Military of the Ottoman Empire |
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This is a List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.
The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force.[1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.
The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery.[2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."[3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army.[4][5]
The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
Rise (1299–1453)
[edit]- Ottoman victory
- Ottoman defeat
- Another result
Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1285 | Siege of Kulaca Hisar | Kayı tribe | ![]() |
Victory[6][7]
|
1302 | Battle of Bapheus and Battle of Dimbos | Kayı tribe
|
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Victory
|
1317/1320–1326 | Siege of Bursa | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1328–1331 | Siege of Nicaea | ![]() |
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Victory |
1337 | Siege of Nicomedia | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1345–47 | Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Beylik of Saruhan |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Zealots of Thessalonica ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
1352–57 | Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Beylik of Saruhan |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Zealots of Thessalonica ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Partial Defeat
|
1354 | Fall of Gallipoli | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1355 | Battle of Ihtiman | ![]() |
Stalemate
| |
1362 or 1369 | Ottoman conquest of Adrianople | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1364 | Battle of Sırpsındığı | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1366–1526 | Ottoman-Hungarian wars
|
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European allies:
|
Victory
|
1371 | Battle of Samokov | ![]() |
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Victory |
1371 | Battle of Maritsa | ![]() |
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Victory[31] |
1371 | Byzantine civil war of 1373–79 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Victory |
1381-1384 | Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84) | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina![]() |
Despotate of Arta | Defeat
|
1382-1385 | Zetan-Albania War | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
|
1382–1393 | Ottoman Conquest of Bulgaria | ![]() |
Victory
| |
1385 | First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans | ![]() |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Defeat
|
1385 | Battle of Savra | ![]() ![]() |
Principality of Zeta | Victory
|
1388 | Battle of Bileća | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1389 | Battle of Kosovo (1389) | ![]() |
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Unknown Result Some sources claim Tactically Inconclusive[39][40][41][42][43][44] whereas some claim Victory[45][46][47][48] |
1389-1390 | Albanian-Epirote War of 1389–90[51] | Despotate of Epirus (all four battles) Thessaly (second battle) ![]() |
Despotate of Arta (all four battles) Malakasi Tribe (second battle) |
Victory
|
1390 | Fall of Philadelphia | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1391 | Siege of Constantinople (1391) | ![]() |
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Stalemate
|
1394–1395 | Bayezid's Campaign against Wallachia | ![]() |
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Tactical Defeat[52][53][54][55]
|
1394–1395 | Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) | ![]() |
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Siege pulled[56][57] |
1396 | Crusade of Nicopolis | ![]() |
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|
Victory
|
1399–1402 | Ottoman-Timurid War | ![]() Co-belligerant: |
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Defeat
|
1402–1413 | Ottoman Interregnum | ![]() ![]() |
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|
Mehmed Victory
|
1402 | Battle of Tripolje | ![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1404 | Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin | ![]() |
Victory
| |
1411 | Siege of Constantinople (1411) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1414 | Ottoman-Gjirokastër War | ![]() |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Victory
|
1416 | Battle of Gallipoli (1416) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1416–1420 | Revolt of Sheikh Bedreddin | ![]() |
Sheikh Bedreddin | Victory
|
1418 | Second Ottoman-Gjirokastër War | ![]() |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Victory
|
1422 | Siege of Constantinople (1422) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1422–1430 | Siege of Thessalonica | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1421–1522 | 2nd Conquest of Anatolia | ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Sultanate of Eretna ![]() ![]() Beyliks of Canik Beylik of Germiyan Beylik of Menteşe ![]() Beylik of Saruhan |
Victory
|
1426–1428 | Ottoman-Hungarian War of 1426–1428 | ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1428 | Siege of Golubac | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1432–1436 | Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 | ![]() |
Various Albanian rebels | Victory
|
1432–1479 | Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)
|
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1443–44: ![]() Arianiti Family 1444–46: 1446–50: 1450–51: 1451–54: 1454–56: 1456–68: 1468–78: 1478–79:
|
Victory
Initial Albanian victory
Eventual Ottoman victory
|
1440 | Siege of Belgrade (1440) | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1440–1441 | Siege of Novo Brdo | ![]() |
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Victory |
1443–1444 | Crusade of Varna | ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Bulgarian rebels ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
1447–1448 | Albanian–Venetian War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1448 | Battle of Kosovo (1448) | ![]() |
