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{{Year dab|1555}}
{{Year dab|1555}}
{{Year nav|1555}}
{{Year nav|1555}}
[[File:Peace-of-augsburg 1555.jpg|thumb|200px|[[September 25]]: The [[Peace of Augsburg]] is signed]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
{{C16 year in topic}}
[[File:The Burning of Master John Rogers.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[February 4]]: [[John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)|John Rogers]] is burned at the stake.]]
[[File:The Burning of Master John Rogers.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[February 4]]: [[John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)|John Rogers]] is burned at the stake.]]
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== Events ==
== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>
⚫
=== January&ndash;March ===

⚫
=== January&ndash;June ===
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of Ava]] in [[Upper Burma]] falls.
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of Ava]] in [[Upper Burma]] falls.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Augsburg]] begins.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Augsburg]] begins.
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)|John Rogers]] is [[death by burning|burned at the stake]] at [[Smithfield, London]], becoming the first of the 284 [[List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation|Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation]] to be killed during the five and one-half year reign of Queen [[Mary I of England]].<ref name=CBH>{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan |last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica |year=1992 |title=The Chronology of British History |publisher=Century Ltd |location=London |pages=150–153 |isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> His death is followed within the week by that of [[Laurence Saunders]] on February 8 in [[Coventry]], and [[Rowland Taylor]], [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] of [[Hadleigh, Suffolk]], and [[John Hooper (bishop)|John Hooper]], deposed [[Bishop of Gloucester]] on February 9.
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)|John Rogers]], [[Execution by burning|burned at the stake]] in London, becomes the first [[Protestant]] [[martyr]] under [[Mary I of England]].
⚫
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The [[Muscovy Company]] is chartered in England to trade with the [[Tsardom of Russia]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}</ref><ref>Goldsmid, E. (ed.) (1886). ''The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected by [[Richard Hakluyt]], Preacher'', Vol. III: North-Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries, Part II: The Muscovy Company and the North-Eastern Passage. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid. [https://archive.org/stream/cihm_33119#page/n109/mode/2up pp. 101-112].</ref> and [[Richard Chancellor]] negotiates with the Tsar.
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Laurence Saunders]] becomes the second Marian Protestant martyr in England, being led barefoot to his execution by burning at the stake.
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Valencia, Venezuela]], is founded by Captain Alonso Díaz Moreno.
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Rowland Taylor]], [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] of [[Hadleigh, Suffolk]], and [[John Hooper (bishop)|John Hooper]], deposed [[Bishop of Gloucester]], are burned at the stake in England.

* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Pope Marcellus II]] succeeds [[Pope Julius III|Julius III]] as the 222nd [[pope]]. He will reign for 22 days.
=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 9]] &ndash; Marcello Cervini degli Spannocchi is unanimously chosen as the successor to [[Pope Julius III]], who died on March 23, and takes the name of [[Pope Marcellus II]] as the 222nd Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. He will reign for 22 days.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maureen E. Buja|title=Antonio Barré and Music Printing in Mid-sixteenth Century Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqIIAQAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|page=81}}</ref>
* [[April 17]] &ndash; After 18 months of siege, the [[Republic of Siena]] surrenders to the [[Florence|Florentine]]–[[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] army.
* [[April 17]] &ndash; After 18 months of siege, the [[Republic of Siena]] surrenders to the [[Florence|Florentine]]–[[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] army.
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] succeeds [[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]], as the 223rd [[pope]].
* [[May 1]] &ndash; Foundation of [[St John's College, Oxford]], England, to teach Catholic theology.
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Jeanne d'Albret]] succeeds [[Henry II of Navarre|Henri II]], on the [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Navarrese]] throne.
* [[May 30]] &ndash; Foundation of [[Trinity College, Oxford]], England, to teach Catholic theology.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; The [[May 1555 papal conclave|conclave]] opens with 42 of the 56 Roman Catholic cardinals to choose a successor to Pope Marcellus II, who had died on May 1.<ref>Chacón, col. 810-811; Panvinio, s. 427-428; por. Setton, s. 617.</ref>
⚫
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Amasya]] between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Safavid Persia]] concludes the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)]].
* [[May 23]] &ndash; Giovanni Pietro Carafa, Cardinal of Naples, is elected as the new Pope after Giacomo del Pozzo fails to obtain the necessary two-thirds approval.<ref>Pastor, Ludwig von. ''History of the Popes''. T. 14. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1924 </ref> Carafa, the 223rd Pope, takes the name [[Pope Paul IV]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Johnson|title=The Papacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms4MgIorzdUC|year=1997|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-0755-5|page=216}}</ref>
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Jeanne d'Albret]] becomes the [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Queen of Navarre]] upon the death of her father, [[Henry II of Navarre|King Henry II]].<ref name="Love2001">{{cite book|author=Ronald Love|title=Blood and Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8r73hru8nAC&pg=PA25|date=14 March 2001|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-6884-6|pages=25–}}</ref>
⚫
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Amasya]] between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Safavid Persia]] concludes the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)|Ottoman-Safavid War]].
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Adil Shah Suri]] becomes the Sultan of the [[Sur Empire]] at [[Delhi]] in [[India]] after [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] is forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.


