THC Science

1525 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1525; MDXXV
Ab urbe condita	2278
Armenian calendar	974; ԹՎ ՋՀԴ
Assyrian calendar	6275
Balinese saka calendar	1446–1447
Bengali calendar	932
Berber calendar	2475
English Regnal year	16 Hen. 8 – 17 Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar	2069
Burmese calendar	887
Byzantine calendar	7033–7034
Chinese calendar	甲申年 (Wood Monkey); 4222 or 4015; — to —; 乙酉年 (Wood Rooster); 4223 or 4016
Coptic calendar	1241–1242
Discordian calendar	2691
Ethiopian calendar	1517–1518
Hebrew calendar	5285–5286
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1581–1582
- Shaka Samvat	1446–1447
- Kali Yuga	4625–4626
Holocene calendar	11525
Igbo calendar	525–526
Iranian calendar	903–904
Islamic calendar	931–932
Japanese calendar	Daiei 5; (大永５年)
Javanese calendar	1443–1444
Julian calendar	1525; MDXXV
Korean calendar	3858
Minguo calendar	387 before ROC; 民前387年
Nanakshahi calendar	57
Thai solar calendar	2067–2068
Tibetan calendar	阳木猴年; (male Wood-Monkey); 1651 or 1270 or 498; — to —; 阴木鸡年; (female Wood-Rooster); 1652 or 1271 or 499

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century; 16th century ; 17th century;
Decades:	1500s; 1510s; 1520s ; 1530s; 1540s;
Years:	1522; 1523; 1524; 1525 ; 1526; 1527; 1528;

Year 1525 (MDXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

January 21 – The Anabaptist Movement is born^[1] when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich,^[2] breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.^[3]
February 28 – The last Aztec Emperor, Cuauhtémoc, is killed by Hernán Cortés.^[4]
March 20 – In the German town of Memmingen, the pamphlet The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published,^[5] the first human rights related document written in Europe.

April–June

April 4 – German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire: Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg and the town of Leipheim is forced to surrender.^[6] Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.
April 10 – Albert, Duke of Prussia commits Prussian Homage.
May 14–15 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Frankenhausen – Insurgent peasants led by radical pastor Thomas Müntzer are defeated.^[7] Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of Mühlhausen.^[8]
June 13 – Martin Luther marries ex-nun Katharina von Bora.^[9] The painter Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.^[10]
June 18 – Henry VIII of England appoints his six-year old illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy Duke of Richmond and Somerset.^[11]^[12]
June 23–24 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Pfeddersheim – Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.

July–September

July 29 – Santa Marta, the first city in Colombia, is founded by Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas.^[13]
August 13 – The coronation of Sophie of Pomerania as Queen consort of Denmark takes place in Copenhagen, a little more than a year after her husband's coronation as King Frederick I. She is granted Lolland and Falster, the castles in Kiel and Plön, and several villages in Holstein for her income.^[14]
August 30 – The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the Treaty of the More at a castle, "The More", in Hertfordshire.^[15]
September 14 – In Switzerland, the burning of most of the book collection of the Stiftsbibliothek of the Grossmünster Abbey in Zurich begins, by order of Huldrych Zwingli, as part of the Swiss Reformation. After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since 1259 for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.^[16]
September 24 – Jeremias I is restored to the position of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.^[17]

October–December

October 10 – the Earl of Angus, Scotland's Lord Warden of the Marches in charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.^[18]
November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.^[19]
December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).^[19]
December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.^[19]
December – The first French ambassador to reach the Sublime Porte, Jean Frangipani, sets out for Constantinople.

Date unknown

Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomans Maya State, falls to the Spanish conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado (in modern-day Guatemala) after a three-month siege.^[20]
European-brought diseases sweep through the Andes, killing thousands, including the Inca.
The Bubonic plague spreads in southern France.
Printing of the first edition of William Tyndale's New Testament Bible translation into English in Cologne is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to Worms^[21] (finished copies reach England in 1526).^[22]^[23]
Printing of Huldrych Zwingli's New Testament 'Zürich Bible' translation into German by Christoph Froschauer begins.
The Navarre witch trials (1525-26) begins.^[24]
The Chinese Ministry of War under the Ming dynasty orders ships having more than one mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.
Kasur established as a city by the Kheshgi tribe of Pashtuns from Kabul who migrate to the region in 1525 from Afghanistan.
The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to Johannes Trithemius.^[25]

Births

January 29 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d. 1562)
February 5 – Juraj Drašković, Croatian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)^[26]
March 19 – Caspar Cruciger the Younger, German theologian (d. 1597)^[27]
March 25 – Richard Edwardes, English choral musician, playwright and poet (d. 1566)
March 26 – Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1581)
June 1 – Caspar Peucer, German reformer (d. 1602)^[28]
June 29 – Peter Agricola, German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. 1585)
September 1 – Christoffer Valkendorff, Danish politician (d. 1601)^[29]
September 11 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1598)^[30]^[31]
September 25 – Steven Borough, English explorer (d. 1584)^[32]
November 7 – Georg Cracow, German lawyer and politician (d. 1575)^[33]
December 1 – Tadeáš Hájek, Czech astronomer (d. 1600)
December 23 – John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1576)^[34]
date unknown – Maharal of Prague, Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d. 1609)^[35]
probable
- Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter (d. 1569)^[36]
- Baldassare Donato, Italian composer and singer (d. 1603)^[37]
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (d. 1594)^[38]
- Hans Staden, German soldier and sailor (d. 1579)^[39]