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Victory |
1453 | Fall of Constantinople | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Classical Age (1453–1566)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1454 | Battle of Leskovac | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1454 | Battle of Kruševac | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1455 | Siege of Trepča | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1455 | Siege of Novo Brdo (1455) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1455 | Siege of Berat (1455)[74] | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1456 | Siege of Belgrade (1456) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1459 | Siege of Smederevo (1459) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1460 | Siege of Amasra | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1461 | Siege of Trebizond (1461) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1462 | Night attack at Târgoviște | ![]() |
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Inconclusive |
1462 | Ottoman conquest of Lesbos | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1463–1479 | First Ottoman-Venetian war | ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Karamanids Maniots Greek rebels |
Victory
|
1463 | Siege of Jajce | ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Bohemian (Hussite) mercenaries |
Victory
|
1473 | Battle of Otlukbeli | ![]() |
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Victory[79]
|
1473–79 | Moldavian War of Mehmed II | ![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1475 | Crimean Campaign (1475) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1479 | Battle of Breadfield | ![]() |
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Defeat[81]
|
1480 | First Ottoman siege of Rhodes | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1480–1481 | Invasion of Otranto | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1481–1484 | Albanian Uprisings of 1481–1484 | ![]() |
Albanian rebels![]() ![]() ![]() |
Inconclusive
|
1484–1486 | Moldavian War of Bayezid II | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
|
1484–1486 | Mamluk War of Bayezid II | ![]() |
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Stalemate
|
1485–1503 | Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503) | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
|
1490–1494 | War of the Hungarian Succession | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1493–1593 | Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
|
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Until 1526:![]() ![]() From 1527: |
Inconclusive
|
1499–1503 | Second Ottoman-Venetian War | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1505–17 | Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts | ![]() Indian states: Supported by: |
![]() Supported by: |
Defeat
|
1505 | Campaign of Trabzon (1505) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1507 | Battle of Erzincan (1507) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1507–42 | Ajuran-Portuguese wars | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1508 | Georgian campaign (1508) | ![]() |
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Victory |
1508–1573 | Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts | ![]() Supported by: |
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Defeat
|
1509–1513 | Ottoman Civil War (1509–13) | ![]() |
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Victory for Selim
|
1510 | Campaign of Trabzon (1510) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1514 | Battle of Chaldiran | ![]() |
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Ottoman Military Victory[94][95] however some sources claim Political Stalemate[96]
|
1514 | Capture of Bayburt (1514) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1515 | Siege of Kemah | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1515 | Battle of Tekiryaylağı | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1515–1577 | Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577
|
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In North Africa Ottoman victory In Mediterranean Inconclusive |
1515 | Battle of Turnadağ | ![]() |
Beylik of Dulkadir | Victory
|
1516–1517 | Second Ottoman-Mamluk War | ![]() |
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Victory |
1516 | Siege of Harput (1516) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1516 | Battle of Koçhisar | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1517 | Capture of Mosul (1517) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1517 | Siege of Jeddah | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory |
1518 | Fall of Tlemcen | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1519–1610 | Celali rebellions | ![]() |
Celali | Victory
|
1519–1639 | Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts | ![]() |
![]() Supported by:
|
Inconclusive |
1521 | 3rd Ottoman Siege of Belgrade | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1521 | Siege of Šabac (1521) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1522 | 2nd Ottoman Siege of Rhodes | ![]() |
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Victory |
1523 | Expedition to Kamaran | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1526 | Battle of Mohács | ![]() |
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|
Victory
|
1526–1791 | Ottoman-Habsburg wars
In Hungary and Balkans
In Mediterranean
|
![]() Vassals: |
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|
Inconclusive
End of Ottoman expansion |
1527–28 | Hungarian Campaign of Ferdinand I | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1529 | Hungarian Campaign of Suleiman I | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
|
1529–43 | Ethiopian–Adal War | ![]() |
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|
Stalemate and Status quo ante bellum
|
1529 | 1st Ottoman siege of Vienna | ![]() |
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|
Defeat
|
1530–52 | Little War in Hungary | ![]()
