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{{VG Industry}}
{{VG Industry}}
{{Art and video games}}
{{Art and video games}}
The concept of '''video games as a form of art''' is a controversial topic within the [[entertainment industry]]. Though [[video game]]s have been afforded legal protection as creative works by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], the philosophical concept that video games are works of [[art]] remains in question, even when considering the contribution of creative elements such as graphics and music.
The concept of '''video games as a form of art''' is a controversial topic within the [[entertainment industry]]. Though [[video game]]s have been afforded legal protection as creative works by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], the philosophical concept that video games are works of [[art]] remains in question, even when considering the contribution of creative elements such as graphics and music. Even [[art game]]s, games purposely designed to be a work of creative expression, have been challenged as works of art by some critics.<ref>Kierkegaard, Alex. ''On the Genealogy of "Art Games"''. Insomnia Books. 14 March 2011.</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 03:29, 18 July 2013

For other uses, see Art game (disambiguation).
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The concept of video games as a form of art is a controversial topic within the entertainment industry. Though video games have been afforded legal protection as creative works by the Supreme Court of the United States, the philosophical concept that video games are works of art remains in question, even when considering the contribution of creative elements such as graphics and music. Even art games, games purposely designed to be a work of creative expression, have been challenged as works of art by some critics.[1]

History

The earliest institutional consideration of the video game as an art form came in the late 1980s when art museums began retrospective displays of then outdated first and second generation games. In exhibitions such as the Museum of the Moving Image's 1989 "Hot Circuits: A Video Arcade", video games were showcased as preformed works whose quality as art came from the intent of the curator to display them as art.[2] Further explorations of this theme were set up in the late 1990s and early 2000s with exhibitions like the Walker Art Center's "Beyond Interface" (1998),[3] the online "Cracking the Maze - Game Plug-Ins as Hacker Art" (1999),[4] the UCI Beall Centre's "Shift-Ctrl" (2000),[2] and a number of shows in 2001.[3]

This concept of the video game as a Duchamp-style readymade or as "found art" resonated with early developers of the art game. In her 2003 Digital Arts and Culture paper, "Arcade Classics Span Art? Current Trends in the Art Game Genre", professor Tiffany Holmes noted that a significant emerging trend within the digital art community was the development of playable video game pieces referencing or paying homage to earlier classic works like Breakout, Asteroids, Pac-Man, and Burgertime.[5] In modifying the code of simplistic early games or by creating art mods for more complex games like Quake, the art game genre emerged from the intersection of commercial games and contemporary digital art[2]

At the 2010 Art History of Games conference in Atlanta, Georgia, professor Celia Pearce further noted that alongside Duchamp's art productions, the Fluxus movement of the 1960s, and most immediately the New Games Movement had paved the way for more modern "art games". Works such as Lantz' Pac Manhattan, according to Pearce, have become something like performance art pieces.[4] Most recently, a strong overlap has developed between art games and indie games. This meeting of the art game movement and the indie game movement is important according to Professor Pearce, insofar as it brings art games to more eyes and allows for greater potential to explore in indie games.[4]

In March 2006, the French Minister of Culture first characterized video games as cultural goods and as "a form of artistic expression," granting the industry a tax subsidy[6] and inducting two French game designer(Michel Ancel, Frédérick Raynal) and one Japanese game designer(Shigeru Miyamoto) into the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In May 2011, the United States National Endowment for the Arts, in accepting grants for art projects for 2012, expanded the allowable projects to include "interactive games", furthering the recognition of video games as an art form.[7] Similarly, the United States Supreme Court ruled that video games were protected speech like other forms of art in the June 2011 decision for Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association.

