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{{short description|Extinct Baltic languages}}
{{short description|Extinct Baltic languages}}
{{Split|West Galindian language|East Galindian language|date=September 2023|discuss=Talk:Galindian language#Split proposal|reason=these two languages are unrelated and should not be grouped into one article}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Galindan
| name = Galindan
|altname = Galindian
| altname = Galindian
|states =
| states =
|region = North-eastern Poland
| region = Northeastern Poland
| extinct = 14th century AD<ref>{{cite web|title=Galindan |url=http://www.multitree.org/codes/xgl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054812/http://www.multitree.org/codes/xgl.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=24 April 2024 |quote=Until 14th century.}}</ref>
|extinct = Fourteenth century
|ref =
| ref =
|familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3 = [[Western Baltic languages|Western Baltic]]
| fam3 = [[Baltic languages|Baltic]]
| fam4 = [[West Baltic languages|West Baltic]]
|iso3 = xgl
|linglist = xgl
| iso3 = xgl
| linglist = xgl
|glotto=none
| glotto = none
| notice = IPA
}}
}}
[[Image:Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg|thumb|Distribution of the Baltic tribes, circa 1200 [[Common Era|CE]] (boundaries are approximate).]]
[[File:Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg|thumb|Distribution of the Baltic tribes, circa 1200 [[Common Era|CE]] (boundaries are approximate).]]
The term '''Galindian''' is sometimes ascribed to two separate [[Baltic languages]], both of which where peripheral dialects:
The term '''Galindian''' is sometimes ascribed to two separate [[Baltic languages]], both of which were peripheral dialects:
* First, a [[Western Baltic languages|Western Baltic language]] referred to as West Galindian; and
* First, a [[West Baltic languages|West Baltic language]] referred to as '''West Galindian'''; and
* Second, a Baltic language previously spoken in [[Mozhaysk]] region (present day Russia), referred to as East Galindian<ref>{{Cite web|title=galindai|trans-title=The Galindians|publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/galindai/|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Visuotinę lietuvių enciklopediją|language=lt}}</ref>
* Second, a Baltic language previously spoken in [[Mozhaysk]] region (present day Russia), referred to as '''East Galindian'''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=galindai|trans-title=The Galindians|publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/galindai/|access-date=2022-01-28|encyclopedia=Visuotinę lietuvių enciklopediją|language=lt}}</ref>


