Pederson is a patronymic surname meaning "son of Peder".

• Barry Pederson, Canadian retired player from National Hockey League
• Denis Pederson, Canadian player with the Eisbaren Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey-Liga; former player National Hockey League
• Don Pederson, state senator, Nebraska Legislature
• Donald Pederson, American electrical engineer and one of the designers of SPICE
• Doug Pederson, American former football quarterback in the NFL
• Duane Pederson, coined the terms Jesus People and Jesus Movement
• Duane C. Pederson, bishop in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
• Eli Pederson, Wisconsin state assemblyman
• Jim Pederson (American football), American football player
• Jim Pederson (businessman and politician), American businessman; was Chairman of the Arizona Democratic Party
• Joc Pederson, American baseball player
• Josh Pederson (born 1997), American football player
• Lane Pederson (born 1997), Canadian ice hockey player
• Lena Pedersen (Pederson), Canadian politician, former member Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories
• Mark Pederson, Canadian former player, National Hockey League
• Martin Pederson, Canadian politician, former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan
• Rachel Field, aka Rachel Lyman Field Pedersen, Newbery Medal–winning author
• Red Pedersen, aka Asgar Rye Pederson, Canadian politician, former Speaker of the Assembly, Northwest Territories
• Ron Pederson, Canadian comedian and actor
• Sally Pederson, former lieutenant governor, state of Iowa
• Steve Pederson, athletic director at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
• Steve Pederson, American sound engineer
• Stu Pederson, American retired player, Los Angeles Dodgers
• Tom Pederson, American former player, National Hockey League
• Tommy Pederson, American musician, composer, trombonist
• Vernon R. Pederson, former Justice on the North Dakota Supreme Court

• Coach Pederson, played by David Paymer in The Sixth Man