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| states = |
| states = |
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| region = Northeastern Poland |
| region = Northeastern Poland |
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| extinct = 14th century AD<ref>{{cite web|title=Galindan |url=http://www.multitree.org/codes/xgl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054812/http://www.multitree.org/codes/xgl.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=24 April 2024 |quote=Until 14th century.}}</ref> |
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| extinct = Fourteenth century |
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| ref = |
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| familycolor = Indo-European |
| familycolor = Indo-European |
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==Name== |
==Name== |
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There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination ''Galindian'':<ref name="Dini">{{cite book|first=Pietro U.|last=Dini|title=Foundations of Baltic languages|translator-first1=Milda B.|translator-last1=Richardson|translator-first2=Robert E.|translator-last2=Richardson|publisher=Vilniaus universitetas|place=Vilnius|date=2014|isbn=978-609-437-263-6}}</ref>{{rp|pages= |
There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination ''Galindian'':<ref name="Dini">{{cite book|first=Pietro U.|last=Dini|title=Foundations of Baltic languages|translator-first1=Milda B.|translator-last1=Richardson|translator-first2=Robert E.|translator-last2=Richardson|publisher=Vilniaus universitetas|place=Vilnius|date=2014|isbn=978-609-437-263-6}}</ref>{{rp|pages=308–309}} |
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* Proto-Baltic {{Lang|mis|*Galind-}} meaning 'outsider' ({{lang-lt|gãlas}} 'wall; border').<ref>{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|year=1924|language=lt|title=Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai|trans-title=The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives|place=Kaunas}}</ref> This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians {{Lang|orv|Голядь}} {{lang|orv-latn|Goljad'}} > {{Lang|mis|*golędь}} > Baltic {{Lang|bat|*Galind-}}); |
* Proto-Baltic {{Lang|mis|*Galind-}} meaning 'outsider' ({{lang-lt|gãlas}} 'wall; border').<ref>{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|year=1924|language=lt|title=Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai|trans-title=The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives|place=Kaunas}}</ref> This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians {{Lang|orv|Голядь}} {{lang|orv-latn|Goljad'}} > {{Lang|mis|*golędь}} > Baltic {{Lang|bat|*Galind-}}); |
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* It is derived from the root {{Lang|mis|*gal-/*gil}} found in Baltic [[ |
* It is derived from the root {{Lang|mis|*gal-/*gil}} found in Baltic [[hydronym]]s;<ref>{{cite book|last=Nalepa|first=Jerzy|year=1971|chapter=Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź|language=pl|trans-chapter=Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź|title=Opuscula slavica 1|series=Slaviska och baltiska studier|volume=9|publisher=Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet|place=Lund|pages=93–115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Vytautas|last=Mažiulis|author-link=Vytautas Mažiulis|year=1981|pages=318–319|title=Prūsų kalbos paminklai|trans-title=Monuments of the Prussian language|language=lt|publisher=Mokslas|volume=II|place=Vilnius}}</ref> and |
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* The name means 'the powerful ones' ({{lang-lt|galià}} 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages ({{lang-ga|gal}} 'strength', {{lang-cy|gallus}} 'power', ''Galli'', ''Gallia'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Wolfgang P.|year=1998|chapter=Galinder|trans-chapter=Galindians|title=Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde|trans-title=Dictionary of Germanic antiquities|language=de|volume=10|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|editor-first1=Heinrich|editor-last1=Beck|editor-first2=Dieter|editor-last2=Geuenich|editor-first3=Heiko|editor-last3=Steuer|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=325–327|isbn=978-3-11-015102-2}}</ref> |
* The name means 'the powerful ones' ({{lang-lt|galià}} 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages ({{lang-ga|gal}} 'strength', {{lang-cy|gallus}} 'power', ''Galli'', ''Gallia'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Wolfgang P.|year=1998|chapter=Galinder|trans-chapter=Galindians|title=Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde|trans-title=Dictionary of Germanic antiquities|language=de|volume=10|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|editor-first1=Heinrich|editor-last1=Beck|editor-first2=Dieter|editor-last2=Geuenich|editor-first3=Heiko|editor-last3=Steuer|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=325–327|isbn=978-3-11-015102-2}}</ref> |
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== West Galindian== |
== West Galindian== |
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'''West Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the [[Galindians]] previously spoken in what is today northeastern [[Poland]] and thought to have been a dialect of [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]],{{r|Dini|page=290}} or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://www.academia.edu/37147068| title = The Balts in the migration period|first=Iliya|last=Tarasov|pages=95–124| journal=Istoričeskij Format | script-journal = ru:Исторический Формат|volume=3-4| date = January 2017|language=ru}}</ref> There are no extant writings in Galindian. |
'''West Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the [[Galindians]] previously spoken in what is today northeastern [[Poland]] and thought to have been a dialect of [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]],{{r|Dini|page=290}} or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://www.academia.edu/37147068| title = The Balts in the migration period|first=Iliya|last=Tarasov|pages=95–124| journal=Istoričeskij Format | script-journal = ru:Исторический Формат|volume=3-4| date = January 2017|language=ru}}</ref> There are no extant writings in Galindian. |
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===Phonology=== |
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====Consonants==== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] |
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! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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|- |
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!<small>plain</small> |
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!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small> |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA link|m}} |
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|{{IPA link|n}} |
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|{{IPA|nʲ}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]] |
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!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |
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|{{IPA link|p}} |
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|{{IPA link|t}} |
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|{{IPA|tʲ}} |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|k}} |
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|- |
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!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |
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|{{IPA link|b}} |
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|{{IPA link|d}} |
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|{{IPA|dʲ}} |
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|{{IPA link|dʒ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɡ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]] |
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|{{IPA link|f}} |
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|{{IPA link|s}} |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|ʃ}} |
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| |
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|- |
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![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]] |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|z}} |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|ʒ}} |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|r}} |
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|{{IPA|rʲ}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|l}} |