==Name==
==Name==
There are three poposed etymologies for the denomination Galindian:<ref name="Dini">{{cite book|first=Pietro U.|last=Dini|title=Foundations of Baltic languages|translator-first1=Milda B.|translator-last1=Richardson|translator-first2=Robert E.|translator-last2=Richardson|publisher=Vilniaus universitetas|place=Vilnius|date=2014|isbn=978-609-437-263-6}}</ref>{{rp|pages=308-309}}
There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination ''Galindian'':<ref name="Dini">{{cite book|first=Pietro U.|last=Dini|title=Foundations of Baltic languages|translator-first1=Milda B.|translator-last1=Richardson|translator-first2=Robert E.|translator-last2=Richardson|publisher=Vilniaus universitetas|place=Vilnius|date=2014|isbn=978-609-437-263-6}}</ref>{{rp|pages=308–309}}
* Proto-Baltic ''*Galind-'' meaning 'outsider' ({{lang-lt|gãlas}} 'wall; border').<ref>{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|year=1924|language=lt|title=Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai|trans-title=The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives|place=Kaunas}}</ref> This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians {{lang-ru|Голядь}} {{lang|ru-latn|Goljad'}} > *golędь > Baltic *Galind-);
* Proto-Baltic {{Lang|mis|*Galind-}} meaning 'outsider' ({{lang-lt|gãlas}} 'wall; border').<ref>{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|year=1924|language=lt|title=Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai|trans-title=The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives|place=Kaunas}}</ref> This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians {{Lang|orv|Голядь}} {{lang|orv-latn|Goljad'}} > {{Lang|mis|*golędь}} > Baltic {{Lang|bat|*Galind-}});
* It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic Hydronyms;<ref>{{cite book|last=Nalepa|first=Jerzy|year=1971|chapter=Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź|language=pl|trans-chapter=Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź|title=Opuscula slavica 1|series=Slaviska och baltiska studier|volume=9|publisher=Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet|place=Lund|pages=93-115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Vytautas|last=Mažiulis|author-link=Vytautas Mažiulis|year=1981|pages=318-319|title=Prūsų kalbos paminklai|trans-title=Monuments of the Prussian language|language=lt|publisher=Mokslas|volume=II|place=Vilnius}}</ref> and
* It is derived from the root {{Lang|mis|*gal-/*gil}} found in Baltic [[hydronym]]s;<ref>{{cite book|last=Nalepa|first=Jerzy|year=1971|chapter=Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź|language=pl|trans-chapter=Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź|title=Opuscula slavica 1|series=Slaviska och baltiska studier|volume=9|publisher=Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet|place=Lund|pages=93–115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Vytautas|last=Mažiulis|author-link=Vytautas Mažiulis|year=1981|pages=318–319|title=Prūsų kalbos paminklai|trans-title=Monuments of the Prussian language|language=lt|publisher=Mokslas|volume=II|place=Vilnius}}</ref> and
* The name means "the powerful ones" ({{lang-lt|galià}} 'power, strengh') and also Celtic languages ({{lang-ga|gal}} 'strengh', {{lang-cy|gallus}} 'power', ''Galli'', ''Gallia'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Wolfgang P.|year=1998|chapter=Galinder|trans-chapter=Galindians|title=Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde|trans-title=Dictionary of Germanic antiquities|language=de|volume=10|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|editor-first1=Heinrich|editor-last1=Beck|editor-first2=Dieter|editor-last2=Geuenich|editor-first3=Heiko|editor-last3=Steuer|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=325-327|isbn=978-3-11-015102-2}}</ref>
* The name means 'the powerful ones' ({{lang-lt|galià}} 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages ({{lang-ga|gal}} 'strength', {{lang-cy|gallus}} 'power', ''Galli'', ''Gallia'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Wolfgang P.|year=1998|chapter=Galinder|trans-chapter=Galindians|title=Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde|trans-title=Dictionary of Germanic antiquities|language=de|volume=10|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|editor-first1=Heinrich|editor-last1=Beck|editor-first2=Dieter|editor-last2=Geuenich|editor-first3=Heiko|editor-last3=Steuer|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=325–327|isbn=978-3-11-015102-2}}</ref>


==Proposed relation==
==Proposed relation==
Based on the common name used for the two people by ancient authors, some scientists propose a common origine of the two people and languages.{{r|Dini|page=309}}<ref>{{cite book|language=pl|chapter=Zagadnienie Galindów|trans-chapter=The Problem of Galindians|title=Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego|trans-title=Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work|editor-first=Aleksander|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe|editor-last=Gieysztor|year=1958|place=Warsaw|pages=37-41|first=Jan Szczepan|last=Otrębski}}</ref> In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and East Galindian.{{r|Dini|pages=309-310}}
Based on the common name used for the two peoples by ancient authors, some scientists propose a common origin of the two peoples and languages.{{r|Dini|page=309}}<ref>{{cite book|language=pl|chapter=Zagadnienie Galindów|trans-chapter=The Galindian question|title=Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego|trans-title=Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work|editor-first=Aleksander|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe|editor-last=Gieysztor|year=1958|place=Warsaw|pages=37–41|first=Jan Szczepan|last=Otrębski}}</ref> In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and East Galindian.{{r|Dini|pages=309-310}}