|
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Victory
|
1531 | Battle of al-Shihr (1531) | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory |
1532–55 | 2nd Ottoman–Safavid War | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1533 | Expedition of Irakeyn | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1534 | Ottoman conquest of Tunis | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1535 | Habsburgian conquest of Tunis | ![]() ![]() |
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|
Defeat
|
1536–38 | Italian War of 1536–1538 | ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1536–37 | Siege of Klis | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1537–40 | Third Ottoman-Venetian war | ![]() ![]() |
Holy League:![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
1538–1560 | Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1557)
|
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Stalemate |
1542–46 | Italian War of 1542–1546 | ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1543 | Battle of Karagak | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1545 | Battle of Sokhoista | ![]() |
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Victory |
1547 | Ottoman invasion of Guria | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1551–1559 | Spanish-Ottoman War (1550–1560) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1551 | Ottoman conquest of Tripolitania | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1551 | Invasion of Gozo | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1551–59 | Italian War of 1551–1559 | ![]()
|
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Inconclusive
|
1552 | Hungarian Campaign of 1552 | ![]() |
Inconclusive | |
1554/1557–1589 | Ottoman conquest of Habesh | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1554–1576 | Ottoman expeditions to Morocco | ![]()
|
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Victory |
1557 | Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1558–66 | Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1558–1566) | ![]() |
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Inconclusive due to Suleiman the Magnificent death
|
1558 | Battle of Djerba | ![]() |
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|
Victory |
1565–1898 | Spanish conquest of the Philippines | ![]() ![]() Confederation of sultanates in Lanao Supported by: |
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Inconclusive |
1565 | Great Siege of Malta | ![]() ![]() |
Defeat
| |
1566 | Siege of Szigetvár | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Transformation (1566–1703)
[edit]Old Regime (1703–1789)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1710–1711 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1713 | Skirmish at Bender | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1714–1718 | Ottoman–Venetian War | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1716–1718 | Austro-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1722–1730 | Syunik rebellion | ![]() |
Armenian Rebels | Defeat |
1726–1727 | Ottoman–Hotaki War | ![]() |
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Both sides make gains
|
1730–1735 | Ottoman–Safavid War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1730 | Patrona Halil | ![]() |
Patrona Halil | Tulip Period is ended
|
1732 | Spanish reconquest of Oran | ![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1735–1739 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1737–1739 | Austro-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1743–1746 | Ottoman–Afsharid War | ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1757 | Battle of Khresili | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1768–1774 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1769–1772 | Danish–Algerian War | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory |
1770 | Orlov Revolt | ![]() |
![]() Supported by: ![]() |
Victory
|
1770 | Invasion of Mani (1770) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1775–1776 | Ottoman–Zand War | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1787–1791 | Austro-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1787–1792 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Decline and modernization (1789–1908)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1798–1801 | French campaign in Egypt and Syria | ![]()
|
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Victory
|
1798 | Mediterranean campaign of 1798 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Victory |
1806–1812 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1807–1809 | Anglo-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1804–1813 | First Serbian Uprising | ![]() ![]() ![]() Pashalik of Yanina |
![]() Supported by: |
Victory |
1811–1818 | Ottoman-Saudi War | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1815–1817 | Second Serbian Uprising | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1820-1824 | Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan | ![]() |
Sennar Sultanate Shayqih Kingdom Sultanate of Darfur |
Ottoman-Egyptian military victory
|
1821 | Wallachian Revolution of 1821 | ![]()
|
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|
Ottoman military victory, Wallachian political victory
|
1821–1832 | Greek War of Independence | ![]() |
![]() ![]() After 1822: ![]() Supported by: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Defeat
|
1821–1823 | Ottoman–Persian War of 1821 | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1828–1829 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1830–1903 | French conquest of Algeria | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1831–1832 | Bosnian Uprising of 1831–1832 | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1831–1833 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1832-1848 | Ottoman–Ethiopian border conflicts | ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë | ![]() |
Tosk Rebels | Defeat
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër | ![]() |
Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels[154] |
