Halal (Arabic:حلال, ḥalāl, Halaal; means lawful or legal) is a term designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law. It is the opposite of haraam. The term is used to designate food seen as permissible according to Islamic law (Sharia, الشريعة الإسلامية).

[edit] Usage

The use of the term varies between Arabic-speaking communities and non-Arabic-speaking ones.^{[dubious – discuss]}

In Arabic-speaking countries, the term is used to describe anything permissible under Islamic law, in contrast to haraam, that which is forbidden. This includes human behavior, speech communication, clothing, conduct, manner and dietary laws.

In non-Arabic-speaking countries, the term is most commonly used in the narrower context of just Muslim dietary laws, especially where meat and poultry are concerned, though it can be used for the more general meaning, as well.

[edit] Dietary laws

Islam has laws regarding which foods can and cannot be eaten and also on the proper method of slaughtering an animal for consumption, known as dhabihah. However if there is no other food available then a Muslim is allowed to eat non-halal food.^[1] Surah 2:173 states:

If one is forced because there is no other choice, neither craving nor transgressing, there is no sin in him. Indeed, Allah is forgiving, merciful

[edit] Explicitly forbidden substances

A variety of substances are considered as harmful (haraam) for humans to consume and, therefore, forbidden as per various Quranic verses:

• Pork meat (i.e., flesh of pig)^{[Qur'an 2:173]}
• Blood^{[Qur'an 2:173]}
• Animals slaughtered in the name of anyone but Allah. All that has been dedicated or offered in sacrifice to an idolatrous altar or saint or a person considered to be "divine"^{[Qur'an 2:173] [Qur'an 5:3]}
• Carrion^{[Qur'an 2:173]}
• An animal that has been strangled, beaten (to death), killed by a fall, gored (to death), savaged by a beast of prey (except that which you may have slaughtered while it was still alive){{cite quran
• Food over which Allah's name is not pronounced(or at least not in a name other than Allah)^{[Qur'an 6:121]}
• Alcohol and other intoxicants^{[Qur'an 5:090]}

[edit] Dhabiha: Method of slaughter

Thabiha or Dhabiha (Arabic: ذبيحة‎), is the prescribed method of ritual slaughter of all animals excluding fish and most sea-life per Islamic law. This method of slaughtering animals consists of a swift, deep incision with a sharp knife on the neck, cutting the jugular veins and carotid arteries of both sides but leaving the spinal cord intact. It is believed by Muslims to kill instantly and painlessly.^[2]

[edit] Halal and Kosher

There is similarity between the laws of Dhabiĥa halal and kashrut. Whether Muslims can use kashrut standards as a replacement for halal standards is an ongoing debate, and the answer depends largely on the individual being asked.^[3]

[edit] In non-Islamic countries

A package of halal-certified (see green label on the package) frozen food (steamed cabbage buns) from Jiangsu province, China

Halal certificate issued for dairy products by a German registered merchant

Australian halal certificate for chocolate.

In Dearborn, Michigan, the home of one of the largest Muslim and Arab populations in the United States, some fast food restaurant chains such as the McDonald's Corporation have introduced halal chicken nuggets.^[4] In the United Kingdom and in the United States, halal fried chicken restaurants having thousands of outlets serve halal foods, such as the Chicken Cottage, Kennedy Fried Chicken, Brown's Chicken, and Crown Fried Chicken companies. As of February 2009, Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants in the U.K. began to sell halal meals in several restaurants.

Also, in New York City there are numerous halal food carts in business which serve gyros, chicken platters, and other halal fast foods, whereas in the U.K. and continental Europe, there are many of the Muslim-owned Döner kebab shops.