Deaths

January 14 – Franciabigio, Florentine painter (b. 1482)^[40]
February 24 (in action at the Battle of Pavia)
- Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (b. c. 1488)^[41]^[42]
- Jacques de La Palice, French nobleman and military officer (b. 1470)^[43]
- Richard de la Pole, last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b. 1480)^[44]
- Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (b. 1460)^[45]
- Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (b. 1477)
- René de Brosse, French noble^[46]
February 28 – Cuauhtémoc, last Tlatoani of the Aztec Empire (b. c. 1495)^[47]
April 2 or April 3 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (b. 1475)^[48]
May 5 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1463)^[49]
May 12 – Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburgian royal (b. 1485)^[50]
May 18 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (b. 1462)^[51]
May 27 – Thomas Müntzer, German pastor and rebel leader (b. 1489) (executed)^[52]
July 5 – Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia, German noble (b. 1493)
July 22 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat (b. c. 1456)^[53]
August 4 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (b. 1435)^[54]
October 24 – Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre, Knight of Henry VIII of England (b. 1467)^[55]
November 17 – Eleanor of Viseu, queen of João II of Portugal (b. 1458)
December 30 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)^[56]
probable
- Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (b. 1473)^[57]
- Anna Bielke, Swedish noble and commander (b. 1490)^[58]

References

^ Gordon, Bruce (2002). The Swiss Reformation. Manchester University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7190-5118-0. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
^ Hershberger, Guy Franklin (1963). Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung (in German). Evangelisches Verlagswerk. p. 59. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
^ Jean Giono (1965). The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525. P. Owen. p. 134.
^ Ludlow, Úrsula Camba; Rosas, Alejandro (October 21, 2018). Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 978-607-31-7361-2. Retrieved July 31, 2023. Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.
^ Franz, Günther (December 1, 1939). "Die Entstehung der "Zwölf Artikel" der deutschen Bauernschaft". Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History (in German). 36 (jg): 193–213. doi:10.14315/arg-1939-jg14. ISSN 2198-0489. S2CID 163739674. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Engels, Friedrich (1926). The Peasant War in Germany. International Publishers. p. 118. ISBN 978-91-40-09955-6. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Wienecke-Janz, Detlef (2007). Die Chronik der Deutschen (in German). Wissenmedia Verlag. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-577-14374-5. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Sternal, Bernd (July 31, 2014). Die Harz - Geschichte 4: Reformation, Bauernkrieg und Schmalkaldischer Krieg (in German). Books on Demand. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-7357-5965-8. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Christopher Ocker (August 30, 2018). Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West. Cambridge University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-107-19768-8.
^ Bowers, Diane V. (March 2020). "To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora's Wedding as Reform and Resistance". Religions. 11 (3): 116. doi:10.3390/rel11030116. ISSN 2077-1444.
^ Powell, Roger S.; Beauclerk-Dewar, Peter de Vere (2008). Royal bastards : illegitimate children of the British Royal family. Stroud: Tempus. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7524-4668-4. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ "Henry VIII: June 1525, 11-20". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Castro, Ricardo (1912). Páginas históricas colombianas (in Spanish). Imprenta Editorial. p. 415. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Laurs Laursen, "Sophie", Dansk Biografisk Lexikon (Danish Biographical Dictionary), 1st edition, Volume XVI, p.164
^ "The Treaty of the More". Henry VIII,the Reign.
^ Martin Germann, Die reformierte Stiftsbibliothek am Großmünster Zürich im 16. Jahrhundert und die Anfänge der neuzeitlichen Bibliographie ("The reformed collegiate library at the Grossmünster in Zurich in the 16th century and the beginnings of modern bibliography")(Harrassowitz, 1994)
^ Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 38,46. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
^ George Ridpath; Philip Ridpath (1979). The border history of England and Scotland. Mercat Press. pp. 261–363. ISBN 978-0-901824-58-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93
^ Mahler, Richard (1999). Guatemala: Adventures in Nature. John Muir Publications. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-56261-430-0. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ "Tyndale's New Testament, 1525". www.bl.uk. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Tenney, Merrill C. (August 10, 2010). The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5: Revised Full-Color Edition. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-87700-4. Retrieved July 31, 2023. In 1525 or 1526 copies of Tyndale's first English NT reached England.
^ Daniell, David (January 1, 2001). William Tyndale: A Biography. Yale University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-300-06880-1. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ Clark, Stuart; Monter, William (January 1, 2002). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials. A&C Black. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-485-89004-4. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (October 14, 2008). The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-19-971756-9. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1887). Poviest porodice Draškovića Trakošćanskih (in Croatian). Matice Hrvatske. p. 6. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Kohnle, Armin; Dingel, Irene (April 1, 2021). Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 298. ISBN 978-3-374-06808-1. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Harrisse, Henry (1872). A Description of Works Relating to America. p. 173.
^ Helms, H. Jørgen (1917). Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden (in Danish). trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche. p. 25. ISBN 978-87-11-64161-3. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Grabner, C. (1904). Die Abstammung der Freien u. Edlen Herren v. Kotzau aus dem Hause Hohenzollern (in German). p. 3. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Grossmann, Julius (1905). Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern (in German). W. Moeser. p. 22. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Mayers, Kit (2005). North-east passage to Muscovy : Stephen Borough and the first Tudor explorations. Stroud: Sutton. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7509-4069-6. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Schnabel-Schüle, Helga (September 13, 2017). Reformation: Historisch-kulturwissenschaftliches Handbuch (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-476-05411-1. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Rudloff, A. (1898). Bilder aus der mecklenburgischen Geschichte (in German). Wilhelm Susserott. p. 71. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Sládek, Pavel (2017). "Admiration and Fear: New Perspectives on the Personality of the Maharal". Judaica Bohemiae. LII (2): 5–31. ISSN 0022-5738. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Gertraude Winkelmann-Rhein (1969). The Paintings and Drawings of Jan 'Flower' Bruegel. H. N. Abrams. p. 25.
^ "DONATO, Baldassare". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Marvin, Clara (October 15, 2013). Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-135-61754-7. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ Ribas, Rosa (2005). Testimonios de la conciencia lingüistica en textos de viajeros alemanes a America en el siglo XVI (in Spanish). Edition Reichenberger. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-935004-80-0. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
^ McKillop, Susan Regan (January 1, 1974). Franciabigio. University of California Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-520-01688-0. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Sulte, Benjamin (1919). Mélanges historiques: études éparses et inédites de Benjamin Sulte (in French). G. Ducharme. p. 32. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Herbst, Wilhelm (1881). Encyklopädie der Neueren Geschichte: in Verbindung mit namhaften deutschen und außerdeutschen Historikern. Aachen-Duttlingen (in German). Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes. p. 396. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais (in French). Moulins: Impr. É. Auclaire. 1919. p. 69. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Grummitt, David (January 20, 2014). A Short History of the Wars of the Roses. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-85772-329-1. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ John Powell; Christina J. Moose; Rowena Wildin (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History: Jap-Pel. Salem Press. p. 873. ISBN 978-0-89356-017-1.
^ VAUGEOIS, J. F. Gabriel (1841). Histoire des antiquités de la ville de l'Aigle et de ses environse (in French). P.E. Bredif. p. 319. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Morris Rosenblum (1969). Heroes of Mexico. Fleet Press Corporation. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8303-0082-2.
^ Rucellai, Giovanni (1887). Le opere di Giovanni Rucellai (in Italian). N. Zanichelli. p. lx. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. R. S. Peale & Company. 1890. p. 741.
^ Schilling, Johannes (1997). Klöster und Mönche in der hessischen Reformation (in German). Gütersloher Verlagshaus. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-579-01735-8. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Garin, Eugenio (January 1, 2008). "ARISTOTELIANISM FROM POMPONAZZI TO CREMONINI". History of Italian Philosophy. Brill. p. 356. ISBN 978-94-012-0522-1. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Roper, Lyndal (June 16, 2016). Martin Luther. Random House. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-4735-4524-3. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Vol. 1. Macmillan. 1859. p. 275. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ "Robbia, Andrea (di Marco) della". Grove Art Online. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ "Dacre, Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gilsland". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50220. Retrieved July 29, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Pölnitz, Götz von (1949). Jakob Fugger: Band 2: Quellen Und Erlauterungen (in German). Vol. 2. Mohr Siebeck. p. 592. ISBN 978-3-16-814572-1. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ Munn, Kathleen Miriam (1936). A Contribution to the Study Of Jean Lemaire De Belges. Slatkine. p. 84. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ "Anna Eriksdotter (Bielke)". skbl.se. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[1] Gordon, Bruce (2002). The Swiss Reformation. Manchester University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7190-5118-0. Retrieved July 30, 2023.