Defeat
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania | ![]() |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Defeat
|
1834 | Albanian Revolt of 1834 | ![]() |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Defeat
|
1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania | ![]() |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Victory
|
1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania | ![]() |
Shkodran Rebels Reinforcements:[154] Kosovar Rebels Volunteers: Malsor Volunteers Gheg Volunteers Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Dibran Volunteers |
Defeat
|
1836 | Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania | ![]() |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Inconclusive
|
1836 | Expedition to Najd (1836) | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat | ![]() |
Mati Tribesmen | Inconclusive
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe | ![]() |
Myzeq Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Victory
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania | ![]() |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Victory |
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër | ![]() |
Dibran Rebels | Defeat
|
1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania | ![]() |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Defeat
|
1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren | ![]() |
Kosovar Rebels | Defeat
|
1839–1841 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
|
1843–1844 | Uprising of Dervish Cara | ![]() |
Dibran Rebels | Victory
|
1847 | Albanian Revolt of 1847 | ![]() |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Victory
|
1848 | Wallachian Revolution of 1848 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Counterrevolutionary victory
|
1852–1853 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1852–1862 | Herzegovina Uprising (1852–1862) | ![]() |
Rebels | Victory |
1853–1856 | Crimean War | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Supported by: ![]() ![]() ![]() Abkhazia[c] |
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Victory |
1854 | Macedonian Revolution of 1854 | ![]() Supported By: ![]() ![]() |
![]() Supported By: ![]() |
Victory |
1858 | Battle of Grahovac | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1861–1862 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) | ![]() |
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Victory |
1862 | First Zeitun Resistance | ![]() |
Armenian fedayees | Defeat
|
1866–1869 | Cretan Revolt | ![]() |
![]() Supported by: ![]() |
Victory
|
1874–1876 | Egyptian–Ethiopian War | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1875 | Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) | ![]() |
Serb rebels
|
Victory
|
1876 | April Uprising | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1876–1878 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1876–1877 | First Serbian–Ottoman War | ![]() |
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|
Defeat
|
1877–1878 | Russo-Turkish War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1877–1878 | Second Serbian–Ottoman War | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1878 | Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1879-1882 | Urabi revolt | ![]() |
Ahmed Urabi Egyptian rebel forces | Defeat |
1880 | Battle of Ulcinj (1880) | ![]() |
Albanian irregulars | Victory
|
1881 | French conquest of Tunisia | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1882 | Anglo-Egyptian War | ![]() |
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Defeat |
1893–1908 | Macedonian Struggle | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Inconclusive
|
1893 | Ottoman–Qatari War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
1895–1896 | Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96) | ![]() |
Hunchak Party | Defeat |
1897 | Greco-Turkish War of 1897 | ![]() |
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Victory |
1897–1898 | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) | ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Defeat
|
1903 | Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising | ![]() |
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Victory
|
1904 | Sasun Uprising | ![]() |
Armenian fedayi | Victory |
1905 | Shoubak revolt | ![]() |
Inhabitants of Shoubak | Victory
|
Dissolution (1908–1922)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1908 | Young Turk Revolution | ![]() |
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Young Turks victory
|
1910 | Albanian Revolt of 1910 | ![]() |
Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Dibran Rebels Malsor Tribesman Support: ![]() |
Victory
|
1911 | Albanian Revolt of 1911 | ![]() |
Malsor Tribesman Shkodran Tribesmen |
Defeat
|
1911–1912 | Italo-Turkish War | ![]() |
![]() |
Defeat
|
1912 | Albanian Revolt of 1912 | ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Ottoman Albanian Deserters Armaments Support: ![]() Vocal Support: ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Defeat
|
1912–1913 | First Balkan War | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Balkan League: | Defeat
|
1913 | Second Balkan War | ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1914–1918 | World War I | Central Powers |
Allied Powers
|
Defeat
|
1917–1923 | Russian Civil War | ![]()
|
![]()
|
Inconclusive |
1918–1920 | Armenian–Azerbaijani War | ![]() ![]()
|
![]() |
Inconclusive |
1918-1923 | Occupation of Constantinople | ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Temporary occupation
|
1919–1923 | Turkish War of Independence | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]()
|
![]()
Supported by: |
Partial Victory
|
See also
[edit]- List of wars involving Turkey
- List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
- Sick man of Europe
- Eastern Question
Notes
[edit]- ^ The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.[127]
- ^ From 1854
- ^ a b From 1855
- ^ Until 1855
- ^ Until 1854
References
[edit]- ^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 1.
