In late 2023, American meteorologist and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the outbreak intensity score (OIS) as a way to rank tornado outbreaks.[1][2] For the score, only significant tornadoes are counted: F2/EF2 tornadoes receive 2 points each, F3/EF3 tornadoes receive 5 points each, F4/EF4 tornadoes receive 10 points each, and F5/EF5 tornadoes receive 15 points each.[1] The number of total points determine the rating for the outbreak, which is broken up into seven categories.[1]
Type of outbreak | Weak | Minor | Significant | Major | Devastating | Historic | Super |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of points |
2–6 | 7–10 | 11–29 | 30–79 | 80–119 | 120–249 | 250+ |
List
[edit]Super outbreaks
[edit]There have been two tornado outbreaks which scored more than 250 points on the OIS, reaching the status of "super outbreak".[1]
Outbreak | OIS score | # of (E)F2s | # of (E)F3s | # of (E)F4s | # of (E)F5s | Total tornadoes | Deaths | Injuries | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1974 Super Outbreak | 578 | 34 | 35 | 23 | 7 | 148 | 319 | 5,454 | [1][3][4][5][6][7] |
2011 Super Outbreak | 378 | 49 | 22 | 11 | 4 | 360 | 324 | 2,892 | [1][8][9][10] |
Historic outbreaks
[edit]There have been 24 tornado outbreaks which scored at least 120 points, but less than 249 on the OIS, reaching the status of "historic outbreak".[1]
Devastating outbreaks
[edit]There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 80 points, but less than 120 on the OIS, reaching the status of "devastating outbreak".[1]
Major outbreaks
[edit]There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 30 points, but 79 or less on the OIS, reaching the status of "major outbreak".[1]
See also
[edit]- Tornado intensity and damage
- List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
- List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
- Tornado myths
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh Grazulis, Thomas P. (2023). Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project. ISBN 978-1-879362-01-7.
- ^ Grazulis, Thomas (August 29, 2023). "The Outbreaks Section". Tornado Project. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes, 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
- ^ National Weather Service. "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974" (Historiography). Wilmington, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Locatelli, John D.; Stoelinga, Mark T.; Hobbs, Peter V. (June 2002). "A New Look at the Super Outbreak of Tornadoes on 3–4 April 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 130 (6). University of Washington via the American Meteorological Society: 1633–1651. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130.1633L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1633:ANLATS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
- ^ a b Schneider, Russell S.; Schaefer, Joseph T.; Brooks, Harold E. (2004). "Tornado outbreak days: An updated and expanded climatology (1875-2003)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Publications. 1 (1). The Storm Prediction Center and the National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Additional references for the 1974 Super Outbreak:
- "What The 1974 Super Outbreak Taught Us About Tornadoes And Forecasting". The Weather Channel. March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- "1974 Super Outbreak: The 50th Anniversary of Roanoke's strongest tornado". WDBJ 7. March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ National Centers for Environmental Information (April 25, 2017). "On This Day: 2011 Tornado Super Outbreak". Asheville, North Carolina: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Knox, John A.; Rackley, Jared A.; Black, Alan W.; Gensini, Vittorio A.; Butler, Michael; Dunn, Corey; Gallo, Taylor; Hunter, Melyssa R.; Lindsey, Lauren; Phan, Minh; Scroggs, Robert; Brustad, Synne (September 2013). "Tornado Debris Characteristics And Trajectories During The 27 April 2011 Super Outbreak As Determined Using Social Media Data". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (9). American Meteorological Society: 1371–1380. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1371K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00036.1. ISSN 1520-0477.
- ^ Additional references for the 2011 Super Outbreak:
- "Super Outbreak of 2011: 350 tornadoes killed 321 people". Fox Weather. April 26, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Fujita, Tetsuya T.; Bradbury, Dorothy L.; Thullenar, C. F. Van (January 1970). "Palm Sunday Tornadoes of April 11, 1965". Monthly Weather Review. 98 (1). United States Department of Commerce: 29–69. Bibcode:1970MWRv...98...29F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1970)098<0029:PSTOA>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
- ^ Hamill, Thomas M.; Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Forbes, Gregory S.; Bluestein, Howard B.; Steinberg, Michael; Meléndez, Daniel; Dole, Randall M. (April 2005). "The May 2003 Extended Tornado Outbreak". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 86 (4). American Meteorological Society: 531–542. Bibcode:2005BAMS...86..531H. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-4-531. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c Belles, Jonathan; Wiltgen, Nick (April 28, 2018). "5 May Tornado Outbreaks That Had The Biggest Impacts" (News article). Atlanta, United States: The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "NWS Jackson, MS--November 21-22, 1992 Tornado Outbreak". Jackson, Mississippi: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Tungesvick, Kevin; Pytlak, Erik (December 1993). "A case study of the 22 November 1992 Ohio Valley tornado outbreak". Eastern Region Technical Attachment (National Weather Service (U.S.)). 93 (12B). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Frosig, Greg (1994). "16 June 1992 Chandler Tornado and Subsequent Derecho Development". St. Cloud State University Publications.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Chandler-Lake Wilson Minnesota F5 Tornado of June 16, 1992". Sioux Falls, South Dakota: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ "Super Outbreak - March 21, 1932". 1932 Super Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Southeast U.S. Severe Thunderstorm Climatology and 1932 Tornado Outbreak - ProQuest". The University of Memphis ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. December 2019. ProQuest 2377258693. Retrieved March 29, 2024 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Ostby, Frederick P.; Pearson, Allen D. (February 1974). "The Tornado Season of 1973". Weatherwise. 27 (1). National Severe Storms Forecast Center via Taylor & Francis: 4–9. Bibcode:1974Weawi..27a...4O. doi:10.1080/00431672.1974.9931674. ISSN 0043-1672. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak - May 27-28, 2019". Wilmington, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Gensini, Vittorio A.; Gold, David; Allen, John T.; Barrett, Bradford S. (August 28, 2019). "Extended U.S. Tornado Outbreak During Late May 2019: A Forecast of Opportunity". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (16). Northern Illinois University, International Business Machines Corporation, Central Michigan University, and the United States Naval Academy via the American Geophysical Union: 10150–10158. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..4610150G. doi:10.1029/2019GL084470.