A law passed by a county in Ohio in 2005 bans the sale, distribution, or production of food mislabeled "halal", when county authorities determine that the food does not meet Islamic dietary standards. Similar laws protect kosher foods in most of the United States, and in many other countries, states, or provinces.^[5]

McDonald's restaruants intend to offer halal meals in the United States and some parts of the United Kingdom. (Two of the McDonald's restaurants currently offer these foods on a trial basis. Six McDonald's restaurants in Australia (two in Melbourne and four in Sydney) offer halal meals. McDonald's restaurants in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Pakistan, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Africa, are halal certified.^{[citation needed]} McDonald's, Pizza Hut, and Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants have been declared to be halal in Sri Lanka by the Jamiyathul Ulama, the only authority able to give out the certification there.

While the introduction of halal meats in some American restaurants is still ongoing, for the first time in the United States, in early 2004, halal meats began to be offered in some chain grocery stores, in particular by the H.E.B. Grocery company. The Tex-Mex Beef Co. based in Houston, Texas, was the first halal meat and poultry distribution company to offer halal meats in the U.S. at the retail store level.

In 2008 and 2009, twelve stores in the Mary Brown's chain in Ontario and Alberta become 100% halal.^[6]

[edit] Dhabiĥa Halal

Dhabiĥa halal is relatively difficult to adhere to in non-Muslim countries:

• The abundance of pork and non-dhabiĥa meats at restaurants presents a rather-difficult problem to overcome. While a Muslim will not order a non-dhabiĥa halal dish, there is a concern about cross-contamination. This is likely to occur when the dhabiĥa halal dish is prepared with the same cooking tools and in the same kitchen as other non-dhabiĥa halal dishes. Food particles and juices from the two dishes are likely to be exchanged, technically rendering the dhabiĥa halal dish as haraam.

• Many apparently meat-free dishes, and even some desserts, contain pork, such as most kinds of gelatin, or other non-conforming substances. There is some disagreement about food additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG) that may use enzymes derived from pig fat in the production process. It is difficult to avoid such additives when eating out since they are usually not listed on restaurant menus. Some Muslim organizations compile tables of such additives.^[7]

• Alcoholic beverages, including wine and whiskey, are used in many sauces and cakes, and alcohol is used as ingredient (a solvent and a preservative) for the production and storage of food flavorings such as vanilla and other extracts.

Since the turn of the 21st century, there have been efforts to create organizations such as the Muslim Consumer Group that certify food products as halal for Muslim consumers.

"Halal" is an Arabic word meaning "lawful" or "permissible", and the term not only covers food and drink, but also to all matters of daily life. When it comes to halal food, most people think of meat foods only. However, Muslims must ensure that all foods, particularly processed foods, pharmaceuticals, and non-food items like cosmetics, are also halal. Frequently, these products contain animal by-products or other ingredients that are not permissible for Moslems to eat or use on their bodies.

The leading North American halal food producer and distributor in the United States is the Midamar Corporation.^{[citation needed]} This company has been in operation since 1974, and it is based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, the home of the oldest mosque in the Americas still standing. The children of Muslims who settled in Iowa around 1900 discerned a need to start producing halal beef and chicken catering to the tastes of American Muslims.

Since 1991, mainstream manufacturers of soups, grains, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, prepared foods, and other products, as well as hotels, restaurants, airlines, hospitals, and other service providers have pursued the halal market. These companies purchase halal-certified products. Halal certification tells Muslims that their ingredients and production methods have been tested and declared permissible by a certification body. It also allows companies to export products to most Middle Eastern countries and South East Asian Countries. The oldest and most well-known halal certifier in the United States is called the "Islamic Services of America". For more information its history see the Web site www.isaiowa.org. Something that companies which intend to export halal products must keep in mind, when choosing a certifier, is whether or not the certifier is recognized by foreign governmental bodies. Islamic Services of America

• In 1986, the "Islamic Meat & Poultry Company" was founded in Stockton, California. Islamic Meat & Poultry is a halal-only, U.S. Department of Agriculture-inspected, hand-slaughtering and meat-processing facility. This company follows the principles of slaughtering and meat-processing according to the Islamic Shariah.

• In 1993, Mr. Ahsan Mohyuddin founded the "Halal Meat & Food Corporation" in Bladenboro, North Carolina.