[2] Hershberger, Guy Franklin (1963). Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung (in German). Evangelisches Verlagswerk. p. 59. Retrieved July 30, 2023.

[3] Jean Giono (1965). The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525. P. Owen. p. 134.

[4] Ludlow, Úrsula Camba; Rosas, Alejandro (October 21, 2018). Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 978-607-31-7361-2. Retrieved July 31, 2023. Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.

[5] Franz, Günther (December 1, 1939). "Die Entstehung der "Zwölf Artikel" der deutschen Bauernschaft". Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History (in German). 36 (jg): 193–213. doi:10.14315/arg-1939-jg14. ISSN 2198-0489. S2CID 163739674. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[6] Engels, Friedrich (1926). The Peasant War in Germany. International Publishers. p. 118. ISBN 978-91-40-09955-6. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[7] Wienecke-Janz, Detlef (2007). Die Chronik der Deutschen (in German). Wissenmedia Verlag. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-577-14374-5. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[8] Sternal, Bernd (July 31, 2014). Die Harz - Geschichte 4: Reformation, Bauernkrieg und Schmalkaldischer Krieg (in German). Books on Demand. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-7357-5965-8. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[9] Christopher Ocker (August 30, 2018). Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West. Cambridge University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-107-19768-8.

[10] Bowers, Diane V. (March 2020). "To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora's Wedding as Reform and Resistance". Religions. 11 (3): 116. doi:10.3390/rel11030116. ISSN 2077-1444.

[11] Powell, Roger S.; Beauclerk-Dewar, Peter de Vere (2008). Royal bastards : illegitimate children of the British Royal family. Stroud: Tempus. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7524-4668-4. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[12] "Henry VIII: June 1525, 11-20". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[13] Castro, Ricardo (1912). Páginas históricas colombianas (in Spanish). Imprenta Editorial. p. 415. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[14] Laurs Laursen, "Sophie", Dansk Biografisk Lexikon (Danish Biographical Dictionary), 1st edition, Volume XVI, p.164

[15] "The Treaty of the More". Henry VIII,the Reign.

[16] Martin Germann, Die reformierte Stiftsbibliothek am Großmünster Zürich im 16. Jahrhundert und die Anfänge der neuzeitlichen Bibliographie ("The reformed collegiate library at the Grossmünster in Zurich in the 16th century and the beginnings of modern bibliography")(Harrassowitz, 1994)

[17] Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 38,46. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.

[18] George Ridpath; Philip Ridpath (1979). The border history of England and Scotland. Mercat Press. pp. 261–363. ISBN 978-0-901824-58-5.

[Harvey-19] L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93

[20] Mahler, Richard (1999). Guatemala: Adventures in Nature. John Muir Publications. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-56261-430-0. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[21] "Tyndale's New Testament, 1525". www.bl.uk. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[22] Tenney, Merrill C. (August 10, 2010). The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5: Revised Full-Color Edition. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-87700-4. Retrieved July 31, 2023. In 1525 or 1526 copies of Tyndale's first English NT reached England.

[23] Daniell, David (January 1, 2001). William Tyndale: A Biography. Yale University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-300-06880-1. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[24] Clark, Stuart; Monter, William (January 1, 2002). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials. A&C Black. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-485-89004-4. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[25] Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (October 14, 2008). The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-19-971756-9. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[26] Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1887). Poviest porodice Draškovića Trakošćanskih (in Croatian). Matice Hrvatske. p. 6. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[27] Kohnle, Armin; Dingel, Irene (April 1, 2021). Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation (in German). Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. p. 298. ISBN 978-3-374-06808-1. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[28] Harrisse, Henry (1872). A Description of Works Relating to America. p. 173.