The lines between video games and art become blurred when exhibitions fit the labels of both game and interactive art. The Smithsonian American Art Museum held an exhibit in 2012, entitled "The Art of Video Games", which was designed to demonstrate the artistic nature of video games, including the impact of older works and the subsequent influence of video games on creative culture.[8] Similarly, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City has aimed to collect forty historically important video games in their original format to use as exhibits to showcase video games as an art form.[9] The annual "Into the Pixel" art exhibit held at the time of the Electronic Entertainment Expo highlights video game art selected by a panel of both video game and art industry professionals.[10]

Controversy

The characterization of games as works of art has been controversial. While critics have never denied that games may contain artistic elements in their traditional forms such as graphic art, music, and story, several notable figures have advanced the position that games are not artworks, and may never be capable of being called art. Further fueling the debate are the difficulties involved in defining the word "art" (as for instance in analyzing static versus interactive art) and the word "game" (for example, regarding the centrality of plot and the classification of nongames).

In a 2010 interview with Nora Young for Spark, Jim Munroe identified part of the problem with the identification of games as art as the fact that video games represent a very new medium and that some critics find novelty alarming. Munroe suggested that video games often face a double standard in that if they conform to traditional notions of the game as a toy for children then they are flippantly dismissed as trivial and non-artistic but if they push the envelope by introducing serious adult themes into games then they face negative criticism and controversy for failing to conform to the very standards of non-artistic triviality demanded by these traditional notions. He further identified the mischaracterization of the kind of art that video games represent as one of the problems facing the field and explained that unlike the adaptation of literature into film which consists of the one-way non-interactive presentation of a linear plot, the development of video games is more closely comparable to the design of architecture where the game designer creates a virtual (often 3D) space or world and lets players loose in it to experience it on their own terms.[11]

Roger Ebert on video games as art

The question of whether or not video games may be fairly considered as art rose to wide public attention in the mid-2000s when film critic Roger Ebert participated in a series of controversial debates and published colloquies. In 2005, following an online discussion concerning whether or not knowledge of the game Doom was essential to a proper appreciation of the film Doom (which Ebert had awarded one star) as a commentary on the game,[12] Ebert described video games as a non-artistic medium incomparable to the more established art forms:

To my knowledge, no one in or out of the field has ever been able to cite a game worthy of comparison with the great dramatists, poets, filmmakers, novelists and composers. That a game can aspire to artistic importance as a visual experience, I accept. But for most gamers, video games represent a loss of those precious hours we have available to make ourselves more cultured, civilized and empathetic.

— Roger Ebert[13]

In 2006, Ebert took part in a panel discussion at the Conference on World Affairs entitled "An Epic Debate: Are Video Games an Art Form?" in which he stated that video games don't explore the meaning of being human as other art forms do.[14][15] A year later, in response to comments from Clive Barker on the panel discussion, Ebert further noted that video games present a malleability that would otherwise ruin other forms of art. As an example, Ebert posed the idea of a version of Romeo & Juliet that would allow for an optional happy ending. Such an option, according to Ebert, would weaken the artistic expression of the original work.[16] In April 2010, Ebert published an essay, dissecting a presentation made by Kellee Santiago of thatgamecompany at the 2009 Technology Entertainment Design Conference, where he again claimed that games can never be art, due to their rules and goal-based interactivity.[17]

One obvious difference between art and games is that you can win a game. It has rules, points, objectives, and an outcome. Santiago might cite a [sic] immersive game without points or rules, but I would say then it ceases to be a game and becomes a representation of a story, a novel, a play, dance, a film. Those are things you cannot win; you can only experience them.