== West Galindian==
== West Galindian==
'''West Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the [[Galindians]] previously spoken in what is today North-eastern [[Poland]] and thought to have been a dialect of [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]],{{r|Dini|page=290}} or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://www.academia.edu/37147068| title = The Balts in the migration period|first=Iliya|last=Tarasov|pages=95–124| journal=Istoričeskij Format | script-journal = ru:Исторический Формат|volume=3-4| date = January 2017|language=ru}}</ref> There are no extant writings in Galindian.
'''West Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the [[Galindians]] previously spoken in what is today northeastern [[Poland]] and thought to have been a dialect of [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]],{{r|Dini|page=290}} or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://www.academia.edu/37147068| title = The Balts in the migration period|first=Iliya|last=Tarasov|pages=95–124| journal=Istoričeskij Format | script-journal = ru:Исторический Формат|volume=3-4| date = January 2017|language=ru}}</ref> There are no extant writings in Galindian.

===Phonology===

====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA|tʲ}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA|dʲ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA|rʲ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA|lʲ}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small>
!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small>
!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small>
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|i}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
| align="center" |{{IPA link|u}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|uː}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid-low]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|
|
|}


==East Galindian==
==East Galindian==
[[File:Slav-7-8-obrez.png|thumbnail|Europe in 7–8th century – Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.]]
[[File:Slav-7-8-obrez.png|thumbnail|Europe in 7–8th century – Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.]]
'''East Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the Balts living in the [[Protva]] Basin in present-day [[Russia]].{{r|Dini|page=307}}
'''East Galindian''' is the poorly attested extinct [[Baltic language]] of the Balts living in the [[Protva]] Basin in present-day [[Russia]].{{r|Dini|page=307}}

===Phonology===
===Phonology===
Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:{{r|Dini|pages=311-312}}
Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:{{r|Dini|pages=311-312}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Лекомцева|first=Маргарита Ивановна|year=1983|title=Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache|language=de|trans-title=On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language|volume=19|issue=2| pages=114–119|journal=Baltistica|publisher=Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai|place=Vilnius|doi=10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Line 48: Line 162:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA|n}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA|nʲ}}
|{{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|
Line 56: Line 170:
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA|tʲ}}
|{{IPA|tʲ}}
|{{IPA|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA|d}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA|dʲ}}
|{{IPA|dʲ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|
|
|{{IPA|s}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|{{IPA|v}}
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA|z}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
|{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA|rʲ}}
|{{IPA|rʲ}}
|
|
Line 93: Line 207:
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA|lʲ}}
|{{IPA|lʲ}}
|{{IPA|j}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
|}

==== Vowels ====
==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small>
!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small>
!<small>short</small> !! <small>long</small>
|-
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
![[High vowel|High]]
| align="center" |{{IPA|i iː}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|i}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
|
| align="center" |{{IPA|u uː}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|u}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|uː}}
|-
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|eː}}
|
|
|{{IPA|oː}}
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|-
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid-low]]
! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid-low]]
|{{IPA|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 122: Line 250:
![[Low vowel|Low]]
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA|a aː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|
|
|}

===Lexicon===
There are some Russian words from the Portva Basin region suspected to be Baltisms:{{r|Dini|page=312}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
![[Russian language|Russian]]
!Transliteration
!Translation
!Proposed Baltic cognates
|-
!{{lang|ru|алáня}}
|{{lang|ru-latn|alánja}}
|'beer'
|{{lang-lt|alìnas}} 'special type of beer', {{lang-lt|alùs}}, {{lang-lv|aliņš}}
|-
!{{lang|ru|кромсáть}}
|{{lang|ru-latn|kromsát'}}
|'to break something into pieces'
|{{lang-lt|kramseti}}, {{lang-lv|kramstīt}}
|-
! {{lang|ru|нóрот}}
|{{lang|ru-latn|nórot}}
|'fishing gear'
|{{lang-lt|nérti}}, {{lang-lv|nērt}} 'to sink'
|-
! {{lang|ru|пикýлька}}
|{{lang|ru-latn|pikúl'ka}}
|'type of weed'
|{{lang-lt|pìkulė}} 'sisymbrium'
|}
|}


Line 136: Line 296:
[[Category:Extinct Baltic languages]]
[[Category:Extinct Baltic languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Europe]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Europe]]

{{Ie-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:05, 24 April 2024

Galindan
Galindian
RegionNortheastern Poland
Extinct14th century AD[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xgl
xgl
GlottologNone
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Distribution of the Baltic tribes, circa 1200 CE (boundaries are approximate).

