Terpene

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Serpentovirinae
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Tobaniviridae
Subfamily: Serpentovirinae
Genera
  • Infratovirus
  • Lyctovirus
  • Pregotovirus
  • Sectovirus
  • Septovirus
  • Sertovirus
  • Vebetovirus

Serpentovirinae, commonly known as serptentoviruses, is a virus subfamily within the family Tobaniviridae which is within the order Nidovirales.[1][2] The virions of Serpentovirinae have a viral envelope and a positive-sense single-strand RNA genome. They infect vertebrates, mostly Ophidians, but sequencing has identified serpentovirinae infections in other reptiles including turtles, chameleons, and lizards.[3][4][5][6] Although clinical significance varies across the clade, several pathogenic infections by this subfamily have been observed and studied, primarily in snakes with some observations in other groups.[7][8][9][10] This subfamily comprises seven genera and 12 subgenera.[1][11]

Transmission[edit]

Serpentoviruses have exhibited fomite transmission and transmission via the air. One study showed that there is no vertical transmission; the eggs of a mating pair of infected pythons were positive for serpentovirinae RNA, but the hatchlings were RNA negative when tested.[10][8]

Host susceptibility by phylogenetics[edit]

Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the different genera and species of serpentovirinae infect specific groups of snakes, and that some species exclusively infect non-serpent reptiles. However, it is currently understood that pythonidae are the most susceptible to serpentovirus infection generally, with colubridae and boidae exhibiting the highest non-python-hosted species diversity. Additionally, sequencing of viral RNA from infected animals has shown the ability of serpentoviruses to become recombinant during replication.[10][5]

Experimental serpentovirus phylogeny that is color coded to Ophidian species specific infections. [10]

Symptoms and diagnosis of infection[edit]

The symptoms of serpentovirus infections in reptiles are similar to some coronavirus symptoms in mammals (the coronaviridae family also belongs to the order Nidovirales).[2][6] Symptoms include shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, increased oral mucous secretion, oral mucosal reddening, anorexia, and eventually weight loss. Serpentoviral infections have also been found to cause lesions in the upper respiratory tract, upper gastrointestinal tract, and even the lungs. These lesions are usually inflammed and pneumonic, and can cause greater complications and morbidity when the animal is also infected with bacterial bronchopneumonia.[2][7][10]

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction can be used to detect viral RNA and is the most common form of diagnosis. Oral/nasal swabs are used to obtain samples both pre- and post-mortem. It is also possible to detect virions and viral RNA within the stool of infected pythons due to nematode species being able to bioaccumulate the viruses. However, the nematodes themselves are not infected. Specific treatments and therapeutics have not yet been discovered or perscribed, but research is ongoing to determine best practices and potential therapeutics.[2][4][9]

Appearance of the oral cavity and histologic samples of serpentovirus negative (A,C) and positive (B,D) Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) from southern Florida, USA.

Taxonomy[edit]

The subfamily Serpentovirinae contains the following seven identified genera and 12 identified subgenera:[1][11]

  • Infratovirus
    • Hepoptovirus, Selatovirus, and Xintolivirus
  • Lyctovirus
    • Chalatovirus and Rebatovirus
  • Pregotovirus
    • Roypretovirus, Snaturtovirus, and Tilitovirus
  • Sectovirus
    • Sanematovirus
  • Septovirus
    • Sekatovirus
  • Sertovirus
    • Serecovirus
  • Vebetovirus
    • Chabetovirus

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Taxon Details | ICTV | Subfamily: Serpentovirinae". ictv.global. July 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  2. ^ a b c d Boon, M. Ashton; Iredale, Marley E.; Tillis, Steven B.; Ossiboff, Robert J. (December 21, 2023). "Ophidian Serpentoviruses: A Review and Perspective". Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery. 33 (4): 205–216. doi:10.5818/JHMS-D-23-00010. ISSN 1529-9651.
  3. ^ Parrish, Kate; Kirkland, Peter D.; Skerratt, Lee F.; Ariel, Ellen (2021). "Nidoviruses in Reptiles: A Review". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.733404. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 8490724. PMID 34621811.
  4. ^ a b Leineweber, Christoph (2023-03-01), "Detection of nidoviruses (subfamily Serpentovirinae) in swabs of captive snakes in the United Kingdom between 2018 and 2021", BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2023, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, doi:10.22233/9781913859152.50.22, ISBN 978-1-913859-15-2, retrieved 2024-03-26
  5. ^ a b Tillis, Steven B.; Ossiboff, Robert J.; Wellehan, James F. X. (February 2024). "Serpentoviruses Exhibit Diverse Organization and ORF Composition with Evidence of Recombination". Viruses. 16 (2): 310. doi:10.3390/v16020310. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 10892116.
  6. ^ a b Hoon-Hanks, Laura L.; Stöhr, Anke C.; Anderson, Amanda J.; Evans, Dawn E.; Nevarez, Javier G.; Díaz, Raúl E.; Rodgers, Case P.; Cross, Shaun T.; Steiner, Halley R.; Parker, Roy R.; Stenglein, Mark D. (November 2022). "Serpentovirus (Nidovirus) and Orthoreovirus Coinfection in Captive Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) with Respiratory Disease". Viruses. 12 (11): 1329. doi:10.3390/v12111329. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 7699425.
  7. ^ a b Dervas, Eva; Hepojoki, Jussi; Smura, Teemu; Prähauser, Barbara; Windbichler, Katharina; Blümich, Sandra; Ramis, Antonio; Hetzel, Udo; Kipar, Anja (2020-08-31). Pfeiffer, Julie K. (ed.). "Serpentoviruses: More than Respiratory Pathogens". Journal of Virology. 94 (18). doi:10.1128/JVI.00649-20. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 7459564. PMID 32641481.
  8. ^ a b Tillis, Steven B.; Josimovich, Jillian M.; Miller, Melissa A.; Hoon-Hanks, Laura L.; Hartmann, Arik M.; Claunch, Natalie M.; Iredale, Marley E.; Logan, Tracey D.; Yackel Adams, Amy A.; Bartoszek, Ian A.; Humphrey, John S.; Kluever, Bryan M.; Stenglein, Mark D.; Reed, Robert N.; Romagosa, Christina M. (December 6, 2022). "Divergent Serpentoviruses in Free-Ranging Invasive Pythons and Native Colubrids in Southern Florida, United States". Viruses. 14 (12): 2726. doi:10.3390/v14122726. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 9782103.
  9. ^ a b Tillis, Steven B.; Holt, Camille; Havens, Spencer; Logan, Tracey D.; Julander, Justin G.; Ossiboff, Robert J. (May 9, 2023). "In Vitro Characterization and Antiviral Susceptibility of Ophidian Serpentoviruses". Microorganisms. 11 (6): 1371. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061371. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 10305148.
  10. ^ a b c d e Hoon-Hanks, Laura L.; Ossiboff, Robert J.; Bartolini, Pia; Fogelson, Susan B.; Perry, Sean M.; Stöhr, Anke C.; Cross, Shaun T.; Wellehan, James F. X.; Jacobson, Elliott R.; Dubovi, Edward J.; Stenglein, Mark D. (2019). "Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Sampling of Serpentovirus (Nidovirus) Infection in Captive Snakes Reveals High Prevalence, Persistent Infection, and Increased Mortality in Pythons and Divergent Serpentovirus Infection in Boas and Colubrids". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00338. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 6786048.
  11. ^ a b International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; King, Andrew M. Q., eds. (2012). Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. London ; Waltham, MA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6. OCLC 711573846.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentoviruses

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