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Names | |
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IUPAC name
2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose
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Other names
α-D-galactosamine
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Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
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Properties | |
C6H13NO5 | |
Molar mass | 179.172 g·mol−1 |
Melting point | 180 °C (356 °F; 453 K) (HCl salt) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Galactosamine is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C6H13NO5. This amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Precursors such as uridine diphosphate (UDP), UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or glucosamine are used to synthesize galactosamine in the human body. A derivative of this compound is N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.[2]
Galactosamine is a hepatotoxic, or liver-damaging, agent that is sometimes used in animal models of liver failure.
Hepatotoxicity
[edit]Galactosamine is used to induce hepatitis in rodent liver for research purposes. The result of using galactosamine to induce hepatitis is a disease model in which there is necrosis and inflammation of the liver. This type of tissue damage triggered by galactosamine resembles drug-induced liver disease in humans.[3]
Mechanism of hepatotoxicity
[edit]The proposed mechanism behind galactosamine-induced hepatitis is depletion of the energy source of hepatocytes. In the Leloir pathway galactosamine is metabolized into galactosamine-1-phosphate (by galactokinase) and UDP-galactosamine (by UDP-galactose uridyltransferase). It is hypothesized that this leads to UDP-galactosamine accumulation within cells, and uridine triphosphate (UTP), UDP, and uridine monophosphate (UMP) decrease.[2] The depletion of high-energy molecules such as UTP leads to a disruption in hepatocyte metabolism. Additionally, other derivatives of uridine such as UDP-glucose are depleted and this interferes with glycogen synthesis in the cell.
Another recent hypothesis states that overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and NFκB-dependent inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) over expression play a role in galactosamine-induced damage to liver cells.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 4240.
- ^ a b Apte, U. (2014), "Galactosamine", Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Elsevier, pp. 689–690, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00315-8, ISBN 978-0-12-386455-0, retrieved 2022-12-08
- ^ a b Das, Joydeep; Ghosh, Jyotirmoy; Roy, Anandita; Sil, Parames C. (April 2012). "Mangiferin exerts hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine induced acute toxicity and oxidative/nitrosative stress via Nrf2–NFκB pathways". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 260 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.015. PMID 22310181.
External links
[edit]- Galactosamine at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)