The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which were peripheral dialects:

  • First, a West Baltic language referred to as West Galindian; and
  • Second, a Baltic language previously spoken in Mozhaysk region (present day Russia), referred to as East Galindian[2]

Name[edit]

There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination Galindian:[3]: 308–309 

  • Proto-Baltic *Galind- meaning 'outsider' (Lithuanian: gãlas 'wall; border').[4] This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians Голядь Goljad' > *golędь > Baltic *Galind-);
  • It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic hydronyms;[5][6] and
  • The name means 'the powerful ones' (Lithuanian: galià 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages (Irish: gal 'strength', Welsh: gallus 'power', Galli, Gallia).[7]

Proposed relation[edit]

Based on the common name used for the two peoples by ancient authors, some scientists propose a common origin of the two peoples and languages.[3]: 309 [8] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and East Galindian.[3]: 309–310 

West Galindian[edit]

West Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Galindians previously spoken in what is today northeastern Poland and thought to have been a dialect of Old Prussian,[3]: 290  or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.[9] There are no extant writings in Galindian.

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Velar
plain pal.
Nasal m n nʲ
Plosive voiceless p t tʲ k
voiced b d dʲ dʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ
voiced z ʒ
Trill r rʲ
Approximant l lʲ j

Vowels[edit]

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i iː u uː
Mid eː oː
Mid-low ɔ
Low a aː

East Galindian[edit]

Europe in 7–8th century – Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.

East Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Balts living in the Protva Basin in present-day Russia.[3]: 307 

Phonology[edit]

Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[3]: 311–312 [10]

Consonants[edit]

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Velar
plain pal.
Nasal m n nʲ
Plosive voiceless p t tʲ tʃ k
voiced b d dʲ ɡ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ
voiced v z ʒ
Trill r rʲ
Approximant l lʲ j

Vowels[edit]

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i iː u uː
Mid eː oː
Mid-low ɛ
Low a aː

Lexicon[edit]

There are some Russian words from the Portva Basin region suspected to be Baltisms:[3]: 312 

Russian Transliteration Translation Proposed Baltic cognates
алáня alánja 'beer' Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš
кромсáть kromsát' 'to break something into pieces' Lithuanian: kramseti, Latvian: kramstīt
нóрот nórot 'fishing gear' Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink'
пикýлька pikúl'ka 'type of weed' Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium'

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Galindan". Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Until 14th century.
  2. ^ "galindai" [The Galindians]. Visuotinę lietuvių enciklopediją (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Dini, Pietro U. (2014). Foundations of Baltic languages. Translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. ISBN 978-609-437-263-6.
  4. ^ Būga, Kazimieras (1924). Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai [The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives] (in Lithuanian). Kaunas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Nalepa, Jerzy (1971). "Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź" [Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź]. Opuscula slavica 1. Slaviska och baltiska studier (in Polish). Vol. 9. Lund: Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet. pp. 93–115.
  6. ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1981). Prūsų kalbos paminklai [Monuments of the Prussian language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 318–319.
  7. ^ Schmid, Wolfgang P. (1998). "Galinder" [Galindians]. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde [Dictionary of Germanic antiquities] (in German). Vol. 10 (2nd revised and enlarged ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 325–327. ISBN 978-3-11-015102-2.
  8. ^ Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Galindian question]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.
  9. ^ Tarasov, Iliya (January 2017). "The Balts in the migration period". Istoričeskij Format Исторический Формат (in Russian). 3–4: 95–124.
  10. ^ Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galindian_language&diff=1220513260&oldid=1122934104

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