegian.
Contents |
History
For most of its history Sweden has larger country than today. At its height in 1658 the Swedish realm comprised the territories of contemporary Finland and Estonia as well as parts of Russia, Latvia, Germany, Denmark and Norway. Hence, Sweden's linguistic landscape has historically been very different from that of today.
Since Swedish emerged from Old Norse until the 19th century, the Swedish dialects were generally much more different than today and since the 20th century Standard Swedish prevails throughout the country. The Scandinavian languages constitute a dialectal continuum and some of the traditional Swedish dialects could equally be described as Danish (Scanian) or Norwegian (Jamtlandic).
Finnish was the majority language of Sweden's eastern parts, though it was used almost exclusively as a spoken language. Also, there was a significant Swedish-speaking minority. Finnish became also a minority language in the west since many Finnish speakers migrated there for economic reasons.
Estonian was the language of the majority in Swedish Estonia but the province, like Finland hosted a Swedish-speaking minority and also a more significant minority of Germans.
In mediaeval Sweden, the Low German language had a very important role as a commercial language and the lingua franca of the Hanseatic league. As such, the Low German language influenced Swedish and other languages in the region considerably. In mediaeval Stockholm, half of the population were Low German speakers[2] Low German was also the language spoken in the Swedish territories in northern Germany i.e. Swedish Pomerania, Bremen-Verden, Wismar and Wildeshausen (as well as the rest of northern Germany) and by the German minority in Estonia and Swedish Livonia. Livonia was also inhabited by Latvians, Estonians and Livonians.
In Swedish Ingria, apart from Swedish also Finnish, Ingrian and Votian were spoken.
Latin as the language of the Catholic church was introduced in Sweden with the Christianisation, around AD 1000. Like in most of Europe, Latin remained the Lingua Franca and scholarly language of the educated communities for centuries in Sweden. For instance, Carolus Linnaeus' most famous work Systema Naturae published in 1735 was written in Latin.
During the 18th century, French was the second language of Europe's upper classes and Sweden was no exception. The Swedish aristocracy often spoke French among themselves and code-switching between French and Swedish was common. The Swedish King Gustav III was a true Francophile and French was the common language at his court.
Gradually the Sweden lost its overseas possessions and obtained its current borders in 1809, when it lost its eastern part (Finland) to the Russian Empire. As a consequence, Sweden became a rather homogeneous country with the exceptions of the indigenous Sami-people and the Finnish-speaking Tornedalians in the northernmost parts of the country.
During the 19th century Sweden became more industrialised, resulting in important demographical changes. The population duplicated and people moved from the countryside to towns and cities. As a consequence, of this and factors such as generalised education and mass media, the traditional dialects began to give room for the standard language. A large numbers of Swedes also decided to emigrate, especially to the United States. There, the Swedes came in contact with the English language. Since then, like in the rest of Europe and indeed the world, English has grown as an important foreign language in Sweden, especially since the allied victory of World War II.
During the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, Sweden has received great numbers of immigrants who speak other languages than Swedish (see: Immigrant languages below). It's unclear to what degree these communities will hold on to their languages and to what degree they will assimilate.
Swedish
The Kingdom of Sweden is a nation-state for the Swedish people, and as such, their national language is held in very high regard. Of Sweden's roughly nine million people, almost all speak Swedish as at least a second language, and the majority as a first language (7,825,000, according to SIL's Ethnologue). Swedish is also an official language in Finland where it is spoken by a large number of Swedish-speaking Finns. The language is also spoken to some degree by ethnic Swedes living outside Sweden, for example, just over half a million people of Swedish descent in the United States speak the language, according to Ethnologue.
Dialects
A number of Swedish dialects exist, some of which are divergent enough from standard Swedish to be considered separate languages.
Dalecarlian
The Dalecarlian (Elfdalian) dialect group is highly divergent, even within itself, so that speakers of separate sub-dialects do not always understand each other. Dialects of this group are spoken in the northern parts of the province of Dalarna, especially in the Älvdalen Municipality, by a population of 1,500.[3]
Modern Gutnish
Modern Gutnish exists as a spoken language in Gotland and Fårö. It is an open issue whether modern Gutnish is to be considered an independent language or a Scandinavian dialect. It derives, however, from Old Gutnish, which is indisputably a separate branch of the Old Norse language family.
Jamtlandic
Spoken mainly in Jämtland, but with a scattered speaker population throughout the rest of Sweden, Jamtlandic or Jamska is a West Scandinavian language with 95% lexical similarity to Norwegian and Swedish, but generally more archaic. It has a native speaker population of 30,000[4].
Scanian
Spoken by some 800,000 people[citation needed] in the Swedish province of Scania (Skåne in Swedish), the Scanian dialect is considered by some to be a dialect of Danish[5], and a related dialect is also spoken in Bornholm, where it is called "East Danish" (Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark until 1658). The variety spoken today is heavily influenced by standard Swedish.
Recognized minority languages
In 1999, the Minority Language Committee of Sweden formally declared five minority languages of Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli (also known as Tornedal, Tornionlaaksonsuomi or Tornedalian), the Sami languages, Romani, and Yiddish.
Finnish
Finnish, a Uralic language, has long been spoken in Sweden (the same holds true for Swedish in Finland, see Finland-Swedes, Åland), as Finland was part of the Swedish kingdom for centuries). Today ethnic Finns (mainly first and second generation immigrants) constitute up to 5% of the population of Sweden, and the Finnish language is used by over 200,000. A high concentration of Finnish-speakers (some 16,000) resides in the county of Norrbotten.