[edit] Criticisms of halal

[edit] Halal food and animal welfare

The ritual method of slaughter as practiced in Islam and Judaism has been described as inhumane by animal welfare organisations in the U.K. and the U.S.A., who have stated that it "causes severe suffering to animals."^[8][9]

In 1978, a study incorporating EEG (electroencephalograph) with electrodes surgically implanted on the skull of 17 sheep and 15 calves, and conducted by Wilhelm Schulze et al. at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Germany concluded that "the slaughter in the form of a ritual cut is, if carried out properly, painless in sheep and calves according to EEG recordings and the missing defensive actions" (of the animals) and that "For sheep, there were in part severe reactions both in bloodletting cut and the pain stimuli" when captive bolt stunning (CBS) was used.^[10] This study is cited by the German Constitutional Court in its permitting of dhabiha slaughtering.^[11]

In 2003, an independent advisory group - the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) - concluded that the way halal and kosher meat is produced causes severe suffering to animals and should be banned immediately. FAWC argued that cattle required up to two minutes to bleed to death when such means are employed. The Chairperson of FAWC at the time, Judy MacArthur Clark, added, "this is a major incision into the animal and to say that it doesn't suffer is quite ridiculous."

Halal and kosher butchers deny that their method of killing animals is cruel and expressed anger over the FAWC recommendation.^[9]

Majid Katme of the Muslim Council of Britain also disagreed, stating that "it's a sudden and quick haemorrhage. A quick loss of blood pressure and the brain is instantaneously starved of blood and there is no time to start feeling any pain."^[9]

In April 2008, the Food and Farming minister in the United Kingdom, Lord Rooker, stated that halal and kosher meat should be labeled when it is put on sale, so that members of the public can decide whether or not they want to buy food from animals that have been bled to death. He was quoted as saying, "I object to the method of slaughter ... my choice as a customer is that I would want to buy meat that has been looked after, and slaughtered in the most humane way possible." The RSPCA supported Lord Rooker's views.^[12]

For the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Humane Society International, "the animals that are slaughtered according to kosher and halal should be securely restrained, particularly the head and neck, before cutting the throat" as "movements (during slaughter) results in a poor cut, bad bleeding, slow loss of consciousness, if at all, and pain."^[13]

[edit] Halal and discrimination

The practice of halal in a globalised food system and in multicultural societies is a potential source of discrimination against non-Muslims. In many parts of the world employers are expected to fulfill equal opportunity employment rights, which a halal slaughterhouse may come into conflict with if they refuse to employ non-Muslims to slaughter animals.

[edit] Blood elimination

Islamic dietary law states that a Muslim must not consume blood, however traces of blood may remain within the carcass due to the method of slaughter. However, according to Islamic scholars it is only necessary to remove 'most' of the blood from the animal.[3] As a result meat produced by the halal method is physically indistinguishable from meat produced in most non-halal slaughterhouses^{[citation needed]}, which also allow as much blood as possible to drain from the carcass to prevent the meat going off quickly. The practice of draining blood from slaughtered animals in the hot climate of the middle east may also originally have been done to prevent rapid decay of meat. With the coming of Islam the practice of blood letting came to symbolise releasing the holy spirit or the spirit of the animal. Subsequently, since halal and non-halal meat is physically identical, many Muslims consider it to be suitable for consumption.

Most consumers of halal or kosher slaughtered animals, however, would disagree that there is no difference in the meat, since they state that there is a pronounced taste difference between an animal that was stunned before slaughter, and one that was humanely slaughtered through kosher or halal methods^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] See also

• Al-Jamia, Shia text which contains all the details of halal things.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Halal Knowledge Centre
• Laws of Islam concerning food
• American Halal Association
• Muslim method of slaughtering
• Answering criticism
• What Is Halal?
• Halal and Haram research
• The Halal Standard Institute of Thailand
• Consumers increasingly perceive kosher and halal food as safer Scientist Live
• Is conventional meat halal/zabiha? Green Zabiha
• Indian Halal certification board
• Islamic Halal Scanner for iPhone