— Roger Ebert[17]

Ebert's essay was strongly criticized by the gaming community,[18][19][20] including Santiago herself, who believes that video games as artistic media are only at their infancy, similar to prehistoric cave paintings of the past.[21] Ebert later amended his comments in 2010, conceding that games may indeed be art in a non-traditional sense, that he had enjoyed playing Cosmology of Kyoto, and addressing some replies to his original arguments.[22]

Although Ebert did not engage with the issue again and his view remains mired in controversy, the notion that video games are ineligible to be considered fine art due to their commercial appeal and structure as choice-driven narratives has proved persuasive for many including video game luminary Brian Moriarty who in March 2011 gave a lecture on the topic entitled An Apology For Roger Ebert.[12] In this lecture Moriarty emphasized that video games are merely an extension of traditional rule-based games and that there has been no call to declare games like Chess and Go to be art. He went on to argue that art in the sense that Romantics like Ebert, Schopenhauer, and he were concerned with (i.e. fine art or sublime art) is exceptionally rare and that Ebert was being consistent by declaring video games to be without artistic merit inasmuch as Ebert had previously claimed that "Hardly any movies are art."[12] Moriarty decried the modern expansion of the definition of "art" to include low art, comparing video games to kitsch and describing aesthetic appreciation of video games as camp. After addressing the corrupting influence of commercial forces in indie games and the difficulty of setting out to create art given the "slippery" tools that game designers must work with, Moriarty concluded that ultimately it was the fact that player choices were presented in games that structurally invalidated the application of the term "art" to video games as the audience's interaction with the work wrests control from the author and thereby negates the expression of art.[12] This lecture was in turn criticized sharply by noted video game artist, Zach Gage.[12]

Other notable critics

In a 2006 interview with US Official PlayStation 2 Magazine, well-known game designer, Hideo Kojima announced that he agreed with Ebert's assessment that video games are not art. Kojima acknowledged that games may contain artwork, but he stressed the intrinsically popular nature of video games in contrast to the niche interests served by art. Since the highest ideal of all video games is to achieve 100% player satisfaction whereas art is targeted to at least one person, Kojima argued that video game creation is more of a service than an artistic endeavor.[23]

At the 2010 Art History of Games conference, Michael Samyn and Auriea Harvey (founding members of indie studio Tale of Tales), argued in no uncertain terms that "games are not art" and that they are by and large "a waste of time." Central to Tale of Tales' distinction between games and art is the purposive nature of games as opposed to art: Whereas humans possess a biological need that is only satisfied by play, argues Samyn, and as play has manifested itself in the form of games, games represent nothing more than a physiological necessity. Art, on the other hand, is not created out of a physical need but rather it represents a search for higher purposes. Thus the fact that a game acts to fulfill the physical needs of the player is sufficient, according to Samyn, to disqualify it as art.[4]

Gamers were surprised by this controversial stance due to the frequency of prior third-party characterizations of Tale of Tales' productions as "art games," however Tale of Tales clarified that the games they were making simply expanded the conception of games. The characterization of their games as "art games," noted Samyn, was merely a byproduct of the imaginative stagnation and lack of progressivism in the video game industry. While Tale of Tales acknowledged that old media featuring one-way communication was not enough, and that two-way communication via computers offers the way forward for art, the studio argued that such communication today is being held hostage by the video game industry.[4] To enable and foment this futuristic two-way art, suggests Tale of Tales, the concept of "the game" must be eviscerated by games that do not fit within the current paradigm and then "life must be breathed into the carcass" through the creation of artworks Samyn and Harvey refer to as "not games."[4]

In 2011, Samyn further refined his argument that games are not art by emphasizing the fact that games are systematic and rule-based. Samyn identified an industry emphasis on gameplay mechanics as directly responsible for the marginalization of artistic narrative in games and he described modern video games as little more than digital sport. Pointing to systemic problems, Samyn criticized the current model whereby the putative artist must work through a large and highly efficient development team who may not share the artist's vision. To create art using the medium of the video game Samyn suggests that the artistic message must precede the means of its expression in the guidance of gameplay mechanics, the development of "funness" or economic considerations must cease to guide the work's creation, and the development process must embrace a model wherein a single artist-author's vision gains central primacy.[24]

List of artistic video games

See also: Art game § List of arthouse games

This is a partial list of video games considered to be works of art by art critics and video game reviewers.