Meänkieli
Meänkieli is also a Finnic language. Spoken by the Tornedalian people, it is so closely related to Finnish that they are mutually intelligible, and is sometimes considered a dialect of Finnish. Meänkieli is mainly used in the municipalities of Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala and Övertorneå, all of which lie in the Torne Valley. Between 40,000 and 70,000 people speak Meänkeli as their first language.
Sami
The Sami people (formerly known as Lapps) are a people indigenous to all of northern Scandinavia (see Sápmi (area)) who speak a closely-related group of languages usually grouped together under the name "Sami", although at least three separate Sami Languages are spoken in Sweden. The languages are, like Finnish and Meänkeli, Uralic. Due to prolonged exposure to Germanic-language-speaking neighbors in Sweden and Norway, Sami languages have a large number of Germanic loanwords, which are not normally found in other Uralic languages like Finnish, Estonian, or Hungarian. Between 15,000 and 20,000 Sami people live in Sweden of whom 9,000 are Sami-language speakers. Worldwide, between 20,000 and 40,000 people speak Sami Languages (most Sami now speak Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, or Russian as their first language, depending on the country in which they reside). In Sweden, the largest concentrations of Sami-language-speaking Sami are found in the municipalities of Arjeplog, Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Kiruna, and its immediate neighbourhood.
Romani
Romani (also known as the Romani Chib) is the language spoken by the Roma People, a nomadic ethnic group originating in northern India. Due to the geographic origins of its speakers, Romani is an Indo-Aryan language, closely related to languages spoken in modern-day India, and sometimes written with an Indic Script (see Romani writing systems). Around 90% of Sweden's Roma people speak Romani, meaning that there are approximately 9,500 Chib speakers. In Sweden, there is no major geographic center for Romani like there is for Finnish, Sami, or Meänkieli, but it is considered to be of historical importance by the Swedish government, and as such the government is seen as having an obligation to preserve them, a distinction also held by Yiddish.[3]
Yiddish
Yiddish is a Germanic language with significant Hebrew and Slavic influence, written with a variant of the Hebrew Alphabet (see Yiddish orthography) and, formerly, spoken by most Ashkenazic Jews (although most now speak the language of the country in which they live). Although the Jewish population of Sweden was traditionally Sephardic, after the 18th century, Ashkenazic immigration began, and the immigrants brought with them their Yiddish language (See History of the Jews in Sweden). There are around 18,000 Jews in Sweden, and of that number, roughly 4,000 are estimated to have enough knowledge of Yiddish to be speakers of it. Like Romani, it is seen by the government to be of historical importance. The organization Sällskapet för Jiddisch och Jiddischkultur i Sverige (Society for Yiddish and Yiddish Culture in Sweden) has over 200 members, many of whom are mother-tongue Yiddish speakers, and arranges regular activities for the speech community and in external advocacy of the Yiddish language.
Swedish Sign Language
Not an officially recognized minority language.
Foreign languages
A majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, are able to understand and speak English thanks to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films. English whether in American and British dialects, became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as early as 1849 and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s.[5]
Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject from third until ninth grade, and all students continuing in secondary school study English for at least another year. Most students also learn one and sometimes two additional languages; the most popular being German, French and Spanish. Some Danish and Norwegian is, at times, also taught as part of the Swedish course taught to native speakers of Swedish to emphasize differences and similarities between the languages.
The role of English
There is currently an ongoing debate among linguists whether English should be considered a foreign or second language in Sweden (and the other Scandinavian countries)[6] due to its widespread use in society. This has also triggered opposition: in 2002 the Swedish government proposed an action plan to strengthen the status of Swedish[7] and in 2009 Swedish was announced the official language of the country for first time in history.
Immigrant languages
Like many developed European countries from the late 1940s to the 1970s, Sweden has received tens of thousands of guest workers from countries in Southern Europe (i.e. Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Spain, Turkey and former Yugoslavia). Second and third-generation Swedes of Southern European descent adapted Swedish as their main tongue, or in addition to languages passed down in families, such as Bulgarian, Greek, Italian, Serbo-Croatian and Turkish. However, the criteria in European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages state that minority languages need a long history in the country to receive the classification, and thus, these languages have not come into question. See further: Immigration to Sweden.
References
- Sveriges officiella minoritetsspråk, Svenska språknämnden 2003. (In Swedish)
- http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=swe
- http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=US
- http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cd/data/lang/gen/data/numbers.en.pdf
- ^ http://www.integrationsverket.se/tpl/NewsPage____1038.aspx
- ^ [1] Stockhlm University "Stockholm som köpstad har tyskarnas dominerande ställning i Östersjöns handelspolitik, att tacka för sin tillkomst. Det medeltida Stockholm var en till hälften tysk stad."
- ^ http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/050216/24a99c86fd734f15c9f722b343cc152e/FaktaJu%5f0415ji.pdf
- ^ "Europeans and their Languages". Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3 - TNS Opinion & Social. European Commission. February 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf. Retrieved May 03, 2011. According to this Eurobarometer survey, 89% of respondents in Sweden indicated that they know English well enough to have a conversation (p. 152). Of these 35% had a very good knowledge of the language, 42% had a good knowledge and 23% had basic English skills (p. 156).
- ^ "English spoken - fast ibland hellre än bra" (in Swedish). Lund University newsletter 7/1999. http://www3.lu.se/info/lum/LUM_07_99/01_engelska.html.
- ^ Sveriges språk, vem talar vad och var Mikael Parkvall, Stockholm University p.100 Men är engelska verkligen ett främmande språk?
- ^ http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/108/a/1443 Mål i mun - Förslag till handlingsprogram för svenska språket
See also
- Swedish language
- Finnish language
- Meänkieli
- Sami languages
- Romani language
- Yiddish language
- History of the Jews in Sweden
- Languages of the European Union
- Minority language
External links
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