[29] Helms, H. Jørgen (1917). Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden (in Danish). trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche. p. 25. ISBN 978-87-11-64161-3. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[30] Grabner, C. (1904). Die Abstammung der Freien u. Edlen Herren v. Kotzau aus dem Hause Hohenzollern (in German). p. 3. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[31] Grossmann, Julius (1905). Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern (in German). W. Moeser. p. 22. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[32] Mayers, Kit (2005). North-east passage to Muscovy : Stephen Borough and the first Tudor explorations. Stroud: Sutton. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7509-4069-6. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[33] Schnabel-Schüle, Helga (September 13, 2017). Reformation: Historisch-kulturwissenschaftliches Handbuch (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-476-05411-1. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[34] Rudloff, A. (1898). Bilder aus der mecklenburgischen Geschichte (in German). Wilhelm Susserott. p. 71. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[35] Sládek, Pavel (2017). "Admiration and Fear: New Perspectives on the Personality of the Maharal". Judaica Bohemiae. LII (2): 5–31. ISSN 0022-5738. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[36] Gertraude Winkelmann-Rhein (1969). The Paintings and Drawings of Jan 'Flower' Bruegel. H. N. Abrams. p. 25.

[37] "DONATO, Baldassare". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[38] Marvin, Clara (October 15, 2013). Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-135-61754-7. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[39] Ribas, Rosa (2005). Testimonios de la conciencia lingüistica en textos de viajeros alemanes a America en el siglo XVI (in Spanish). Edition Reichenberger. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-935004-80-0. Retrieved August 1, 2023.

[40] McKillop, Susan Regan (January 1, 1974). Franciabigio. University of California Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-520-01688-0. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[41] Sulte, Benjamin (1919). Mélanges historiques: études éparses et inédites de Benjamin Sulte (in French). G. Ducharme. p. 32. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[42] Herbst, Wilhelm (1881). Encyklopädie der Neueren Geschichte: in Verbindung mit namhaften deutschen und außerdeutschen Historikern. Aachen-Duttlingen (in German). Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes. p. 396. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[43] Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais (in French). Moulins: Impr. É. Auclaire. 1919. p. 69. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[44] Grummitt, David (January 20, 2014). A Short History of the Wars of the Roses. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-85772-329-1. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[45] John Powell; Christina J. Moose; Rowena Wildin (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History: Jap-Pel. Salem Press. p. 873. ISBN 978-0-89356-017-1.

[46] VAUGEOIS, J. F. Gabriel (1841). Histoire des antiquités de la ville de l'Aigle et de ses environse (in French). P.E. Bredif. p. 319. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[47] Morris Rosenblum (1969). Heroes of Mexico. Fleet Press Corporation. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8303-0082-2.

[48] Rucellai, Giovanni (1887). Le opere di Giovanni Rucellai (in Italian). N. Zanichelli. p. lx. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[49] The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. R. S. Peale & Company. 1890. p. 741.

[50] Schilling, Johannes (1997). Klöster und Mönche in der hessischen Reformation (in German). Gütersloher Verlagshaus. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-579-01735-8. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[51] Garin, Eugenio (January 1, 2008). "ARISTOTELIANISM FROM POMPONAZZI TO CREMONINI". History of Italian Philosophy. Brill. p. 356. ISBN 978-94-012-0522-1. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[52] Roper, Lyndal (June 16, 2016). Martin Luther. Random House. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-4735-4524-3. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[53] Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Vol. 1. Macmillan. 1859. p. 275. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[54] "Robbia, Andrea (di Marco) della". Grove Art Online. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[55] "Dacre, Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gilsland". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50220. Retrieved July 29, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[56] Pölnitz, Götz von (1949). Jakob Fugger: Band 2: Quellen Und Erlauterungen (in German). Vol. 2. Mohr Siebeck. p. 592. ISBN 978-3-16-814572-1. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