20th century

2000-2005

  • Galatea (2000, Microsoft Windows). Rock, Paper, Shotgun analyzes it as an art game saying that it "transcends that", and calls it "literature" and "not an art game [but] a game about art".[33]
  • Ico (2001, PlayStation 2) - a title created by Team Ico that has often been cited as an example of art in games due to its immersive gameplay, evoking narrative and unique style.[34][35][36]
  • Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001, PlayStation 2) - a stealth game by Hideo Kojima that has been cited as a primary example of artistic expression in video games,[37][38] and is considered the first example of a postmodern video game.[39][40][41]
  • MusicVR (2002-2004, PC) - a series of two video games, Tres Lunas (2002) and Maestro (2004), under the creative design of English musician Mike Oldfield. Each one set out to be a real-time virtual reality experience combining imagery and music, as a non-violent and essentially a non-goal driven game.
  • Half-Life 2 (2004, PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3) - a highly acclaimed first-person shooter developed by Valve Corporation. The game was praised for its artwork, storyline and storytelling, characterization, facial animation, and use of physics.[42][43]
  • Yume Nikki (2005, PC)[44] - An independently-developed freeware game that has the player explore the dreams of a hikkikomori little girl known only as "Madotsuki" as she encounters numerous surreal characters and events while collecting "Effects", most of which do little more than alter her appearance. Yume Nikki has an extremely large fan-base and numerous fan-made tribute games and unofficial sequels have been made.
  • The Endless Forest (2005, PC);[45] Originally commissioned for an art exhibition, The Endless Forest is an MMO in the broader sense of the word. As a stag, the player roams around the forest and interact with other players; though not by words, but by sounds and body language. Another unique feature is that all players are recognizable by their unique symbol and customized appearance, but are otherwise anonymous.

2006-2010

  • Ōkami (2006, PlayStation 2) - An adventure game based on numerous Japanese myths, the game's graphics were designed to appear similar to sumi-e watercolor paintings, and incorporated art-based brushstrokes by the player to execute special moves.[46][47]
  • Shadow of the Colossus (2006, PlayStation 2) - a title created by Team Ico that is a spiritual successor and prequel to Ico. The game is regarded as an important work of art due to it's minimalist landscape designs, strong aesthetic, immersive gameplay, powerful narrative and emotional journey. Shadow of the Colossus has been referenced numerous times in debates regarding art and video games.[48]
  • Portal (2007, PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3) - a unique puzzle game developed by Valve Corporation, involving the use of portals to transport the player through space. The game was praised for its innovative mechanics, narrative and storytelling, and writing, especially praising the character of GLaDOS.[49][50]
  • Flower (2009, PlayStation 3); Developed by thatgamecompany, the player "controls" a gust of wind through motion controls, guiding it to various flowers around a landscape to gather petals. The gameplay was designed to provoke an emotional response from the player, and was chosen as one of the games shown at The Art of Video Games exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[51]
  • Deadly Premonition (2010, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3); A survival horror that has been described "the strangest video game of the year" and a primary example of "games as art", praised for its "emotional range, from traditional survival horror scares to farcical comedy".[52]
  • Heavy Rain (2010, PlayStation 3); An interactive movie where the player enters quick time events during various sequences, including intense, rapid-paced scenes. The results of the player's choices or actions can cause one of the four main characters to die while the story continues on, causing the player to become invested in the game's story.[25]