- ^ Nicolle, David (1980). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9780850455113.
- ^ Streusand 2011, p. 83.
- ^ Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. ISBN 0-688-08093-6.
- ^ Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. ISBN 0-8050-4081-1.
- ^ Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 978-9754378689.
- ^ Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ^ "Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)
- ^ Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171
- ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151.
- ^ A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997
- ^ Battles of Poland: Varna (1443–1444), Kosovo (1448), Vaslui (1475), Mohács (1526)
- ^ Battles of Lithuania: Golubac (1428), Varna (1443–1444), Vaslui (1475)
- ^ Battles of HRE: Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
- ^ Battles of Papal States: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
- ^ Battles of Aragon: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Naples: Otranto (1480–1481)
- ^ Battles of Venice: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Genoa: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Bulgaria: Nicopolis
- ^ Battles of France: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Knights of Rhodes: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Bosnia: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Savoy: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of England: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Teutonic Order: Nicopolis (1396), Varna (1443–1444)
- ^ Battles of Byzantium: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Castile: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Portugal: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Navarre: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
- ^ Treadgold (1997), p. 780
- ^ "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Sedlar, Jean W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, p. 385
- ^ Jovetić, Jovan (1985). Odjeci Srpske prošlosti: eseji, govori, polemike. Jovan Jovetić. p. 29.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 390.
- ^ Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 45. GGKEY:4CFA3RCNXRP.
- ^ Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-135-02982-1.
- ^ (Fine 1994, p. 410)
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
- ^ (Emmert 1990, p. ?)
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
- ^ Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250–1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8.
The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
- ^ Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2.
Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
- ^ John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.
The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
- ^ John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
- ^ Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4.
Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
- ^ Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6.
1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
- ^ Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2.
In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
- ^ Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8.
The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
- ^ Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 575.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 355.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 424
- ^ Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-4050-1.
- ^ Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.
- ^ Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-02747-5.
- ^ Taeschner, Franz (1990). "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. 5 (1). Necmi Ülker, çev. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü: 296. ISSN 0257-4152.
- ^ Baştav 1989, p. 91.
- ^ Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.
- ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
- ^ a b The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
- ^ Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
- ^ Siege of Damascus (1400)
- ^ Timurid invasions of Georgia
- ^ Siege of Smyrna
- ^ a b c Purković 1978, p. 69.
- ^ Purković 1978, p. 69, Ruvarac 1879, p. 190
- ^ Purković 1978, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Tuchman, 548
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 104.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (1 June 1990). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4.
The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.
- ^ Vojni muzej JNA (1957). Vesnik. Belgrade. p. 223.
{{cite book}}
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- ^ Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero by Harry Hodgkinson, page 134
- ^ Florescu, McNally, Dracula, p. 148
- ^ Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 207
- ^ The Encyclopedia of World History (2001) – Venice Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea.
- ^ Villari (1904), p. 251
- ^ Somel, Selçuk Akşin, Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, (Scarecrow Press Inc., 2003), xc.
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The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania
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Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912
- ^ Egidio Ivetic, Le guerre balcaniche, il Mulino – Universale Paperbacks, 2006, p. 63
- ^ a b "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
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Further reading
[edit]- Odan, Serada. "Thread: List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." Ummahcom Muslim Forum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
- "List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.