[57] Munn, Kathleen Miriam (1936). A Contribution to the Study Of Jean Lemaire De Belges. Slatkine. p. 84. Retrieved August 2, 2023.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
 {{Year dab|1525}}
-{{refimprove|date=May 2021}}
 {{Year nav|1525}}
+[[File:Battle_of_Pavia_1525.PNG|thumb|300px|right|[[February 24]]: The [[Battle of Pavia]] is fought in Italy and King Francis of France becomes a POW.]]
 {{C16 year in topic}}
-[[File:Battle_of_Pavia_1525.PNG|thumb|right|[[Battle of Pavia]]]]
 __NOTOC__
 Year '''1525''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].
@@ Line 11: / Line 10: @@
 <onlyinclude>
-=== January&ndash;June ===
+=== January&ndash;March ===
-* [[January 21]] &ndash; The Swiss [[Anabaptist]] Movement is born when [[Conrad Grebel]], [[Felix Manz]], [[George Blaurock]], and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, [[Zürich]], breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
+* [[January 21]] &ndash; The [[Anabaptist]] Movement is born<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Bruce |title=The Swiss Reformation |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5118-0 |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0W8AAAAIAAJ&q=%2221%20january%22 |access-date=30 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> when [[Conrad Grebel]], [[Felix Manz]], [[George Blaurock]], and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, [[Zürich]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hershberger |first1=Guy Franklin |title=Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung |date=1963 |publisher=Evangelisches Verlagswerk |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDyej9uelbIC&q=%20%E2%80%9E21.%20Januar%201525%E2%80%9C |access-date=30 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
 * [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Pavia]]: German and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces under [[Charles de Lannoy]] and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the [[Kingdom of France|French]] army, and capture [[Francis I of France]], after his horse is wounded by [[Cesare Hercolani]]. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] with [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] against the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] are made.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Giono|title=The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-FnAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=P. Owen|page=134}}</ref>
+* [[February 28]] &ndash; The last Aztec Emperor, [[Cuauhtémoc]], is killed by [[Hernán Cortés]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ludlow |first1=Úrsula Camba |last2=Rosas |first2=Alejandro |title=Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés |date=21 October 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México |isbn=978-607-31-7361-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAtuDwAAQBAJ&q=%2228+de+febrero%22 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=es|quote=Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.}}</ref>
-* [[February 28]] &ndash; The last Aztec Emperor, [[Cuauhtémoc]], is killed by [[Hernán Cortés]].
-* [[March 20]] &ndash; In the [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] town of [[Memmingen]], the pamphlet ''The [[Twelve Articles]]: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed'' is published, the first human rights related document written in Europe.
+* [[March 20]] &ndash; In the [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] town of [[Memmingen]], the pamphlet ''The [[Twelve Articles]]: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed'' is published,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franz |first1=Günther |title=Die Entstehung der "Zwölf Artikel" der deutschen Bauernschaft |journal=Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History |date=1 December 1939 |volume=36 |issue=jg |pages=193–213 |doi=10.14315/arg-1939-jg14 |s2cid=163739674 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.14315/arg-1939-jg14/html |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=de |issn=2198-0489}}</ref> the first human rights related document written in Europe.
-* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[German Peasants' War]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]: Battle of Leipheim &ndash; Peasants retreat.
+=== April&ndash;June ===
+* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[German Peasants' War]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]: Battle of Leipheim &ndash; The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by [[Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg]] and the town of [[Leipheim]] is forced to surrender.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engels |first1=Friedrich |title=The Peasant War in Germany |date=1926 |publisher=International Publishers |isbn=978-91-40-09955-6 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fh_TAAAAMAAJ&q=%22april%204%22 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.
 * [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]] commits [[Prussian Homage]].
+* [[May 14]]&ndash;[[May 15|15]] &ndash;  [[German Peasants' War]]: [[Battle of Frankenhausen]] &ndash; [[Insurgency|Insurgent]] peasants led by radical pastor [[Thomas Müntzer]] are defeated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wienecke-Janz |first1=Detlef |title=Die Chronik der Deutschen |date=2007 |publisher=Wissenmedia Verlag |isbn=978-3-577-14374-5 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Za5BeIUnNwoC&dq=Schlacht+bei+Frankenhausen+Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%E2%80%9EAufst%C3%A4ndischen%E2%80%9C+15.+Mai+1525&pg=PA136 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of [[Mühlhausen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sternal |first1=Bernd |title=Die Harz - Geschichte 4: Reformation, Bauernkrieg und Schmalkaldischer Krieg |date=31 July 2014 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7357-5965-8 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRItBAAAQBAJ&dq=Schlacht+bei+Frankenhausen+Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%E2%80%9EAufst%C3%A4ndischen%E2%80%9C+15.+Mai+1525&pg=PA32 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
-* [[May 14]]&ndash;[[May 15|15]] &ndash;  [[German Peasants' War]]: [[Battle of Frankenhausen]] &ndash; [[Insurgency|Insurgent]] peasants led by radical pastor [[Thomas Müntzer]] are defeated.
-* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther]] marries ex-nun [[Katharina von Bora]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Ocker|title=Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAtmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA437|date=30 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-19768-8|pages=437}}</ref> The painter [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] is one of the witnesses.
+* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther]] marries ex-nun [[Katharina von Bora]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Ocker|title=Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAtmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA437|date=30 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-19768-8|pages=437}}</ref> The painter [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] is one of the witnesses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowers |first1=Diane V. |title=To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora's Wedding as Reform and Resistance |journal=Religions |date=March 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=116 |doi=10.3390/rel11030116 |language=en |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Henry VIII of England]] appoints his six-year old illegitimate son [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset|Henry FitzRoy]] [[Duke of Richmond]] and [[Duke of Somerset|Somerset]].
+* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Henry VIII of England]] appoints his six-year old illegitimate son [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset|Henry FitzRoy]] [[Duke of Richmond]] and [[Duke of Somerset|Somerset]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Roger S. |last2=Beauclerk-Dewar |first2=Peter de Vere |title=Royal bastards : illegitimate children of the British Royal family |date=2008 |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7524-4668-4 |page=191 |url=https://archive.org/details/royalbastardsill00roge/page/190/mode/2up?q=%2218+june%22 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry VIII: June 1525, 11-20 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol4/pp626-643 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
 * [[June 23]]&ndash;[[June 24|24]] &ndash; [[German Peasants' War]]: [[Battle of Pfeddersheim]] &ndash; Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.
-=== July&ndash;December ===
+=== July&ndash;September ===
-* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Santa Marta]], the first city in [[Colombia]], is founded by Spanish ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Rodrigo de Bastidas]].
+* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Santa Marta]], the first city in [[Colombia]], is founded by Spanish ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Rodrigo de Bastidas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castro |first1=Ricardo |title=Páginas históricas colombianas |date=1912 |publisher=Imprenta Editorial |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM1NAQAAMAAJ&dq=Santa+Marta+%22primera+ciudad%22+29+julio+1525+Rodrigo+de+Bastidas&pg=PA415 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
+* [[August 13]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Sophie of Pomerania]] as Queen consort of Denmark takes place in [[Copenhagen]], a little more than a year after her husband's coronation as [[Frederick I of Denmark|King Frederick I]]. She is granted [[Lolland]] and [[Falster]], the [[Kiel Castle|castles in Kiel]] and [[Plön Castle|Plön]], and several villages in [[Holstein]] for her income.<ref>Laurs Laursen,  [https://runeberg.org/dbl/16/0166.html "Sophie"],  ''Dansk Biografisk Lexikon'' (Danish Biographical Dictionary), 1st edition, Volume XVI, p.164</ref>
-* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] acting in his capacity as the [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]], issues an edict [[Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims]] in the [[Crown of Aragon]], similar to that issued for the [Crown of Castile]] by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] and the [[Principality of Catalonia]] <ref name=Harvey>L. P. Harvey, ''Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93</ref>
+* [[August 30]] &ndash; The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the [[Treaty of the More]] at a castle, "[[The More]]", in [[Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.henryviiithereign.co.uk/1525-treaty-of-the-more.html |title=The Treaty of the More |website=Henry VIII,the Reign}}</ref>
+* [[September 14]] &ndash; In [[Switzerland]], the burning of most of the book collection of the ''Stiftsbibliothek'' of the [[Grossmünster]] Abbey in [[Zurich]] begins, by order of [[Huldrych Zwingli]], as part of the [[Swiss Reformation]].  After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since [[1259]] for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.<ref>Martin Germann, ''Die reformierte Stiftsbibliothek am Großmünster Zürich im 16. Jahrhundert und die Anfänge der neuzeitlichen Bibliographie'' ("The reformed collegiate library at the Grossmünster in Zurich in the 16th century and the beginnings of modern bibliography")(Harrassowitz, 1994)</ref>
+* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Jeremias I of Constantinople|Jeremias I]] is restored to the position of [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]], leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate |last=Kiminas |first=Demetrius |year=2009 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1-4344-5876-6 |page=38,46}}</ref>
+=== October&ndash;December ===
+* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus|the Earl of Angus]], Scotland's [[Lord Warden of the Marches]] in charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town of [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=George Ridpath|author2=Philip Ridpath|title=The border history of England and Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO_oAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Mercat Press|isbn=978-0-901824-58-5|pages=261–363}}</ref>
+* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] acting in his capacity as the [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]], issues an edict [[Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims]] in the [[Crown of Aragon]], similar to that issued for the [[Crown of Castile]] by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] and the [[Principality of Catalonia]].<ref name=Harvey>L. P. Harvey, ''Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93</ref>
 * [[December 8]] &ndash; A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or  to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).<ref name=Harvey/>
-* [[December 31]] &ndash; The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death. <ref name=Harvey/>
+* [[December 31]] &ndash; The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.<ref name=Harvey/>
 * December &ndash; The first French ambassador to reach the [[Sublime Porte]], [[Jean Frangipani]], sets out for [[Constantinople]].
 === Date unknown ===
-* [[Mixco Viejo]], capital of the Pocomans [[Maya civilization|Maya]] State, falls to the Spanish ''conquistadores'' of [[Pedro de Alvarado]] (in modern-day [[Guatemala]]) after a three-month siege.
+* [[Mixco Viejo]], capital of the Pocomans [[Maya civilization|Maya]] State, falls to the Spanish ''conquistadores'' of [[Pedro de Alvarado]] (in modern-day [[Guatemala]]) after a three-month siege.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahler |first1=Richard |title=Guatemala: Adventures in Nature |date=1999 |publisher=John Muir Publications |isbn=978-1-56261-430-0 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CifsAAAAMAAJ&q=%20%221525%22%20three%20month |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
 * European-brought diseases sweep through the [[Andes]], killing thousands, including the [[Inca]].
 * The [[Bubonic plague]] spreads in southern [[Kingdom of France|France]].
+* Printing of the first edition of [[William Tyndale]]'s [[New Testament]] [[Bible translation]] into English in [[Cologne]] is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tyndale's New Testament, 1525 |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/tyndales-new-testament-1525 |website=www.bl.uk |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> (finished copies reach England in 1526).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tenney |first1=Merrill C. |title=The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5: Revised Full-Color Edition |date=10 August 2010 |publisher=Zondervan Academic |isbn=978-0-310-87700-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6F9VYz74aUC&q=1525%20tyndale |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en|quote=In 1525 or 1526 copies of Tyndale's first English NT reached England.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniell |first1=David |title=William Tyndale: A Biography |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06880-1 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0065SxiVu5kC&dq=copies+england+tyndale+%221526%22&pg=PA134 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-* Printing of the first edition of [[William Tyndale]]'s [[New Testament]] [[Bible translation]] into English in [[Cologne]] is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces (finished copies reach England in 1526).
 * Printing of [[Huldrych Zwingli]]'s New Testament '[[Zürich Bible]]' translation into German by [[Christoph Froschauer]] begins.
+* The [[Navarre witch trials (1525-26)]] begins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Stuart |last2=Monter |first2=William |title=Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-485-89004-4 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1SFPods4DkC&dq=Navarre+witch+trials+%221525%22&pg=PA45 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-* The [[Navarre witch trials (1525-26)]] begin.
 * The Chinese Ministry of War under the [[Ming dynasty]] orders ships having more than one [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to [[Wokou|curb piracy]] and limit private commercial trade abroad.
 *[[Kasur]] established as a city by the [[Kheshgi]] tribe of [[Pashtuns]] from [[Kabul]] who migrate to the region in 1525 from [[Afghanistan]].
-* The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to [[Johannes Trithemius]].</onlyinclude>
+* The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to [[Johannes Trithemius]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodrick-Clarke |first1=Nicholas |title=The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction |date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971756-9 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwoK5XYXrAC&dq=Age+of+Gabriel+Johannes+Trithemius+%221525%22&pg=PA52 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>
 == Births ==
 [[File:Wierix, Johannes (attributed to) - Portrait of Pieter Brueghel (I) - 1572 - RP-P-1907-593 cropped.jpg|110px|thumbnail|right|[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]]]
 * [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Lelio Sozzini]], Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d. [[1562]])
-* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Juraj Drašković]], Croatian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1587]])
+* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Juraj Drašković]], Croatian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1587]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sakcinski |first1=Ivan Kukuljević |title=Poviest porodice Draškovića Trakošćanskih |date=1887 |publisher=Matice Hrvatske |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWPMiR3kbWkC&dq=Juraj+Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87+5.+velja%C4%8De+1525.&pg=PA6 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=hr}}</ref>
+* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Caspar Cruciger the Younger]], German theologian (d. [[1597]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohnle |first1=Armin |last2=Dingel |first2=Irene |title=Die Crucigers: Caspar der Ältere, Caspar der Jüngere und Elisabeth Cruciger in ihrer Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation |date=1 April 2021 |publisher=Evangelische Verlagsanstalt |isbn=978-3-374-06808-1 |page=298 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93cmEAAAQBAJ&dq=Caspar+Cruciger+der+J%C3%BCngere+%2219+marz+1525%22&pg=PA298 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
-* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Caspar Cruciger the Younger]], German theologian (d. [[1597]])
 * [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Richard Edwardes]], English choral musician, playwright and poet (d. [[1566]])
 * [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied]], German noblewoman (d. [[1581]])
 * [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Caspar Peucer]], German reformer (d. [[1602]])<ref>{{cite book|title=A Description of Works Relating to America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjWMKMRtT6YC&pg=PA173|year=1872|pages=173|last1 = Harrisse|first1 = Henry}}</ref>
 * [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Peter Agricola]], German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. [[1585]])
+* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Christoffer Valkendorff]], Danish politician (d. [[1601]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Helms |first1=H. Jørgen |title=Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden |date=1917 |publisher=trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche |page=25 |isbn=978-87-11-64161-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMAwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Christoffer+Valkendorf+%221+september+1525%22&pg=PA25 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=da}}</ref>
-* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Christoffer Valkendorff]], Danish politician (d. [[1601]])
+* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[John George, Elector of Brandenburg]] (d. [[1598]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grabner |first1=C. |title=Die Abstammung der Freien u. Edlen Herren v. Kotzau aus dem Hause Hohenzollern |date=1904 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KV93Ny54f1gC&dq=Johann+Georg+%2211+september+1525%22&pg=PA3 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grossmann |first1=Julius |title=Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern |date=1905 |publisher=W. Moeser |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZlHAAAAYAAJ&dq=Johann+Georg+%2211+september+1525%22&pg=PA22 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
-* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[John George, Elector of Brandenburg]] (d. [[1598]])
+* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Steven Borough]], English explorer (d. [[1584]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayers |first1=Kit |title=North-east passage to Muscovy : Stephen Borough and the first Tudor explorations |date=2005 |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7509-4069-6 |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/northeastpassage0000maye/page/4/mode/2up?q=1525 |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>
-* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Steven Borough]], English explorer (d. [[1584]])
+* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Georg Cracow]], German lawyer and politician (d. [[1575]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schnabel-Schüle |first1=Helga |title=Reformation: Historisch-kulturwissenschaftliches Handbuch |date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-476-05411-1 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7A1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Georg+Cracow+%227+november+1525%22&pg=PA87 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
-* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Georg Cracow]], German lawyer and politician (d. [[1575]])
 * [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Tadeáš Hájek]], Czech astronomer (d. [[1600]])
-* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg]] (d. [[1576]])
+* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg]] (d. [[1576]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rudloff |first1=A. |title=Bilder aus der mecklenburgischen Geschichte |date=1898 |publisher=Wilhelm Susserott |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyw6AQAAMAAJ&q=%20%2223%20dezember%201525%22 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
+* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Maharal of Prague]], Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d. [[1609]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sládek |first1=Pavel |title=Admiration and Fear: New Perspectives on the Personality of the Maharal |journal=Judaica Bohemiae |date=2017 |volume=LII |issue=2 |pages=5–31 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=596347 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=English |issn=0022-5738}}</ref>
