Haplogroup K | |
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Possible time of origin | 55,000-50,000 |
Possible place of origin | West Asia (possibly Iran) or Central Asia[1][2][3] |
Ancestor | IJK |
Descendants | haplogroup K2,[4] and LT |
Defining mutations | M9, P128/PF5504, P131/PF5493, P132/PF5480 |
Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica.
The direct descendants of Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526).[4][5]
Origins and distribution
[edit]Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago.[6] According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K or the Eurasian clan, originated in the Middle East (perhaps Iran) or Central Asia.[1][2][3]
Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.[4][7] Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia.[8][9][10]
Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b.[4][5]
The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:
- K2a (detected in paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust'-Ishim),[11] the subclades of which include the major haplogroups N and O,[12] and;
- K2b – the ancestor of haplogroups M, P, Q, R, S.[13]
Structure
[edit]- Haplogroup K-M9 tree [4][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
LT (L298; a.k.a. K1) has never been found in basal form (LT*). Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in India, Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Fulanis, Toubou, Tuareg, Somaliland, Egyptians, some Middle East,[33] the Aegean Islands and among Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in India. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
K2 |
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References
[edit]- ^ a b Wells, Spencer (20 November 2006). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023.
Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan.
- ^ a b Wells, Spencer (28 March 2017). The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Princeton University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-691-17601-7.
- ^ a b Chanda, Nayan (1 October 2008). Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization. Yale University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-300-13490-2.
- ^ a b c d e "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020". International Society of Genetic Genealogy. 11 July 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
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- ^ Daine J., Rowold; et al. (2016). "On the Bantu expansion". Gene. 593 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.044. PMID 27451076. Retrieved 13 October 2016 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Delfin, Frederick; et al. (29 September 2010). "The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2). Nature Publishing Group: 224–230. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.162. eISSN 1476-5438. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 3025791. PMID 20877414.
- ^ Karafet, Tatiana M; Lansing, J S; Redd, Alan J; Reznikova, Svetlana; Watkins, Joseph C; Surata, S P K; Arthawiguna, W A; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; Jorde, Lynn B; Hammer, Michael F (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. eISSN 1534-6617. hdl:1808/13586. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024 – via Project MUSE.
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- ^ a b c d Poznik, G. David; et al. (25 April 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. eISSN 1546-1718. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
- ^ Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (1 February 2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. eISSN 1476-5438. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 17149388.
- ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
- ^ Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, et al. (January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...87R. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
- ^ Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, et al. (February 2014). "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature. 506 (7487): 225–9. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R. doi:10.1038/nature13025. PMC 4878442. PMID 24522598.
- ^ Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, et al. (September 2014). "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 12: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID 25016250.
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- ^ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi; Sitalaximi, T; Ashma, Richa; Chainy, G. B. N.; Kashyap, V. K. (2007). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations" (PDF). Anthropology Today.
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- ^ a b c Nagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L.; Turkalov, R.; Van Oorschot, R. A.; McAllister, P.; Williams, L.; Kayser, M.; Mitchell, R. J.; Genographic, Consortium (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID 26515539.
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- ^ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup S".
- ^ As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians.
- ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2020, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020 (8 May 2020).