2011-present

  • Child of Eden (2011, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3); Similar to Rez, a game made to pass the feeling of synesthesia and expressing subjectively the evolution, the human feelings and evolution of society.[53]
  • The Cat and the Coup (2011, Windows);[54] A documentary video game about the life of Mohammad Mosaddegh, former Prime Minister of Iran.[55]
  • Dwarf Fortress (2012, PC); A roguelike, city-building game where the player creates an expansive world each play-through, allowing them to envision the history and culture for their civilization each time around.[25]
  • Journey (2012, PlayStation 3); Developed by thatgamecompany, this game has been described as an emotional experience, due to its immersive setting, distinctive visual style, and de-emphasized gameplay.[56]
  • BioShock Infinite (2013, PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3); Set in 1912 during the flourishing of American Exceptionalism, the game's setting of Columbia challenges concepts of nationalism, religion and racism prevalent during that period, as to provide a "funhouse mirror of American ideological history", according to Ben Popper of The Verge.[57][58]
  • The Last of Us (2013, PlayStation 3); A game set in the aftermath of a zombie apocalypse, the Naughty Dog-developed title has been stated to be "a masterful marriage of storytelling and game design" and considered the "most riveting, emotionally resonant story-driven epic of [the seventh] console generation".[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kierkegaard, Alex. On the Genealogy of "Art Games". Insomnia Books. 14 March 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Stalker, Phillipa Jane. Gaming In Art: A Case Study Of Two Examples Of The Artistic Appropriation Of Computer Games And The Mapping Of Historical Trajectories Of 'Art Games' Versus Mainstream Computer Games. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 2005.
  3. ^ a b Holmes, Tiffany. Art games and Breakout: New media meets the American arcade. Computer Games and Digital Cultures conference (Tampere, Finland); Art Gallery, Siggraph 2002. August 2002.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Pratt, Charles J. The Art History... Of Games? Games As Art May Be A Lost Cause. Gamasutra. 8 February 2010.
  5. ^ Holmes, Tiffany. Arcade Classics Span Art? Current Trends in the Art Game Genre. Melbourne DAC 2003. 2003.
  6. ^ Crampton, Thomas. For France, Video Games Are as Artful as Cinema. New York Times. 2 November 2006.
  7. ^ Funk, John (2011-05-06). "Games Now Legally Considered an Art Form (in the USA)". Escapist. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  8. ^ "Exhibitions: The Art of Video Games". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  9. ^ Solon, Olivia (2012-11-29). "MoMA to Exhibit Videogames, From Pong to Minecraft". Wired. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  10. ^ Goldberg, Harold (2013-06-12). "Pixels Floating on the Art World's Margins". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
  11. ^ Young, Nora & Misener, Dan. Repeat of Spark 126 – October 16 & 19, 2011: Games as Art (Podcast available: Games as Art). Spark. 7 November 2010.
  12. ^ a b c d e Moriarty, Brian; Caoili, Eric (ed.). Opinion: Brian Moriarty's Apology For Roger Ebert. GameSetWatch. 15 March 2011.
  13. ^ Ebert, Roger (2005-11-27). "Why did the chicken cross the genders?". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  14. ^ Emerson, Jim (2006-04-16). "Video games: The 'epic debate'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  15. ^ Ebert, Roger (2006-04-13). An Epic Debate: Are Video Games an Art Form?. 62nd Annual Conference on World Affairs. {{cite conference}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |conferenceurl= (help); Unknown parameter |conferenceurl= ignored (|conference-url= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Ebert, Roger (2007-07-21). "Games vs. Art: Ebert vs. Barker". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  17. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (2010-04-16). "Video games can never be art". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  18. ^ Nosowitz, Dan (2010-04-20). "Game Designer Kellee Santiago Responds to Roger Ebert's "Video Games Are Not Art" Rant". Fast Company. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  19. ^ Sjöberg, Lore (2010-04-23). "Alt Text: Are Videogames Art? Time Will Tell". Wired. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  20. ^ Sapieha, Chad (2010-04-18). "Roger Ebert: Video games cannot be art". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  21. ^ Santiago, Kellee (2010-04-19). "Right. Moving On… [My Response to Ebert]". thatgamecompany. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  22. ^ Ebert, Roger (2010-07-01). "Okay, kids, play on my lawn". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  23. ^ Gibson, Ellie. Games aren't art, says Kojima. Eurogamer. 24 January 2006.