-* ''date unknown''
-** [[Maharal of Prague]], Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d. [[1609]])
-** [[Melchor Cano]], Spanish theologian (d. [[1560]])
-** [[Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley]] (d. [[1586]])
 * ''probable''
 ** [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]], Flemish painter (d. [[1569]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Gertraude Winkelmann-Rhein|title=The Paintings and Drawings of Jan 'Flower' Bruegel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdoYAAAAYAAJ|year=1969|publisher=H. N. Abrams|page=25}}</ref>
-** [[Baldassare Donato]], Italian composer and singer (d. [[1603]])
+** [[Baldassare Donato]], Italian composer and singer (d. [[1603]])<ref>{{cite web |title=DONATO, Baldassare |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/baldassare-donato_(Dizionario-Biografico) |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=it-IT}}</ref>
+** [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], Italian composer (d. [[1594]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marvin |first1=Clara |title=Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide |date=15 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-61754-7 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdFYAQAAQBAJ&q=%20%221525%22 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-** [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], Italian composer (d. [[1594]])
+** [[Hans Staden]], German soldier and sailor (d. [[1579]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ribas |first1=Rosa |title=Testimonios de la conciencia lingüistica en textos de viajeros alemanes a America en el siglo XVI |date=2005 |publisher=Edition Reichenberger |isbn=978-3-935004-80-0 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TCCmgR81wEC&dq=Hans+Staden+%221525%22+homberg&pg=PA32 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
-** [[Hans Staden]], German soldier and sailor (d. [[1579]])
 == Deaths ==
 [[File:Franciabigio 001.jpg|thumbnail|right|110px|[[Franciabigio]]]]
 [[File:Albrecht Dürer 080.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Jakob Fugger]]]]
+* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Franciabigio]], Florentine painter (b. [[1482]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=McKillop |first1=Susan Regan |title=Franciabigio |date=1 January 1974 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01688-0 |page=252 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNm7EZ6gv90C&q=%20%2224%20january%201525%22 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Franciabigio]], Florentine painter (b. [[1482]])
 * [[February 24]] (in action at the [[Battle of Pavia]])
+** [[Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet]], French soldier (b. c. [[1488]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sulte |first1=Benjamin |title=Mélanges historiques: études éparses et inédites de Benjamin Sulte |date=1919 |publisher=G. Ducharme |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L69ziBU3KjcC&dq=Guillaume+Gouffier+%2224+f%C3%A9vrier+1525%22&pg=PA32 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herbst |first1=Wilhelm |title=Encyklopädie der Neueren Geschichte: in Verbindung mit namhaften deutschen und außerdeutschen Historikern. Aachen-Duttlingen |date=1881 |publisher=Friedrich Andreas Perthes |location=Gotha |page=396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww0jRz6DR3wC&dq=Guillaume+Gouffier+%E2%80%9E24.+Februar+1525%E2%80%9C&pg=PA396 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
-** [[Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet]], French soldier (b. c. [[1488]])
-** [[Jacques de La Palice]], French nobleman and military officer (b. [[1470]])
+** [[Jacques de La Palice]], French nobleman and military officer (b. [[1470]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais |date=1919 |publisher=Impr. É. Auclaire |location=Moulins |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2bNAAAAMAAJ&dq=Jacques+de+La+Palice+%2224+f%C3%A9vrier+1525%22&pg=PA69 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
+** [[Richard de la Pole]], last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b. [[1480]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grummitt |first1=David |title=A Short History of the Wars of the Roses |date=20 January 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-329-1 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsqJDwAAQBAJ&dq=Richard+de+la+Pole+%2224+february+1525%22&pg=PA182 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-** [[Richard de la Pole]], last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b. [[1480]])
 ** [[Louis II de la Trémoille]], French military leader (b. [[1460]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Powell|author2=Christina J. Moose|author3=Rowena Wildin|title=Magill's Guide to Military History: Jap-Pel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRcZAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-0-89356-017-1|page=873}}</ref>
 ** [[Bartolomeo Fanfulla]], Italian mercenary (b. [[1477]])
+** [[René de Brosse]], French noble<ref>{{cite book |last1=VAUGEOIS |first1=J. F. Gabriel |title=Histoire des antiquités de la ville de l'Aigle et de ses environse |date=1841 |publisher=P.E. Bredif |page=319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7-pZcz0EqQC&dq=Ren%C3%A9+de+Brosse+%2224+f%C3%A9vrier+1525%22&pg=PA319 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
-** [[René de Brosse]], French noble
 * [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Cuauhtémoc]], last [[Tlatoani]] of the [[Aztec Empire]] (b. c. [[1495]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Morris Rosenblum|title=Heroes of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8I8AAAAYAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Fleet Press Corporation|isbn=978-0-8303-0082-2|page=41|language=en}}</ref>
-* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai]], Italian Renaissance man of letters (b. [[1475]])
+* [[April 2]] or [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai]], Italian Renaissance man of letters (b. [[1475]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rucellai |first1=Giovanni |title=Le opere di Giovanni Rucellai |date=1887 |publisher=N. Zanichelli |page=lx |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXcTAAAAQAAJ&q=%20%223%20aprile%201525%22 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
 * [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony]] (b. [[1463]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EutTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA741|year=1890|publisher=R. S. Peale & Company|pages=741}}</ref>
-* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], Mecklenburgian royal (b. [[1485]])
+* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], Mecklenburgian royal (b. [[1485]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schilling |first1=Johannes |title=Klöster und Mönche in der hessischen Reformation |date=1997 |publisher=Gütersloher Verlagshaus |isbn=978-3-579-01735-8 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UclAQAAIAAJ&dq=Anna+von+Mecklenburg+%2212+mai+1525%22&pg=PA30 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
+* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Pietro Pomponazzi]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1462]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garin |first1=Eugenio |title=History of Italian Philosophy |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-94-012-0522-1 |page=356 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789401205221/B9789401205221-s016.xml |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en |chapter=ARISTOTELIANISM FROM POMPONAZZI TO CREMONINI}}</ref>
-* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Pietro Pomponazzi]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1462]])
-* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Thomas Müntzer]], German pastor and rebel leader (b. [[1489]]) (executed)
+* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Thomas Müntzer]], German pastor and rebel leader (b. [[1489]]) (executed)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roper |first1=Lyndal |title=Martin Luther |date=16 June 2016 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4735-4524-3 |page=265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOraCgAAQBAJ&dq=Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%2227+may+1525%22&pg=PA265 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
 * [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia]], German noble (b. [[1493]])
-* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Richard Wingfield]], English diplomat (b. c. [[1456]])
+* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Richard Wingfield]], English diplomat (b. c. [[1456]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society |date=1859 |volume=1|publisher=Macmillan |page=275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KhJAQAAMAAJ&dq=Richard+Wingfield+%2222+july+1525%22&pg=PA275 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Andrea della Robbia]], Italian artist (b. [[1435]])
+* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Andrea della Robbia]], Italian artist (b. [[1435]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Robbia, Andrea (di Marco) della |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370854 |website=Grove Art Online |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre]], Knight of Henry VIII of England (b. [[1467]])
+* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre]], Knight of Henry VIII of England (b. [[1467]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Dacre, Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gilsland|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50220|year=2004 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50220}}</ref>
 * [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Eleanor of Viseu]], queen of [[João II of Portugal]] (b. [[1458]])
+* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Jakob Fugger]], German banker (b. [[1459]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pölnitz |first1=Götz von |title=Jakob Fugger: Band 2: Quellen Und Erlauterungen |volume=2|date=1949 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-814572-1 |page=592 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xLfyZ7qB4EC&dq=Jakob+Fugger+%E2%80%9E30.+Dezember+1525%E2%80%9C&pg=PA592 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
-* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Jakob Fugger]], German banker (b. [[1459]])
-* ''date unknown''
-** [[Nicholas Storch]], German weaver and reformer
 * ''probable''
+** [[Jean Lemaire de Belges]], Walloon poet and historian (b. [[1473]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munn |first1=Kathleen Miriam |title=A Contribution to the Study Of Jean Lemaire De Belges |date=1936 |publisher=Slatkine |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9lrxFU6UH4C&dq=Jean+Lemaire+de+Belges+%221525%22&pg=PA84 |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
-** [[Jean Lemaire de Belges]], Walloon poet and historian (b. [[1473]])
-** [[Anna Bielke]], Swedish noble and commander (b. [[1490]])
+** [[Anna Bielke]], Swedish noble and commander (b. [[1490]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Anna Eriksdotter (Bielke) |url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/AnnaBielke |website=skbl.se |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>
 == References ==