=== July&ndash;December ===
=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 12]]&ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] creates the [[Roman Ghetto]], the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] creates the [[Roman Ghetto]], the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.
* [[August 24]] &ndash; England's [[Thomas Thirlby]], the first and only Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norwich and Queen Mary's envoy to [[Pope Paul IV]], returns to London from bearing a papal bull that confirms Queen Mary's jurisdiction over Ireland.<ref>{{DNB |first=Thompson |last=Cooper |author-link=Thompson Cooper |wstitle=Thirlby, Thomas |volume=56 |page=137}}</ref>
* [[September 25]] &ndash; The [[Peace of Augsburg]] is signed between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], and the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[Schmalkaldic League]], establishing the principle ''[[Cuius regio, eius religio]]'', that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.
* [[September 25]] &ndash; The [[Peace of Augsburg]] is signed between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], and the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[Schmalkaldic League]], establishing the principle ''[[Cuius regio, eius religio]]'', that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.
* September &ndash; The [[1555 Kashmir earthquake]] causes widespread destruction and death in Kashmir, India.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |title=Significant Earthquake Information India: Kashmir: Srinagar |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/10493 |website=ngdc.noaa.gov |publisher=NCEI |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 16]]
* [[October 16]]
** (1st day of 10th month [[Tenbun|Tenbun 24]]) &ndash; At the [[Battle of Miyajima]] Island, [[Mori Motonari]] defeats [[Sue Harukata]].<ref>Stephen R. Turnbull, ''The Samurai: A Military History'', ( New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1977) pp. 131–134</ref>
** [[Mori Motonari]] defeats [[Sue Harukata]] at the [[Battle of Miyajima]] island.
** Two of the [[Oxford Martyrs]], [[Hugh Latimer]] and [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)|Nicholas Ridley]], are burned at the stake in England.
** The first two Protestant [[Oxford Martyrs]], [[Hugh Latimer]] and [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)|Nicholas Ridley]], are burned at the stake in England.
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] abdicates as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and is succeeded by his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]].
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] abdicates as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and is succeeded by his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]].
* [[November 1]] &ndash; French Navy Vice-Admiral [[Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon]] leads a small fleet of two ships and 200 soldiers and colonists to take possession of [[Villegagnon island|Serigipe Island]], near modern-day [[Rio de Janeiro]] in [[Brazil]] at [[Guanabara Bay]], and builds [[Fort Coligny]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Parkman |first=Francis |date=1983 |title=France and England in North America Vol 1 |location= New York, New York |publisher=Library of America |pages=33–41}}</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cranmer]] is officially removed from office as the Protestant [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] by order of Pope Paul IV and Queen Mary I.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html |title= Marian Government Policies |access-date=5 July 2007 }}</ref>
* [[December 11]] &ndash; Cardinal [[Reginald Pole]] is made a cardinal-priest in the Roman Catholic Church and made the administrator of the [[See of Canterbury]] in England,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/reginaldpolecard00leef |title=Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury : an historical sketch, with an introductory prologue and practical epilogue |first=Frederick George|last=Lee|date=6 December 1888 |publisher=London : J. C. Nimmo |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> though he will not become the new Archbishop of Canterbury until the following March 20.


