Petrovsky (masculine) and its feminine form Petrovskaya are Russian-language surnames. People with the surname include:

• Adolf Petrovsky (1887–1937), Soviet diplomat
• Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky (1933–2023), German jazz saxophonist
• Boris Petrovsky (1908–2004), Soviet surgeon and politician
• Grigory Petrovsky (1878–1958), Ukrainian revolutionary
• Ivan Petrovsky (1901–1973), Soviet mathematician
• Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne (1918–2018), Russian-American writer
• Leonid Petrovsky (1897–1941), Soviet lieutenant general
• Nikolai Petrovsky (1837–1908), Russian diplomat
• Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern (born 1962), Russian-American historian, philologist and essayist

• Aleksandr Petrovsky, fictional character played by Mikhail Baryshnikov in Sex and the City