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Latest revision as of 06:23, 23 July 2024

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Gregorian calendar	1525 MDXXV
Ab urbe condita	2278
Armenian calendar	974 ԹՎ ՋՀԴ
Assyrian calendar	6275
Balinese saka calendar	1446–1447
Bengali calendar	932
Berber calendar	2475
English Regnal year	16 Hen. 8 – 17 Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar	2069
Burmese calendar	887
Byzantine calendar	7033–7034
Chinese calendar	甲申年 (Wood Monkey) 4222 or 4015 — to — 乙酉年 (Wood Rooster) 4223 or 4016
Coptic calendar	1241–1242
Discordian calendar	2691
Ethiopian calendar	1517–1518
Hebrew calendar	5285–5286
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1581–1582
- Shaka Samvat	1446–1447
- Kali Yuga	4625–4626
Holocene calendar	11525
Igbo calendar	525–526
Iranian calendar	903–904
Islamic calendar	931–932
Japanese calendar	Daiei 5 (大永５年)
Javanese calendar	1443–1444
Julian calendar	1525 MDXXV
Korean calendar	3858
Minguo calendar	387 before ROC 民前387年
Nanakshahi calendar	57
Thai solar calendar	2067–2068
Tibetan calendar	阳木猴年 (male Wood-Monkey) 1651 or 1270 or 498 — to — 阴木鸡年 (female Wood-Rooster) 1652 or 1271 or 499

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