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Not to be confused with the Syrian village of al-Zarah.
Map showing the possible location of al-Zarah (upper center-left) in the late 9th century

Al-Zarah (Arabic: الزارة) was an ancient and medieval settlement of Eastern Arabia. Although no longer extant, it is believed to have been situated near the modern city of al-Qatif.

Location[edit]

Al-Zarah was a port town located in the area of the al-Qatif oasis, near the coast of the Persian Gulf.[1] In the early Islamic period it was considered to be part of the region of al-Bahrayn, which then encompassed much of the eastern Arabian shoreline and adjacent territories,[2] and mentions of it were included in accounts of the area by geographers such as Ibn al-Faqih (fl. 902) and Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 912).[3] The anonymous author of the Kitab al-manasik wa-amakin turuq al-hajj wa-ma'alim al-jazirah, writing in the ninth or tenth centuries, described it as laying between al-Uqayr and Qulay'a, and added that its inhabitants fed primarily on dates and fish.[4]

Modern scholars have proposed various possibilities for the former location of the town. The Saudi historian Hamad al-Jassir identified al-Zarah with the modern al-Awamiyyah, five kilometers west of al-Qatif, while D. T. Potts suggested that it may have been located at the more southerly Dhahran.[5] According to Farouk Omar, the site of the settlement is now marked by the modern name of al-Ramada.[6]

History[edit]

In the pre-Islamic era al-Zarah was an important commercial center along the Arabian coast.[6] By the early seventh century al-Bahrayn had come to be dominated by the Arab tribes of Abd al-Qays, Bakr ibn Wa'il, and Tamim,[7] but the town itself was also likely host to a considerable population of non-Arab residents.[8] As with the rest of region, al-Zarah was subject to Persian control during this period, and it was the seat of a Sassanid marzban or margrave.[9]

Following the death of Muhammad in 632, al-Zarah briefly emerged as a local center of anti-Muslim resistance. During the ridda wars in the caliphate of Abu Bakr, the Persian governor Azad Peroz and a number of Magians refused to pay the jizya and fortified themselves in the town, which was then subjected to a siege by al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami. The garrison held out until the Muslims managed to cut off the water supply, at which point it came to terms and agreed to hand over to al-Ala one-third of the town, one-third of its gold and silver, and half of its outlying parts in c. 634.[10]

At the end of the ninth century al-Zarah was governed by one al-Hasan ibn al-Awwam, a member of the Azd, but a short time later it was burnt down during the Qarmatian conquest of al-Bahrayn.[11] The town subsequently lapsed into obscurity, and by the turn of the thirteenth century the historian Majd al-Din ibn al-Athir considered it to no longer be a place name.[12]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Caskel 1960, pp. 72–73.
  2. ^ Omar 1987, pp. 156 ff., 158; Al-Hadithi 2014, pp. 251 ff.
  3. ^ Al-Hadithi 2014, p. 269.
  4. ^ Lecker 2002, p. 120. The same source adds that the town belonged to an Ahmad ibn Salm/Salim al-'Abdi, the chief of the people of al-Qatif, and that it was inhabited by the 'Abd al-Qays.
  5. ^ Lecker 2002, p. 121 & n. 57.
  6. ^ a b Omar 1987, p. 158.
  7. ^ Abu Ezzah 1979, pp. 53–54.
  8. ^ Caskel 1960, p. 73.
  9. ^ Lecker 2002, p. 122; Omar 1987, p. 158.
  10. ^ Lecker 2002, p. 121; Omar 1987, p. 158; Tafazzoli 1987, p. 173; Caskel 1960, p. 73; Al-Baladhuri 1916, pp. 129–30; Yaqut 1867, p. 907.
  11. ^ Al-Mas'udi 1897, p. 498; Caskel 1960, p. 73; Omar 1987, p. 158.
  12. ^ Lecker 2002, p. 121 n. 57.

References[edit]

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zarah_(Bahrayn)

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