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
* [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] breaks a 60-year-old truce with [[Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)|Sweden]] by attacking Finland.
* [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] breaks a 60-year-old truce with [[Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)|Sweden]] by attacking Finland.
* [[Humayun]] resumes the rule of the [[Mughal Empire]].
* [[Humayun]] resumes rule of the [[Mughal Empire]].
* [[Bairam Khan]] defeats Hindu forces at the [[Second Battle of Panipat]].
* The [[Adal Sultanate]] in the [[Horn of Africa]] collapses.
* The [[Adal Sultanate]] in the [[Horn of Africa]] collapses.
⚫
* The [[Muscovy Company]] is chartered in England to trade with [[Muscovy]],<ref>E. Goldsmid (ed.), ''The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected by [[Richard Hakluyt]], Preacher'', Vol. III: North-Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries, Part II: The Muscovy Company and the North-Eastern Passage (E. & G. Goldsmid, Edinburgh 1886), [https://archive.org/stream/cihm_33119#page/n109/mode/2up pp. 101-112].</ref> and [[Richard Chancellor]] negotiates with the [[Tsardom of Russia|Tsar]].
* English captain [[John Lok]] returns from [[Guinea]], with five Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages.
* English captain [[John Lok]] returns from [[Guinea]], with five Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages.
* [[Richard Eden]] publishes ''The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India'', a translation into English of parts of [[Pietro Martire d'Anghiera]]'s ''[[Decades of the New World|De orbe novo decades]]'', [[Gonzalo Oviedo]]'s ''Natural hystoria de las Indias'' and others<ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew|last=Hadfield|title=Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8454|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8454|accessdate=2011-12-12}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> including the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.
* [[Richard Eden (translator)|Richard Eden]] publishes ''The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India'', a translation into English of parts of [[Pietro Martire d'Anghiera]]'s ''[[Decades of the New World|De orbe novo decades]]'', the [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] work ''Natural hystoria de las Indias'' and others, urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring the [[New World]];<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Andrew|last=Hadfield|title=Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8454|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8454|access-date=2011-12-12}} </ref> the work includes the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.
* Establishment in England of the following [[grammar school]]s: [[Boston Grammar School]], [[Gresham's School]] at [[Holt, Norfolk]] (founded by [[John Gresham|Sir John Gresham]]) and [[Ripon Grammar School]] (re-foundation).
* ''Negro'' &ndash; the Spanish term for ''black person'' &ndash; is coined.
⚫
* [[William Annyas]] becomes the Mayor of [[Youghal]], Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.<ref name="Affairs1987">{{cite book|author=Ireland. Dept. of Foreign Affairs|title=Ireland today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoiAQAAIAAJ|access-date=9 June 2012|year=1987|publisher=Information Section, Dept. of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
* [[Gresham's School]] is founded by Sir [[John Gresham]], at [[Holt, Norfolk]] in England.
⚫
* [[William Annyas]] becomes the Mayor of [[Youghal]], Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.<ref name="Affairs1987">{{cite book|author=Ireland. Dept. of Foreign Affairs|title=Ireland today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoiAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=9 June 2012|year=1987|publisher=Information Section, Dept. of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
* [[John Dee]] is charged, but cleared, of treason in England.
* [[John Dee]] is charged, but cleared, of treason in England.
* [[Orlande de Lassus]]' first book of [[madrigal]]s is published, in [[Antwerp]].
* [[Orlande de Lassus]]' first book of [[madrigal]]s is published, in [[Antwerp]].
* [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] orders a [[violin]] from [[Andrea Amati]] of [[Cremona]].
*Ripon Grammar School re-established
</onlyinclude>


== Births ==
== Births ==
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* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Charles II, Lord of Monaco]] (d. [[1589]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Charles II, Lord of Monaco]] (d. [[1589]])
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Alonso Lobo]], Spanish musician (d. [[1617]])
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Alonso Lobo]], Spanish musician (d. [[1617]])
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[François, Duke of Anjou]], youngest son of [[Henry II of France]] and [[Catherine de' Medici]] (d. [[1584]])
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[François, Duke of Anjou]], youngest son of [[Henry II of France]] and [[Catherine de' Medici]] (d. [[1584]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Mack P. Holt|title=The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt5sraGYbWcC&pg=PA7|date=2 May 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89278-0|pages=7}}</ref>
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[John Leveson]], English politician (d. [[1615]])
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[John Leveson]], English politician (d. [[1615]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox]], English countess (d. [[1582]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox]], English countess (d. [[1582]])
Line 88: Line 95:


== Deaths ==
== Deaths ==
[[File:Girolamo Sicciolante - Paus Julius III.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope Julius III]]]]
[[File:Girolamo Sicciolante - Paus Julius IIIFXD.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope Julius III]]]]
[[File:Pope Marcellus II.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Pope Marcellus II]]]]
[[File:Pope Marcellus II.PNG|thumb|110px|[[Pope Marcellus II]]]]
[[File:Henri d'Albret.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Henry II of Navarre]]]]
[[File:Henri d'Albret.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[Henry II of Navarre]]]]
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* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Giuliano Bugiardini]], Italian painter (b. [[1475]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Giuliano Bugiardini]], Italian painter (b. [[1475]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford]] (b. [[1485]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford]] (b. [[1485]])
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Pope Julius III]] (b. [[1487]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Julius III {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-III |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=3 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Pope Julius III]] (b. [[1487]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Julius III {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-III |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=3 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 27]] &ndash; [[Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din]], Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (b. [[1473]])
* [[March 27]] &ndash; [[Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din]], Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (b. [[1473]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; Queen [[Joanna of Castile]] (b. [[1479]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; Queen [[Joanna of Castile]], long under confinement (b. [[1479]])
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Polydore Vergil]], English historian (b. [[1470]])
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Polydore Vergil]], English historian (b. [[1470]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Catherine Atkinson|title=Inventing Inventors in Renaissance Europe: Polydore Vergil's De Inventoribus Rerum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4tpcK2fZMcC&pg=PA86|year=2007|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-149187-0|pages=86}}</ref>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Pope Marcellus II]] (b. [[1501]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Pope Marcellus II]] (b. [[1501]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg]] (b. [[1502]])
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg]] (b. [[1502]])
* [[May 25]]
* [[May 25]]
** [[Gemma Frisius]], Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b. [[1508]])
** [[Gemma Frisius]], Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b. [[1508]])
** [[Henry II of Navarre]] (b. [[1503]])
** [[Henry II of Navarre]] (b. [[1503]])<ref name="Love2001"/>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg]] (1502–1535) (b. [[1485]])
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg]] (1502–1535) (b. [[1485]])
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas of Villanova]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and saint (b. [[1488]])
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas of Villanova]], Spanish [[Roman Catholic]] bishop and saint (b. [[1488]])