  24. ^ Samyn, Michael. Almost Art. Escapist. 1 February 2011.
  25. ^ a b c d Rugnetta, Mike (23 January 2013). Idea Channel: Top 5 Most Artful Video Games. PBS. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  26. ^ "Myst IV: Revelation Review". 1UP.com. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  27. ^ Miller, Laura (1997-11-06). "Riven Rapt". Salon. Archived from the original on 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
  28. ^ Rothstein, Edward (1994-12-04). "A New Art Form May Arise From the 'Myst'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
  29. ^ Smith, Greg (2002). Hop on Pop: The Pleasures and Politics of Popular Culture. Navigating Myst-y Landscapes: Killer Applications and Hybrid Criticism. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2737-6.
  30. ^ "Okay, kids, play on my lawn". Chicago Sun-Times. "In my actual experience, I have played Cosmology of Kyoto, which I enormously enjoyed, and Myst, for which I lacked the patience."
  31. ^ http://gamescanbeart.com/2010/03/25/grim-fandango//
  32. ^ Seth Schiesel. "GAME THEORY; A Universe Where Ideas Can Trump Actions". The New York Times. "Plane scape could well herald a new wave of games that are valued as much for their artistic merit as they are for their technical brilliance and the fun they offer."
  33. ^ "Letters Of Love: Galatea". Rock, Paper, Shotgun.
  34. ^ Hoggins, Tom (24 July 2008). "Why videogamers are artists at heart". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  35. ^ Herold, Charles (15 November 2001). "GAME THEORY; To Play Emperor or God, or Grunt in a Tennis Skirt". The New York Times.
  36. ^ "GameSpy.com - Reviews: ICO (PS2)". Web.archive.org. 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  37. ^ "Microsoft Word - 34. How Games Express Ideas" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  38. ^ "Top 10 Tuesday: Games as Art - IGN". Uk.games.ign.com. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  39. ^ "Featured Articles, Interviews, and Documents - Metal Gear Solid: The Unofficial Site". Metal Gear Solid. 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  40. ^ "Kojima's Legacy - IGN". Uk.pc.ign.com. 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  41. ^ "Kojima Productions - Hideoblog English". Kjp.konami.jp. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  42. ^ Half-Life 2 IGN Review
  43. ^ Half-Life 2 Action Button Review
  44. ^ "Yume Nikki 1: Boxart is a Fake Idea". Littlebobeep.com. 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  45. ^ By Regine on June 20, 2006 8:38 am (June 20, 2006). "Interview of Michael Samyn & Auriea Harvey". we make money not art. Retrieved October 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Picknard, Jane (16 September 2005). "Preview - Okami". IGN. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  47. ^ Thompson, Clive (23 October 2006). "The Game of Art". Wired. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  48. ^ "Okay, kids, play on my lawn". Chicago Sun-Times.
  49. ^ The Art of Video Games: From Pac-Man to Mass Effect
  50. ^ The Algorithmic Experience: Portal as Art
  51. ^ "The Art of Video Games Voting Result" (PDF). The Smithsonian Institute. 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  52. ^ Games review - Deadly Premonition is one of a kind | Metro.co.uk
  53. ^ Schiesel, Scott (29 July 2011). "Sensory Trip to a Paradise on Screen". New York Times. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  54. ^ Rose, Michael. [1]
  55. ^ [2]
  56. ^ Stuart, Keith (15 March 2012). "Is Journey a game or a piece of interactive art?". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  57. ^ Popper, Ben (2013-04-02). "'BioShock Infinite' makes great art from America's racist past and political present". The Verge. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  58. ^ Suellentrop, Chris (2013-03-25). "BioShock's Latest: Civil War in a City in the Sky". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
  59. ^ Hussain, Tamoor (5 June 2013). "The Last of Us review round-up: 'Easily Naughty Dog's finest moment'". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 30 June 2013.

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_games_as_an_art_form&diff=564738404&oldid=564738286

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