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|{{IPA|lʲ}} |
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|{{IPA link|j}} |
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| |
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|} |
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==== Vowels ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small> |
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!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small> |
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!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small> |
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|- |
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![[High vowel|High]] |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|i}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|iː}} |
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| |
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| |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|u}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|uː}} |
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|- |
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![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|eː}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|oː}} |
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|- |
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! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid-low]] |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
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| |
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|- |
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![[Low vowel|Low]] |
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| |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|a}} |
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|{{IPA link|aː}} |
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| |
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| |
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|} |
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==East Galindian== |
==East Galindian== |
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[[File:Slav-7-8-obrez.png|thumbnail|Europe in 7–8th century – Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.]] |
[[File:Slav-7-8-obrez.png|thumbnail|Europe in 7–8th century – Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.]] |
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'''East Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the Balts living in the [[Protva]] Basin in present-day [[Russia]].{{r|Dini|page=307}} |
'''East Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the Balts living in the [[Protva]] Basin in present-day [[Russia]].{{r|Dini|page=307}} |
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===Phonology=== |
===Phonology=== |
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Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:{{r|Dini|pages=311-312}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Лекомцева|first=Маргарита Ивановна|year=1983|title=Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache|language=de|trans-title=On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language|volume=19|issue=2| pages=114–119|journal=Baltistica|publisher=Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai|place=Vilnius|doi=10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:{{r|Dini|pages=311-312}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Лекомцева|first=Маргарита Ивановна|year=1983|title=Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache|language=de|trans-title=On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language|volume=19|issue=2| pages=114–119|journal=Baltistica|publisher=Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai|place=Vilnius|doi=10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
Latest revision as of 07:05, 24 April 2024
Galindan | |
---|---|
Galindian | |
Region | Northeastern Poland |
Extinct | 14th century AD[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xgl |
xgl | |
Glottolog | None |
The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which were peripheral dialects:
- First, a West Baltic language referred to as West Galindian; and
- Second, a Baltic language previously spoken in Mozhaysk region (present day Russia), referred to as East Galindian[2]
Name[edit]
There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination Galindian:[3]: 308–309
- Proto-Baltic *Galind- meaning 'outsider' (Lithuanian: gãlas 'wall; border').[4] This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians Голядь Goljad' > *golędь > Baltic *Galind-);
- It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic hydronyms;[5][6] and
- The name means 'the powerful ones' (Lithuanian: galià 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages (Irish: gal 'strength', Welsh: gallus 'power', Galli, Gallia).[7]
Proposed relation[edit]
Based on the common name used for the two peoples by ancient authors, some scientists propose a common origin of the two peoples and languages.[3]: 309 [8] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and East Galindian.[3]: 309–310
West Galindian[edit]
West Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Galindians previously spoken in what is today northeastern Poland and thought to have been a dialect of Old Prussian,[3]: 290 or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.[9] There are no extant writings in Galindian.
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | |||||
Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | k | |
voiced | b | d | dʲ | dʒ | ɡ | |
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ||
voiced | z | ʒ | ||||
Trill | r | rʲ | ||||
Approximant | l | lʲ | j |
Vowels[edit]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Mid | eː | oː | ||||
Mid-low | ɔ | |||||
Low | a | aː |
East Galindian[edit]
East Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Balts living in the Protva Basin in present-day Russia.[3]: 307
Phonology[edit]
Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[3]: 311–312 [10]
Consonants[edit]
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | |||||
Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | tʃ | k |
voiced | b | d | dʲ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | |||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | |||
Trill | r | rʲ | ||||
Approximant | l | lʲ | j |
Vowels[edit]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Mid | eː | oː | ||||
Mid-low | ɛ | |||||
Low | a | aː |
Lexicon[edit]
There are some Russian words from the Portva Basin region suspected to be Baltisms:[3]: 312
Russian | Transliteration | Translation | Proposed Baltic cognates |
---|---|---|---|
алáня | alánja | 'beer' | Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš |
кромсáть | kromsát' | 'to break something into pieces' | Lithuanian: kramseti, Latvian: kramstīt |
нóрот | nórot | 'fishing gear' | Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink' |
пикýлька | pikúl'ka | 'type of weed' | Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium' |
References[edit]
- ^ "Galindan". Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Until 14th century.
- ^ "galindai" [The Galindians]. Visuotinę lietuvių enciklopediją (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dini, Pietro U. (2014). Foundations of Baltic languages. Translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. ISBN 978-609-437-263-6.
- ^ Būga, Kazimieras (1924). Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai [The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives] (in Lithuanian). Kaunas.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Nalepa, Jerzy (1971). "Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź" [Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź]. Opuscula slavica 1. Slaviska och baltiska studier (in Polish). Vol. 9. Lund: Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet. pp. 93–115.
- ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1981). Prūsų kalbos paminklai [Monuments of the Prussian language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 318–319.
- ^ Schmid, Wolfgang P. (1998). "Galinder" [Galindians]. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde [Dictionary of Germanic antiquities] (in German). Vol. 10 (2nd revised and enlarged ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 325–327. ISBN 978-3-11-015102-2.
- ^ Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Galindian question]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.
- ^ Tarasov, Iliya (January 2017). "The Balts in the migration period". Istoričeskij Format Исторический Формат (in Russian). 3–4: 95–124.
- ^ Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.