Latest revision as of 17:12, 17 March 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
September 25: The Peace of Augsburg is signed
1555 by topic
Arts and science
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
1555 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1555
MDLV
Ab urbe condita2308
Armenian calendar1004
ԹՎ ՌԴ
Assyrian calendar6305
Balinese saka calendar1476–1477
Bengali calendar962
Berber calendar2505
English Regnal year1 Ph. & M. – 2 Ph. & M.
Buddhist calendar2099
Burmese calendar917
Byzantine calendar7063–7064
Chinese calendar甲寅年 (Wood Tiger)
4252 or 4045
    — to —
乙卯年 (Wood Rabbit)
4253 or 4046
Coptic calendar1271–1272
Discordian calendar2721
Ethiopian calendar1547–1548
Hebrew calendar5315–5316
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1611–1612
 - Shaka Samvat1476–1477
 - Kali Yuga4655–4656
Holocene calendar11555
Igbo calendar555–556
Iranian calendar933–934
Islamic calendar962–963
Japanese calendarTenbun 24 / Kōji 1
(弘治元年)
Javanese calendar1473–1475
Julian calendar1555
MDLV
Korean calendar3888
Minguo calendar357 before ROC
民前357年
Nanakshahi calendar87
Thai solar calendar2097–2098
Tibetan calendar阳木虎年
(male Wood-Tiger)
1681 or 1300 or 528
    — to —
阴木兔年
(female Wood-Rabbit)
1682 or 1301 or 529
February 4: John Rogers is burned at the stake.

Year 1555 (MDLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

[edit]

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

[edit]

October–December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]
King Naresuan

Deaths

[edit]
Pope Julius III
Pope Marcellus II
King Henry II of Navarre
Saint Thomas of Villanova

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 150–153. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  2. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  3. ^ Goldsmid, E. (ed.) (1886). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected by Richard Hakluyt, Preacher, Vol. III: North-Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries, Part II: The Muscovy Company and the North-Eastern Passage. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid. pp. 101-112.
  4. ^ Maureen E. Buja (1996). Antonio Barré and Music Printing in Mid-sixteenth Century Rome. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 81.
  5. ^ Chacón, col. 810-811; Panvinio, s. 427-428; por. Setton, s. 617.
  6. ^ Pastor, Ludwig von. History of the Popes. T. 14. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1924
  7. ^ Paul Johnson (1997). The Papacy. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7607-0755-5.
  8. ^ a b Ronald Love (March 14, 2001). Blood and Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-7735-6884-6.
  9. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cooper, Thompson (1898). "Thirlby, Thomas". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 56. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 137.
  10. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information India: Kashmir: Srinagar". ngdc.noaa.gov. NCEI. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  11. ^ Stephen R. Turnbull, The Samurai: A Military History, ( New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1977) pp. 131–134
  12. ^ Parkman, Francis (1983). France and England in North America Vol 1. New York, New York: Library of America. pp. 33–41.
  13. ^ "Marian Government Policies". Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  14. ^ Lee, Frederick George (December 6, 1888). "Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury : an historical sketch, with an introductory prologue and practical epilogue". London : J. C. Nimmo – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ Hadfield, Andrew (2004). "Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8454. Retrieved December 12, 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ^ Ireland. Dept. of Foreign Affairs (1987). Ireland today. Information Section, Dept. of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  17. ^ Mack P. Holt (May 2, 2002). The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-89278-0.
  18. ^ "Julius III | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  19. ^ Catherine Atkinson (2007). Inventing Inventors in Renaissance Europe: Polydore Vergil's De Inventoribus Rerum. Mohr Siebeck. p. 86. ISBN 978-3-16-149187-0.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1555&diff=1214222279&oldid=953835144

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