- ^ Carr, J. A. (March 1952). "A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE TORNADOES OF MARCH 21–22, 1952". Monthly Weather Review. 80 (3). WBAN AnalysIs Center & United States Weather Bureau: 50–58. Bibcode:1952MWRv...80...50C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0050:APROTT>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service (2020). "May 31, 1985 Tornado Outbreak: 35th Anniversary" (Historiography). State College, Pennsylvania: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "The Tornado Outbreak of May 31, 1985". Cleveland, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ Simmons, Kevin M.; Sutter, Daniel (2012). Deadly season: analysis of the 2011 tornado outbreaks. Boston, Mass: American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-25-7.
- ^ Beebe, Robert (February 1, 1961). "Tornadoes During 1960". Weatherwise. 14 (1). Midwest Weather Service via Taylor & Francis: 16–29. Bibcode:1961Weawi..14a..16B. doi:10.1080/00431672.1961.9933184. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ Quoetone, Elizabeth M.; Andra, David L.; Bunting, William F.; Jones, Debra G. (October 2001). "Impacts of Technology and Situation Awareness on Decision Making: Operational Observations from National Weather Service Warning Forecasters During the Historic May 3 1999 Tornado Outbreak". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 45 (4). Warning Decision Training Division, National Weather Service, and SA Technologies, Inc via Sage Publishing: 419–424. doi:10.1177/154193120104500433. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Enigma Tornado Outbreak of February 19, 1884". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 12, 2020". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ South Carolina State Climatology Office (April 20, 2020). "South Carolina Tornado Outbreak 4/13/2020" (PDF). Columbia, South Carolina: Government of South Carolina. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Hill, Nick (April 11, 2022). "Remembering the 2020 Easter Tornado Outbreak". WDEF. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Centers for Environmental Information (July 2023). "U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (1980-2023)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
- ^ Fujita, Ted, ed. (April 1982). "Red River Region of the April 2, 1982 Tornado Outbreak". Outstanding Storms of the Month. Storm Data. 24 (4). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center.
- ^ Jonathan M. Davies; C. A. Doswell; D. W. Burgess; J. F. Weaver (1994). "Some Noteworthy Aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, Tornado Family of 13 March 1990". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 75 (6): 1007–1017. Bibcode:1994BAMS...75.1007D. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1007:SNAOTH>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ "The May 22nd, 2004 Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service Hastings, Nebraska. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Dept of Commerce. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak March 12, 2006" (Historiography). Pleasant Hill, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ "Top Ten Deadliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1882-Present)". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. Archived from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
- ^ National Weather Service office in Tulsa, Oklahoma (April 26, 2021). "The April 12, 1945 Tornado Outbreak". ArcGIS. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
- ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (May 2, 2024). "OIS lists two MAJOR outbreaks in April" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). Danville, Vermont: @sigtor2019. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
4/26/2024 (NE and IA) had score of 54 (with 12 EF2 and 6 EF3). The next day, 4/27/2024 (mostly OK), had a score of 33 (with 4 EF2, 3 EF3, and 1 EF4.
- ^ National Weather Service (2022). "The Violent Tornado Outbreak of December 10-11, 2021". Paducah, Kentucky: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - The Tornado Outbreak of January 21-22, 1999". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ "March 1, 1997, Arkansas tornado outbreak" (PDF). National Weather Service. Silver Spring, Maryland: United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
- ^ National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - Tornado Outbreak (March 1, 1997)". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
- ^ "Noticias de Córdoba hoy | Noticias Córdoba".[dead link]
- ^ "Una pesadilla que se vive en el recuerdo: El tornado que azotó San Pedro y que cambió la historia de la tierra colorada y la tiñó de sangre - MisionesOnline". Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
- ^ "Cristina en Misiones".
- ^ "At least 7 people killed in Brazil storms - CNN.com". CNN. September 9, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
- ^ "grazulis May 6-10 OIS scoring". Retrieved May 19, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 2, 2006" (Historiography). Memphis, Tennessee: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "NOVEMBER 23 2004 TORNADO OUTBREAK". Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Severe Weather Outbreak - November 23-24, 2004". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Daniel McCarthy; Joseph Schaefer. 2004 year in tornadoes: What a year it was! (PDF) (Report). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- ^ Andrew I. Watson; Michael A. Jamski; T.J. Turnage; Joshua R. Bowen; Jason C. Kelley (2005). "The Tornado Outbreak across the North Florida Panhandle in association with Hurricane Ivan" (PDF). National Weather Service office in Tallahassee, Florida. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ^ National Weather Service (2023). "The Intense Mississippi Tornadoes of March 24, 2023" (ArcGIS StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. Jackson, Mississippi & Memphis, Tennessee: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Extended Severe Event of March 24-27, 2023" (Historiography). Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ F. C. Pate (United States Weather Bureau) (October 1946). "The Tornado at Montgomery, Alabama, February 12, 1945". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 27 (8). American Meteorological Society: 462–464. JSTOR 26257954. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
- ^ "Ивановский смерч 9 июня 1984 года: торнадо по-советски" (in Russian). Русская семерка. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak September 22nd, 2006" (PDF). St. Louis, Missouri, United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ National Weather Service. "Tornado and Severe Weather - September 22nd, 2006". Springfield, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ "佛山顺德气象局".